Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemically administered glucocorticoids.
Article Details
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Czock D, Keller F, Rasche FM, Haussler U
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemically administered glucocorticoids.
Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(1):61-98. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200544010-00003.
- PubMed ID
- 15634032 [ View in PubMed]
- Abstract
Glucocorticoids have pleiotropic effects that are used to treat diverse diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and acute kidney transplant rejection. The most commonly used systemic glucocorticoids are hydrocortisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone and dexamethasone. These glucocorticoids have good oral bioavailability and are eliminated mainly by hepatic metabolism and renal excretion of the metabolites. Plasma concentrations follow a biexponential pattern. Two-compartment models are used after intravenous administration, but one-compartment models are sufficient after oral administration.The effects of glucocorticoids are mediated by genomic and possibly nongenomic mechanisms. Genomic mechanisms include activation of the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor that leads to activation or repression of protein synthesis, including cytokines, chemokines, inflammatory enzymes and adhesion molecules. Thus, inflammation and immune response mechanisms may be modified. Nongenomic mechanisms might play an additional role in glucocorticoid pulse therapy. Clinical efficacy depends on glucocorticoid pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as the elimination half-life, and pharmacodynamic parameters such as the concentration producing the half-maximal effect, determine the duration and intensity of glucocorticoid effects. The special contribution of either of these can be distinguished with pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis. We performed simulations with a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model using T helper cell counts and endogenous cortisol as biomarkers for the effects of methylprednisolone. These simulations suggest that the clinical efficacy of low-dose glucocorticoid regimens might be increased with twice-daily glucocorticoid administration.
DrugBank Data that Cites this Article
- Drugs
- Drug Targets
Drug Target Kind Organism Pharmacological Action Actions Betamethasone phosphate Glucocorticoid receptor Protein Humans UnknownAgonistDetails Clobetasol propionate Glucocorticoid receptor Protein Humans YesAgonistDetails Hydrocortisone Glucocorticoid receptor Protein Humans YesAgonistDetails Medrysone Glucocorticoid receptor Protein Humans YesAgonistDetails Prednisolone phosphate Glucocorticoid receptor Protein Humans UnknownAgonistDetails Prednisone Glucocorticoid receptor Protein Humans YesAgonistDetails - Drug Carriers
Drug Carrier Kind Organism Pharmacological Action Actions Betamethasone phosphate Serum albumin Protein Humans UnknownBinderDetails Budesonide Serum albumin Protein Humans UnknownBinderDetails Clobetasol propionate Serum albumin Protein Humans UnknownBinderDetails Cortisone acetate Serum albumin Protein Humans UnknownBinderDetails Hydrocortisone Corticosteroid-binding globulin Protein Humans UnknownBinderDetails Prednisolone acetate Serum albumin Protein Humans UnknownBinderDetails Prednisolone phosphate Serum albumin Protein Humans UnknownBinderDetails Prednisone Serum albumin Protein Humans UnknownSubstrateDetails