Insulin glargine

Identification

Summary

Insulin glargine is a modified form of long-acting or basal insulin used to control hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus.

Brand Names

Basaglar, Lantus, Rezvoglar, Semglee, Soliqua, Toujeo

Generic Name

Insulin glargine

DrugBank Accession Number

DB00047

Background

Insulin glargine is a long-acting form of insulin used for the treatment of hyperglycemia caused by Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Insulin is typically prescribed for the management of diabetes mellitus to mimic the activity of endogenously produced human insulin, a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas that promotes glucose metabolism. Insulin is released from the pancreas following a meal to promote the uptake of glucose from the blood into internal organs and tissues such as the liver, fat cells, and skeletal muscle. Absorption of glucose into cells allows for its transformation into glycogen or fat for storage. Insulin also inhibits hepatic glucose production, enhances protein synthesis, and inhibits lipolysis and proteolysis.

Insulin is an important treatment in the management of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), which is caused by an autoimmune reaction that destroys the beta cells of the pancreas, resulting in the body not being able to produce or synthesize the insulin needed to manage circulating blood sugar levels. As a result, people with T1D rely primarily on exogenous forms of insulin, such as insulin glargine, to lower glucose levels in the blood. Insulin is also used in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), another form of diabetes mellitus that is a slowly progressing metabolic disorder caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors that promote chronically elevated blood sugar levels. Without treatment or improvement in non-pharmacological measures such as diet and exercise to lower blood glucose, high blood sugar eventually causes cellular resistance to endogenous insulin, and in the long term, damage to pancreatic islet cells. Insulin is typically prescribed later in the course of T2D, after several oral medications such as Metformin, Gliclazide, or Sitagliptin have been tried, when sufficient damage has been caused to pancreatic cells that the body is no longer able to produce insulin on its own.

Available as the brand name product Lantus, insulin glargine has a duration of action up to 24 hours allowing for once-daily dosing, typically at bedtime. Due to its duration of action, Lantus is considered "basal insulin" as it provides low concentrations of background insulin that can keep blood sugar stable between meals or overnight. Basal insulin is often combined with short-acting "bolus insulin" such as Insulin lispro, Insulin glulisine, and Insulin aspart to provide higher doses of insulin that are required following meals. Use of basal and bolus insulin together is intended to mimic the pancreas' production of endogenous insulin, with a goal of avoiding any periods of hypoglycemia.

Insulin glargine is also available as the biosimilar, or "follow-on" product, Basaglar in the US and as Abasaglar in the EU. As of 2015, insulin glargine was reformulated by Sanofi as the product Toujeo in an extra-concentrated form containing 300IU/mL (compared to 100IU/mL contained in Lantus). Use of the higher concentrated Toujeo as compared to Lantus results in slightly different pharmacokinetics, with a later onset (up to 6 hours) and duration of action (up to 30 hours). In 2021, another biosimilar, Semglee (insulin glargine-yfgn),¹² became the first interchangeable (with Lantus) biosimilar insulin to receive FDA approval.¹³

Insulin glargine is produced by recombinant DNA technology using a non-pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli (K12) as the production organism. Insulin glargine differs from endogenous human insulin by the replacement of an asparagine residue at position A21 of the A-chain with glycine and addition of two arginines to the C-terminus (positions B31 and 32) of the B-chain. The resulting protein is soluble at pH 4 and forms microprecipitates at physiological pH 7.4 allowing for the slow release of small amounts of insulin glargine, giving the drug a long duration of action and no pronounced peak concentration.

Without an adequate supply of insulin to promote absorption of glucose from the bloodstream, blood sugar levels can climb to dangerously high levels and can result in symptoms such as fatigue, headache, blurred vision, and increased thirst. If left untreated, the body starts to break down fat, instead of glucose, for energy which results in a build-up of ketone acids in the blood and a syndrome called ketoacidosis, which is a life-threatening medical emergency. In the long term, elevated blood sugar levels increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and diabetic neuropathy.

Type

Biotech

Groups

Approved

Biologic Classification

Protein Based Therapies
Hormones / Insulins

Protein Structure

Protein Chemical Formula: C₂₆₇H₄₀₄N₇₂O₇₈S₆
Protein Average Weight: 6063.0 Da

Sequences

>A chain
GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCG

>B chain
FVNQHLCGSHLVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPKTRR

Download FASTA Format

Synonyms

Insulin glargine
Insulin glargine (rDNA origin)
Insulin glargine recombinant
insulin glargine-yfgn
Insulina glargina

External IDs

HOE 71GT
HOE 901
HOE-71GT
HOE-901
LY 2963016
LY-2963016
LY2963016
MK-1293
MYL-1501D

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Pharmacology

Indication

Insulin glargine is indicated to improve glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.^11,14,15

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Associated Conditions

Indication Type	Indication	Approval Level	Age Group	Patient Characteristics	Dose Form
Management of	Diabetes mellitus	••• •••	•••••	••••••• ••••••••••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••••••• •• •••••••••••••	•••••••••
Management of	Diabetes mellitus	••••••••••••			•••••••••• ••••••••
Management of	Type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus	••• •••	••••••••	•••••••• ••• ••••••• ••••••••••• ••••••• ••• ••• •••••••••• •• •••••••••••••	•••••••••
Management of	Type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus	••••••••••••	•••••• ••••••••		•••••••••• ••••••••
Management of	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	••••••••••••	•••••		•••••••••• ••••••••

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

Insulin is a natural hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas. In non-diabetic individuals, the pancreas produces a continuous supply of low levels of basal insulin along with spikes of insulin following meals. Increased insulin secretion following meals is responsible for the metabolic changes that occur as the body transitions from a postabsorptive to absorptive state. Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose, particularly in muscle and adipose tissues, promotes energy storage via glycogenesis, opposes catabolism of energy stores, increases DNA replication and protein synthesis by stimulating amino acid uptake by liver, muscle and adipose tissue, and modifies the activity of numerous enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and glycolysis. Insulin also promotes growth and is required for the actions of growth hormone (e.g. protein synthesis, cell division, DNA synthesis). Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin analogue with a flat and predictable action profile. It is used to mimic the basal levels of insulin in diabetic individuals.

Mechanism of action

Insulin glargine binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor autophosphorylates and phosphorylates numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. Activation of these proteins leads to the activation of downstream signalling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC), both of which play critical roles in metabolism. Insulin glargine is completely soluble at pH 4, the pH of administered solution, and has low solubility at physiological pH 7.4. Upon subcuteous injection, the solution is neutralized resulting in the formation of microprecipitates. Small amounts of insulin glargine are released from microprecipitates giving the drug a relatively constant concentration over time profile over 24 hours with no pronounced peak. This release mechanism allows the drug to mimic basal insulin levels within the body.

Target	Actions	Organism
AInsulin receptor	agonist	Humans
UInsulin-like growth factor 1 receptor	activator	Humans

Absorption

Because of the modifications to the A and B chain, the isoelectric point shifts towards a neutral pH and insulin glargine is more stable in acidic conditions than regular insulin. As insulin glargine is less soluble at neutral pH, once injected, forms microprecipitates. Slow release of insulin glargine from microprecipitates provides a relatively constant concentration of insulin over 24 hours. Onset of action is approximately 1.1 hours.

The pharmacokinetic profiles for single 0.4, 0.6, and 0.9 U/kg doses of Toujeo in 24 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus was evaluated in a euglycemic clamp study. The median time to maximum serum insulin concentration was 12 (8–14), 12 (12–18), and 16 (12–20) hours, respectively. Steady-state insulin concentrations are reached by at least 5 days of once-daily subcutaneous administration of 0.4 U/kg to 0.6 U/kg doses of Toujeo over 8 days in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

The median time to maximum effect of Basaglar (measured by the peak rate of glucose infusion) was approximately 12.0 hours. The pharmacodynamic profile of Basaglar following subcutaneous injection demonstrated sustained glucose lowering activity over 24 hours with no pronounced peak. The mean area under the glucose infusion rate curves (measure of overall pharmacodynamic effect) and maximum glucose infusion rate were 1670 mg/kg and 2.12 mg/kg/min, respectively. On average, serum insulin concentrations declined to baseline by approximately 24 hours.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Insulin glargine is metabolized in the liver into two active metabolites with similar activity to insulin: 21a-Gly-human insulin (M1) and 21a-Gly-des-30b- threonine insulin (M2), with M1 being the predominant metabolite.

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Insulin glargine
- A21-Gly-des-B30-Thr-insulin
- A21-Gly-insulin

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

Inappropriately high dosages relative to food intake and/or energy expenditure may result in severe and sometimes prolonged and life-threatening hypoglycemia. Neurogenic (autonomic) signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia include trembling, palpitations, sweating, anxiety, hunger, nausea and tingling. Neuroglycopenic signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia include difficulty concentrating, lethargy/weakness, confusion, drowsiness, vision changes, difficulty speaking, headache, and dizziness. Mild hypoglycemia is characterized by the presence of autonomic symptoms. Moderate hypoglycemia is characterized by the presence of autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms. Individuals may become unconscious in severe cases of hypoglycemia. Other adverse events that may occur include allergic reaction, injection site reaction, lipodystrophy, pruritis, and rash.

Pathways

Not Available

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Not Available

Interactions

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This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

Drug	Interaction
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Acarbose	The risk or severity of hypoglycemia can be increased when Acarbose is combined with Insulin glargine.
Acebutolol	The therapeutic efficacy of Insulin glargine can be increased when used in combination with Acebutolol.
Acetazolamide	The risk or severity of hypoglycemia can be increased when Acetazolamide is combined with Insulin glargine.
Acetohexamide	The risk or severity of hypoglycemia can be increased when Acetohexamide is combined with Insulin glargine.
Acetophenazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Insulin glargine can be decreased when used in combination with Acetophenazine.

Food Interactions

No interactions found.

Products

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International/Other Brands

Lantus R / Lusduna Nexvue / Optisulin / Semglee (Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.)

Brand Name Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Abasaglar	Injection, solution	100 Units/ml	Subcutaneous	Eli Lilly Nederland B.V.	2016-09-07	Not applicable
Abasaglar	Injection, solution	100 Units/ml	Subcutaneous	Eli Lilly Nederland B.V.	2020-12-15	Not applicable
Abasaglar	Injection, solution	100 Units/ml	Subcutaneous	Eli Lilly Nederland B.V.	2016-09-07	Not applicable
Abasaglar	Injection, solution	100 Units/ml	Subcutaneous	Eli Lilly Nederland B.V.	2016-09-07	Not applicable
Abasaglar	Injection, solution	100 Units/ml	Subcutaneous	Eli Lilly Nederland B.V.	2016-09-07	Not applicable

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Soliqua	Insulin glargine (100 unit / mL) + Lixisenatide (33 mcg / mL)	Solution	Subcutaneous	Sanofi Aventis	2018-09-12	Not applicable
Soliqua 100/33	Insulin glargine (100 U/1mL) + Lixisenatide (33 ug/1mL)	Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC	2016-11-21	Not applicable
SOLİQUA SOLOSTAR 100 U/ML + 33 MCG/ML SC ENJEKSİYONLUK ÇÖZELTİ İÇEREN KULLANIMA HAZIR KALEM, 3 KALEM	Insulin glargine (100 U/mL) + Lixisenatide (33 mcg/mL)	Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	SANOFİ SAĞLIK ÜRÜNLERİ LTD. ŞTİ.	2018-02-08	Not applicable
SOLİQUA SOLOSTAR 100 U/ML + 33 MCG/ML SC ENJEKSİYONLUK ÇÖZELTİ İÇEREN KULLANIMA HAZIR KALEM, 5 KALEM	Insulin glargine (100 U/mL) + Lixisenatide (33 mcg/mL)	Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	SANOFİ SAĞLIK ÜRÜNLERİ LTD. ŞTİ.	2020-08-14	Not applicable
SOLİQUA SOLOSTAR 100 U/ML + 50 MCG/ML SC ENJEKSİYONLUK ÇÖZELTİ İÇEREN KULLANIMA HAZIR KALEM, 3 KALEM	Insulin glargine (100 U/mL) + Lixisenatide (50 mcg/mL)	Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	SANOFİ SAĞLIK ÜRÜNLERİ LTD. ŞTİ.	2018-02-08	Not applicable

Chemical Identifiers

UNII: 2ZM8CX04RZ
CAS number: 160337-95-1

References

General References

Chatterjee S, Tringham JR, Davies MJ: Insulin glargine and its place in the treatment of Types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006 Jul;7(10):1357-71. [Article]
Dunn CJ, Plosker GL, Keating GM, McKeage K, Scott LJ: Insulin glargine: an updated review of its use in the management of diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2003;63(16):1743-78. [Article]
Home PD, Ashwell SG: An overview of insulin glargine. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2002 Sep-Oct;18 Suppl 3:S57-63. [Article]
Jones R: Insulin glargine (Aventis Pharma). IDrugs. 2000 Sep;3(9):1081-7. [Article]
Wang F, Carabino JM, Vergara CM: Insulin glargine: a systematic review of a long-acting insulin analogue. Clin Ther. 2003 Jun;25(6):1541-77, discussion 1539-40. [Article]
Warren E, Weatherley-Jones E, Chilcott J, Beverley C: Systematic review and economic evaluation of a long-acting insulin analogue, insulin glargine. Health Technol Assess. 2004 Nov;8(45):iii, 1-57. [Article]
Owens DR, Bolli GB: Beyond the era of NPH insulin--long-acting insulin analogs: chemistry, comparative pharmacology, and clinical application. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2008 Oct;10(5):333-49. doi: 10.1089/dia.2008.0023. [Article]
Pettus J, Santos Cavaiola T, Tamborlane WV, Edelman S: The past, present, and future of basal insulins. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016 Sep;32(6):478-96. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.2763. Epub 2015 Nov 25. [Article]
Leto D, Saltiel AR: Regulation of glucose transport by insulin: traffic control of GLUT4. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2012 May 23;13(6):383-96. doi: 10.1038/nrm3351. [Article]
Wiesli P, Schories M: Improved Glycemic Control with Insulin Glargine 300 U/mL (Toujeo((R))) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Real-World Effectiveness in Switzerland. Diabetes Ther. 2018 Dec;9(6):2325-2334. doi: 10.1007/s13300-018-0518-x. Epub 2018 Oct 9. [Article]
FDA Approved Drug Products: Lantus (Insulin glargine) for subcutaneous injection [Link]
FDA Approved Drug Products: Semglee (insulin glargine-yfgn) for subcutaneous injection [Link]
FDA Press Announcement: FDA Approves First Interchangeable Biosimilar Insulin Product for Treatment of Diabetes [Link]
Health Canada Approved Drug Products: LANTUS (insulin glargine, rDNA origin) solution for injection [Link]
Health Canada Approved Drug Products: Semglee (insulin glargine-yfgn) solution for subcutaneous injection [Link]

External Links

KEGG Drug: D03250
PubChem Substance: 46507981
RxNav: 274783
ChEMBL: CHEMBL1201497
Therapeutic Targets Database: DAP001088
PharmGKB: PA449992
RxList: RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com: Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia: Insulin_glargine

FDA label

Download (51.2 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Hyperglycemia / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
4	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus	1
4	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
4	Completed	Basic Science	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
4	Completed	Health Services Research	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Sanofi aventis us llc

Packagers

Gruppo Lepetit SPA
Physicians Total Care Inc.
Sanofi-Aventis Inc.

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Injection, solution	Parenteral	100 IU/ML
Solution	Subcutaneous	100 IU
Solution	Subcutaneous	100 iu/1ml
Solution	Subcutaneous	100 UI
Injection
Injection		100 IU/ml
Solution	Subcutaneous	3.640 mg
Injection	Intramuscular
Injection	Intramuscular	100 U/mL
Solution	Subcutaneous	100 IU/mL
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	300 [iU]/1mL
Injection	Subcutaneous
Injection, solution	Parenteral; Subcutaneous	100 U/ML
Injection, solution	Parenteral; Subcutaneous	100 IU/ML
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	100 [iU]/1mL
Solution	Subcutaneous	100 U
Solution	Subcutaneous	100 unit / mL
Solution	Subcutaneous	1000 U
Injection	Subcutaneous	100 iu/ml
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	100 iu/ml
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous
Solution	Subcutaneous	10000000 IU
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	100 U/ML
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	100 Units/mL
Injection, solution		100 Units/ml
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	100 iu/1ml
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	3.64 mg/ml
Injection, solution
Solution	Subcutaneous
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	100 units/ml
Injection, solution	Cutaneous; Parenteral
Injection, solution	Parenteral; Subcutaneous	100 UI/ML
Injection, solution	Parenteral; Subcutaneous	300 IU/ML
Solution	Subcutaneous	300 U
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	300 U/ML
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	300 U/1mL
Solution	Subcutaneous	300 unit / mL
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	300 Units/ml
Solution	Subcutaneous	3.64 mg
Injection, solution		100 iu/1ml
Injection, solution		300 iu/1ml

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Lantus SoloStar 100 unit/ml Solution 1 Box = Five 3ml Syringes	223.89USD	box
Lantus 100 unit/ml Solution 10ml Vial	111.88USD	vial
Lantus for OptiClik 100 unit/ml Solution 3ml Cartridge	44.78USD	cartridge
Lantus 100 unit/ml cartridge	14.35USD	ml
Lantus solostar 100 unit/ml	14.35USD	ml

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Patent Number	Pediatric Extension	Approved	Expires (estimated)
US6100376	No	2000-08-08	2009-11-06
CA1339044	No	1997-04-01	2014-04-01
US9011391	No	2015-04-21	2024-03-26
US9233211	No	2016-01-12	2024-03-02
US8603044	No	2013-12-10	2024-03-02
US8512297	No	2013-08-20	2024-09-15
US8679069	No	2014-03-25	2025-04-12
US8992486	No	2015-03-31	2024-06-05
US8556864	No	2013-10-15	2024-03-03
US7918833	Yes	2011-04-05	2028-03-23
US7713930	Yes	2010-05-11	2023-12-13
US7476652	Yes	2009-01-13	2024-01-23
US9561331	No	2017-02-07	2024-08-28
US9623189	No	2017-04-18	2024-08-19
US9610409	No	2017-04-04	2024-03-02
US9526844	No	2016-12-27	2024-03-02
US9604008	No	2017-03-28	2024-03-02
US9533105	No	2017-01-03	2024-08-17
US9408979	No	2016-08-09	2024-03-02
US9604009	No	2017-03-28	2024-08-16
USRE45313	No	2014-12-30	2020-07-12
US9526764	No	2016-12-27	2029-10-09
US9345750	No	2016-05-24	2031-05-18
US9707176	No	2017-07-18	2030-11-11
US9775954	No	2017-10-03	2024-03-02
US9827379	No	2017-11-28	2024-03-02
US9821032	No	2017-11-21	2032-05-09
US9950039	No	2018-04-24	2035-12-10
US9717852	No	2017-08-01	2033-04-08
US10029011	No	2018-07-24	2032-08-02
US10117909	No	2018-11-06	2029-10-09
US10369291	No	2019-08-06	2035-09-16

Properties

State

Liquid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	81 °C	Khachidze, D.G. et al., J. Biol. Phys. Chem. 1:64-67 (2001)
hydrophobicity	0.098	Not Available
isoelectric point	6.88	Not Available

Targets

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Details1. Insulin receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Agonist

General Function: Receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase activity
Specific Function: Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (...
Gene Name: INSR
Uniprot ID: P06213
Uniprot Name: Insulin receptor
Molecular Weight: 156331.465 Da

References

Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
Le Roith D: Insulin glargine and receptor-mediated signalling: clinical implications in treating type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007 Nov;23(8):593-9. [Article]
Sciacca L, Cassarino MF, Genua M, Pandini G, Le Moli R, Squatrito S, Vigneri R: Insulin analogues differently activate insulin receptor isoforms and post-receptor signalling. Diabetologia. 2010 Aug;53(8):1743-53. doi: 10.1007/s00125-010-1760-6. Epub 2010 Apr 28. [Article]
Wada T, Azegami M, Sugiyama M, Tsuneki H, Sasaoka T: Characteristics of signalling properties mediated by long-acting insulin analogue glargine and detemir in target cells of insulin. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008 Sep;81(3):269-77. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.05.007. Epub 2008 Jun 27. [Article]

Details2. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Activator

General Function: Protein tyrosine kinase activity
Specific Function: Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates actions of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Binds IGF1 with high affinity and IGF2 and insulin (INS) with a lower affinity. The activated IGF1R is involv...
Gene Name: IGF1R
Uniprot ID: P08069
Uniprot Name: Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
Molecular Weight: 154791.73 Da

References

Varewijck AJ, Janssen JA: Insulin and its analogues and their affinities for the IGF1 receptor. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2012 Sep 5;19(5):F63-75. doi: 10.1530/ERC-12-0026. Print 2012 Oct. [Article]
Ciaraldi TP, Sasaoka T: Review on the in vitro interaction of insulin glargine with the insulin/insulin-like growth factor system: potential implications for metabolic and mitogenic activities. Horm Metab Res. 2011 Jan;43(1):1-10. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1267203. Epub 2010 Oct 11. [Article]
Le Roith D: Insulin glargine and receptor-mediated signalling: clinical implications in treating type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007 Nov;23(8):593-9. [Article]

Enzymes

Details1. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inducer

General Function: Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name: CYP1A2
Uniprot ID: P05177
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight: 58293.76 Da

References

Barnett CR, Wilson J, Wolf CR, Flatt PR, Ioannides C: Hyperinsulinaemia causes a preferential increase in hepatic P4501A2 activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Mar 17;43(6):1255-61. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90500-i. [Article]
Pass GJ, Becker W, Kluge R, Linnartz K, Plum L, Giesen K, Joost HG: Effect of hyperinsulinemia and type 2 diabetes-like hyperglycemia on expression of hepatic cytochrome p450 and glutathione s-transferase isoforms in a New Zealand obese-derived mouse backcross population. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):442-50. doi: 10.1124/jpet.102.033553. [Article]
Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55

Insulin glargine

Identification

Pharmacology

Interactions

Products

Categories

Chemical Identifiers

References

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Properties

Targets

References

References

Enzymes

References