Botulinum toxin type A
Identification
- Summary
Botulinum toxin type A is a purified form of botulinum toxin type A used to block acetylcholine release in the treatment of chronic sialorrhea, muscle spasticity, and dystonia, as well as in cosmetic applications.
- Brand Names
- Botox, Botox Cosmetic, Dysport, Xeomin
- Generic Name
- Botulinum toxin type A
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00083
- Background
In 2002, botulinum toxin A, also known as onabotulinumtoxinA or Botox, was the first type A botulism toxin to be introduced into the market for cosmetic use.8 With a wide variety of applications and favourable safety profile, Botulinum toxin A injection is a minimally invasive and promising treatment for cosmetic imperfections, muscle spasms, and other conditions.7,20 A popular use for Botox is the treatment of facial wrinkles and lines, however, there are many uses for the botulinum toxin A in the treatment of dystonia, incontinence, migraine, blepharospasm, and hyperhidrosis.15,19
- Type
- Biotech
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Biologic Classification
- Protein Based Therapies
Other protein based therapies - Protein Structure
- Protein Chemical Formula
- C6760H10447N1743O2010S32
- Protein Average Weight
- 900000.0 Da
- Sequences
>Botulinum Toxin Type A Sequence MPFVNKQFNYKDPVNGVDIAYIKIPNVGQMQPVKAFKIHNKIWVIPERDTFTNPEEGDLN PPPEAKQVPVSYYDSTYLSTDNEKDNYLKGVTKLFERIYSTDLGRMLLTSIVRGIPFWGG STIDTELKVIDTNCINVIQPDGSYRSEELNLVIIGPSADIIQFECKSFGHEVLNLTRNGY GSTQYIRFSPDFTFGFEESLEVDTNPLLGAGKFATDPAVTLAHELIHAGHRLYGIAINPN RVFKVNTNAYYEMSGLEVSFEELRTFGGHDAKFIDSLQENEFRLYYYNKFKDIASTLNKA KSIVGTTASLQYMKNVFKEKYLLSEDTSGKFSVDKLKFDKLYKMLTEIYTEDNFVKFFKV LNRKTYLNFDKAVFKINIVPKVNYTIYDGFNLRNTNLAANFNGQNTEINNMNFTKLKNFT GLFEFYKLLCVRGIITSKTKSLDKGYNKALNDLCIKVNNWDLFFSPSEDNFTNDLNKGEE ITSDTNIEAAEENISLDLIQQYYLTFNFDNEPENISIENLSSDIIGQLELMPNIERFPNG KKYELDKYTMFHYLRAQEFEHGKSRIALTNSVNEALLNPSRVYTFFSSDYVKKVNKATEA AMFLGWVEQLVYDFTDETSEVSTTDKIADITIIIPYIGPALNIGNMLYKDDFVGALIFSG AVILLEFIPEIAIPVLGTFALVSYIANKVLTVQTIDNALSKRNEKWDEVYKYIVTNWLAK VNTQIDLIRKKMKEALENQAEATKAIINYQYNQYTEEEKNNINFNIDDLSSKLNESINKA MININKFLNQCSVSYLMNSMIPYGVKRLEDFDASLKDALLKYIYDNRGTLIGQVDRLKDK VNNTLSTDIPFQLSKYVDNQRLLSTFTEYIKNIINTSILNLRYESNHLIDLSRYASKINI GSKVNFDPIDKNQIQLFNLESSKIEVILKNAIVYNSMYENFSTSFWIRIPKYFNSISLNN EYTIINCMENNSGWKVSLNYGEIIWTLQDTQEIKQRVVFKYSQMINISDYINRWIFVTIT NNRLNNSKIYINGRLIDQKPISNLGNIHASNNIMFKLDGCRDTHRYIWIKYFNLFDKELN EKEIKDLYDNQSNSGILKDFWGDYLQYDKPYYMLNLYDPNKYVDVNNVGIRGYMYLKGPR GSVMTTNIYLNSSLYRGTKFIIKKYASGNKDNIVRNNDRVYINVVVKNKEYRLATNASQA GVEKILSALEIPDVGNLSQVVVMKSKNDQGITNKCKMNLQDNNGNDIGFIGFHQFNNIAK LVASNWYNRQIERSSRTLGCSWEFIPVDDGWGERPL
Download FASTA Format- Synonyms
- AbobotulinumtoxinA
- Botulinum A neurotoxin
- Botulinum antitoxin type A
- Botulinum toxin A
- Botulinum toxin type A
- BTX-A
- EvabotulinumtoxinA
- IncobotulinumtoxinA
- OnabotulinumtoxinA
- Prabotulinumtoxin A
- Toxina botulínica A
- Toxine botulinique A
- External IDs
- AGN 191622
- ANT-1207
- ANT-1401
- ANT-1403
- CNT 52120
- NT 201
Pharmacology
- Indication
Botulinum toxin A is indicated for a variety of conditions, depending on the preparations. Cosmetically, it is used for the treatment of facial fine lines and wrinkles, specifically for upper facial rhytides, including forehead, lateral canthus, and glabellar lines.19
In addition to the above indications, botulinum toxin A is used for the following conditions: treatment of adults with symptomatic overactive bladder with or without incontinence, treatment of incontinence in adult patients who are not candidates for anticholinergic therapy, treatment of Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity (NDO) in patients over 5 years who cannot undergo anticholinergic therapy. Botulinum toxin A is indicated for the prevention of chronic migraines, for the treatment of muscle spasms, cervical dystonia, axillary hyperhidrosis, strabismus,15 and disorders of the 7th cranial nerve.20
Off-label, botulinum toxin A is used for a variety of conditions such as temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and myofascial pain12, neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome, epicondylitis, post-stroke pain, post-herpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, neuropathic pain, spinal cord injury, and bladder pain.13
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Bladder pain ••• ••••• •••••••••• ••••••• •••••••••••• ••• •••••••• Treatment of Blepharospasm •••••••••••• ••••• •••••••••• ••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••• ••••••• •••••••••• ••••••• ••• •••••••• Management of Blepharospasm •••••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• Management of Cervical dystonia •••••••••••• ••••• •••••••••• •••••••• Prophylaxis of Chronic migraine •••••••••••• ••••• •••••••••• •••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Botulinum toxin A inhibits the release of acetylcholine, relieving muscle contraction and spasm associated with many conditions, such as incontinence and dystonia. Cosmetically, botulinum toxin A paralyses muscles in the face to temporarily treat wrinkles.9,19 The maximum effects of muscle paralysis occur four to seven days after a dose.6 When injected at therapeutic doses, botulinum toxin A causes partial chemical denervation of muscle tissue, causing local reduction of muscle activity. Muscle atrophy may result, axonal sprouting may begin, and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors can be formed. Reinnervation of the muscle may occur, reversing muscle denervation caused by botulinum toxin A.15
- Mechanism of action
Botulinum toxin is a 150-kDa molecular weight protein consisting of a light chain (50 kDa) and heavy chain (100 kDa) linked by a single disulfide bond. The crystal structure reveals 3 lobes - the light chain, the amino-terminal portion of the heavy chain, and the carboxyl-terminal portion of the heavy chain.11
Botulinum toxin type A blocks neuromuscular transmission on motor or sympathetic nerve terminals, inhibiting the release of acetylcholine.15 Botulinum toxins have actions on various regions: the neuromuscular junction, autonomic ganglia, and both postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve endings. The heavy chain of the toxin binds selectively at the presynaptic surface of cholinergic neurons in an irreversible fashion. After binding, the toxin-receptor complex is transported into the cell by endocytosis. The disulfide bond between the two chains is cleaved and the botulism toxin enters the cytoplasm. The light chain specifically interacts with SNAP-25 in the nerve terminals to block binding of acetylcholine vesicles with the cell membrane. SNAP-25 is required for successful binding and release of acetylcholine from vesicles in nerve endings.6
Target Actions Organism ASynaptosomal-associated protein 25 inhibitorHumans URho-related GTP-binding protein RhoB inhibitorHumans - Absorption
The chemical complexity of botulinum toxin type A combined with its extreme potency limits the opportunity to study its pharmacokinetic profile in humans.15 For this reason, human pharmacokinetic studies have not been performed. Animal studies using radio labeled botulinum toxin suggest it is absorbed systemically after subcutaneous and intranasal administration. Clinical relevance is unknown.11
- Volume of distribution
There are extremely limited data about the pharmacokinetics of botulinum toxin in humans.15 An animal study demonstrated that botulinum toxin accumulates in the liver and spleen in rats and mice when injected subcutaneously or administered intranasally.11
- Protein binding
A pharmacokinetic study in mice and rats revealed significant binding to albumin after subcutaneous injection or intranasal administration.11
- Metabolism
Metabolism information for botulinum A toxin is not readily available in the literature.11,15
- Route of elimination
Elimination information for botulinum A toxin is not readily available in the literature.11,15
- Half-life
There is no readily available data about the pharmacokinetics of botulinum toxin in humans.15 The elimination half-life for non-metabolized botulinum toxin in blood and serum ranged from 230 to 260 min in a pharmacokinetic study of rats and mice.11
- Clearance
Clearance information for botulinum A toxin is not readily available in the literature.11,15
- Adverse Effects
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- Toxicity
The intraperitoneal LD50 of botulinum toxin A in mice is 160 ng/kg.22 An overdose of botulinum toxin A is expected to produce neuromuscular weakness, manifested by a variety of symptoms that may not appear immediately after injection. Dysphagia, dysphonia, weakness, dyspnea or respiratory distress may indicate distant spread of botulinum toxin A effects.14 If an overdose is suspected or confirmed, patients should be monitored for several weeks closely for local and distant neurologic effects. Hospitalization or further medical evaluation and appropriate intervention should be provided immediately.15
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Botulinum toxin type A is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine. Acetazolamide The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Botulinum toxin type A is combined with Acetazolamide. Acetophenazine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Botulinum toxin type A is combined with Acetophenazine. Acetyldigitoxin The risk or severity of Cardiac Arrhythmia can be increased when Botulinum toxin type A is combined with Acetyldigitoxin. Aclidinium The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Aclidinium is combined with Botulinum toxin type A. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Botox Powder, for solution 200 unit / vial Intramuscular Abbvie 2023-10-11 Not applicable Canada Botox Powder, for solution 50 unit / vial Intramuscular Abbvie 2023-06-20 Not applicable Canada Botox Powder, for solution 100 unit / vial Intramuscular Abbvie 1992-12-31 Not applicable Canada BOTOX Cosmetic Powder, for solution 100 unit / vial Intramuscular Abbvie 2001-05-07 Not applicable Canada BOTOX Cosmetic Powder, for solution 50 unit / vial Intramuscular Abbvie Not applicable Not applicable Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- M03AX01 — Botulinum toxin
- Drug Categories
- Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors
- Agents that produce neuromuscular block (indirect)
- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
- Bacterial Proteins
- Bacterial Toxins
- Biological Factors
- Botulinum Toxins
- Botulinum Toxins, Type A
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- Cholinergic Agents
- Endopeptidases
- Enzymes
- Enzymes and Coenzymes
- Ganglion Blockers
- Hydrolases
- Membrane Transport Modulators
- Metalloendopeptidases
- Metalloproteases
- Muscle Relaxants
- Muscle Relaxants, Peripherally Acting Agents
- Musculo-Skeletal System
- Neuromuscular Agents
- Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
- Neurotoxins
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- Noxae
- Other Miscellaneous Therapeutic Agents
- Peptide Hydrolases
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- Proteins
- Toxic Actions
- Toxins, Biological
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- Not Available
- Kingdom
- Organic Compounds
- Super Class
- Organic Acids
- Class
- Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues
- Direct Parent
- Peptides
- Alternative Parents
- Not Available
- Substituents
- Not Available
- Molecular Framework
- Not Available
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 0A6JH35GMQ
- CAS number
- 93384-43-1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Alexander Zabudkin, Jun Krasnopolsky, Aleksandr Itkin, Dmitry Itkin.(2003). Pharmaceutical preparation of botulinum neurotoxin, methods of synthesis and methods of clinical use (US). Patent number WO2003101483A1.
- General References
- Montecucco C, Molgo J: Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005 Jun;5(3):274-9. [Article]
- Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M: Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia. Neurology. 1999 Oct 22;53(7):1431-8. [Article]
- Shukla HD, Sharma SK: Clostridium botulinum: a bug with beauty and weapon. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2005;31(1):11-8. [Article]
- Eisenach JH, Atkinson JL, Fealey RD: Hyperhidrosis: evolving therapies for a well-established phenomenon. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005 May;80(5):657-66. [Article]
- Schurch B, Corcos J: Botulinum toxin injections for paediatric incontinence. Curr Opin Urol. 2005 Jul;15(4):264-7. [Article]
- Nigam PK, Nigam A: Botulinum toxin. Indian J Dermatol. 2010;55(1):8-14. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.60343. [Article]
- Naumann M, Jankovic J: Safety of botulinum toxin type A: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004 Jul;20(7):981-90. doi: 10.1185/030079904125003962. [Article]
- Lorenc ZP, Kenkel JM, Fagien S, Hirmand H, Nestor MS, Sclafani AP, Sykes JM, Waldorf HA: A review of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox). Aesthet Surg J. 2013 Mar;33(1 Suppl):9S-12S. doi: 10.1177/1090820X12474629. [Article]
- Satriyasa BK: Botulinum toxin (Botox) A for reducing the appearance of facial wrinkles: a literature review of clinical use and pharmacological aspect. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2019 Apr 10;12:223-228. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S202919. eCollection 2019. [Article]
- Lu B: The destructive effect of botulinum neurotoxins on the SNARE protein: SNAP-25 and synaptic membrane fusion. PeerJ. 2015 Jun 30;3:e1065. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1065. eCollection 2015. [Article]
- Ravichandran E, Gong Y, Al Saleem FH, Ancharski DM, Joshi SG, Simpson LL: An initial assessment of the systemic pharmacokinetics of botulinum toxin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Sep;318(3):1343-51. doi: 10.1124/jpet.106.104661. Epub 2006 Jun 16. [Article]
- Mor N, Tang C, Blitzer A: Temporomandibular Myofacial Pain Treated with Botulinum Toxin Injection. Toxins (Basel). 2015 Jul 24;7(8):2791-800. doi: 10.3390/toxins7082791. [Article]
- Padda IS, Tadi P: Botulinum Toxin . [Article]
- Omprakash Hm, Rajendran Sc: Botulinum Toxin Deaths: What is the Fact? J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2008 Jul;1(2):95-7. doi: 10.4103/0974-2077.44169. [Article]
- FDA Approved Products: Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA) for injection [Link]
- World Health Organization: Botulism [Link]
- Allergan MSDS: Botox [Link]
- DermNet NZ: Botulinum toxin [Link]
- Product monograph: Botox Cosmetic (botulinum toxin A) for injection [Link]
- Product Monograph: Botox (Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin complex ) powder for injectable solution [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: XEOMIN (incobotulinumtoxinA) for injection, for intramuscular or intraglandular use [Link]
- Allergan MSDS: OnabotulinumtoxinA [Link]
- External Links
- UniProt
- P10845
- Genbank
- X52066
- KEGG Drug
- D00783
- KEGG Compound
- C07946
- PubChem Substance
- 46505347
- 1000104
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP001298
- PharmGKB
- PA164754825
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Botulinum_toxin
- FDA label
- Download (115 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Active Not Recruiting Basic Science Migraine 1 4 Active Not Recruiting Prevention Keloids Scars 1 4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Facial Skin Wrinkles / Loss of Volume and Skin Quality / Skin Folds 1 4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Glabellar Frown Lines (GL) 1 4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Increased frequency of urination / Overactive Bladder Syndrome (OABS) / Urinary Urge Incontinence / Urinary Urgency 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Allergan Inc.
- Tercica Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Injection, powder, for solution Intramuscular 125 U Injection, powder, for solution Intramuscular Injection, powder, for solution 100 IU Powder Intramuscular 100 unit/1vial Powder, for solution Intramuscular 100 unit / vial Powder, for solution Intramuscular 200 unit / vial Injection, powder, for solution Intramuscular 100 U Injection Intramuscular 100 U Injection, powder, for solution Intradermal; Intramuscular 100 units Injection, powder, for solution Intradermal; Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 200 Units Injection, powder, for solution Intradermal; Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 50 Units/vial Injection, powder, for solution Intradermal; Intramuscular 200 U Solution Intramuscular 100 UI Injection, powder, for solution Intramuscular 500 unit/1vial Injection, powder, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 300 U Injection, powder, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 500 UI Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intramuscular 300 [USP'U]/1 Solution Intramuscular 500.000 U Injection, powder, for solution 300 unit/1vial Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 300 U Injection, solution Intramuscular 500 U Powder, for solution Intramuscular 300 unit / vial Powder, for solution Intramuscular 500 unit / vial Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 500 U Powder Intramuscular 200 unit/1vial Powder Intramuscular 50 unit/1vial Injection, powder, for solution Solution Intramuscular 100 U Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 50 U Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intramuscular; Subcutaneous 100 IU Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intramuscular 200 IU Injection, powder, for solution Intramuscular 50 U Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 4 AU/ 0.1 ml Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 4 AU/0.1ml Solution Parenteral 50.000 U Injection, powder, for solution 50 IU Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 100 U Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 200 U Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral 50 U Powder, for solution Intramuscular 50 unit / vial Injection, powder, for solution 50 LD50 Units Injection, powder, for solution Intramuscular 100 LD50 units Injection, powder, for solution Intramuscular 50 LD50 units Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intramuscular 100 U Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intramuscular 50 U Injection, powder, for solution 100 unit/1vial Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution 100 unit/1vial Injection, powder, for solution 50 unit/1vial - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Botox 200 unit vial 1260.0USD vial Dysport 500 unit vial 852.0USD vial Botox 100 unit 655.2USD vial Botox 100 unit vial 630.0USD vial Botox cosmetic 100 unit vial 630.0USD vial Botox cosmetic 50 unit vial 346.8USD vial Botox (100 - 200 unit/Vial) 3.74USD vial DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region CA2280565 No 2005-11-15 2019-08-20 Canada CA2310845 No 2001-05-15 2014-06-07 Canada
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 85.5-86.5 https://www.guidechem.com/dictionary_keys_Botox-p1.html water solubility >10 mg/ml http://www.t3db.ca/toxins/T3D3127 isoelectric point 5.6 https://mmbr.asm.org/content/mmbr/56/1/80.full.pdf
Targets
![](https://go.drugbank.com/assets/locked/DrugTargets2-682eb846d210ae4bf33ca03febccfb57bb1c61318e699b729e5df4dfab2c5b67.png)
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Syntaxin-1 binding
- Specific Function
- t-SNARE involved in the molecular regulation of neurotransmitter release. May play an important role in the synaptic function of specific neuronal systems. Associates with proteins involved in vesi...
- Gene Name
- SNAP25
- Uniprot ID
- P60880
- Uniprot Name
- Synaptosomal-associated protein 25
- Molecular Weight
- 23314.905 Da
References
- Zhou JY, Wang ZF, Ren XM, Tang MZ, Shi YL: Antagonism of botulinum toxin type A-induced cleavage of SNAP-25 in rat cerebral synaptosome by toosendanin. FEBS Lett. 2003 Dec 4;555(2):375-9. [Article]
- Flynn TC: Myobloc. Dermatol Clin. 2004 Apr;22(2):207-11, vii. [Article]
- Straughan D: Progress in applying the Three Rs to the potency testing of Botulinum toxin type A. Altern Lab Anim. 2006 Jun;34(3):305-13. [Article]
- Vaidyanathan VV, Yoshino K, Jahnz M, Dorries C, Bade S, Nauenburg S, Niemann H, Binz T: Proteolysis of SNAP-25 isoforms by botulinum neurotoxin types A, C, and E: domains and amino acid residues controlling the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes and cleavage. J Neurochem. 1999 Jan;72(1):327-37. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0720327.x. [Article]
- FDA Approved Products: Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA) for injection [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Gtpase activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates apoptosis in neoplastically transformed cells after DNA damage. Not essential for development but affects cell adhesion and growth factor signaling in transformed cells. Plays a negative r...
- Gene Name
- RHOB
- Uniprot ID
- P62745
- Uniprot Name
- Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoB
- Molecular Weight
- 22123.185 Da
References
- Ishida H, Zhang X, Erickson K, Ray P: Botulinum toxin type A targets RhoB to inhibit lysophosphatidic acid-stimulated actin reorganization and acetylcholine release in nerve growth factor-treated PC12 cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Sep;310(3):881-9. Epub 2004 May 12. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Toxic substance binding
- Specific Function
- Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Serum albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Ravichandran E, Gong Y, Al Saleem FH, Ancharski DM, Joshi SG, Simpson LL: An initial assessment of the systemic pharmacokinetics of botulinum toxin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Sep;318(3):1343-51. doi: 10.1124/jpet.106.104661. Epub 2006 Jun 16. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at January 02, 2024 23:41