Oxytocin
Identification
- Summary
Oxytocin is a recombinant hormone used to induce or strengthen uterine contractions in pregnant women to aid in labor and delivery or to control postpartum bleeding.
- Brand Names
- Pitocin
- Generic Name
- Oxytocin
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00107
- Background
Sir Henry H. Dale first identified oxytocin and its uterine contractile properties in 1906.13,7,20 Like all other neurohypophysial hormones, oxytocin is composed of nine amino acids with a disulfide bridge between the Cys 1 and 6 residues.13,7 In the mid-1950s, synthetic oxytocin was successfully synthesized by a biochemist named Vincent du Vigneaud; he was later recognized with a Nobel prize for his work.20 Oxytocin continues to be an important tool in modern obstetrics to induce labor when indicated and to manage postpartum hemorrhage.20,21 It is estimated that labor induction with oxytocin is used in almost 10% of deliveries globally.7
It should be noted that there are risks associated with oxytocin intervention during childbirth. Oxytocin should be used judiciously only when necessary and by experienced healthcare practitioners.21
Although most commonly linked to labor and delivery, oxytocin actually has broad peripheral and central effects.13 It plays an important role in pair bonding, social cognition and functioning, and even fear conditioning.14 Oxytocin also serves a role in metabolic homeostasis and cardiovascular regulation.7,19
- Type
- Biotech
- Groups
- Approved, Vet approved
- Biologic Classification
- Protein Based Therapies
Hormones - Protein Structure
- Protein Chemical Formula
- C43H66N12O12S2
- Protein Average Weight
- 1007.187 Da
- Sequences
>DB00107 sequence CYIQNCPLG
Download FASTA Format- Synonyms
- Oxitocina
- Oxytocin
Pharmacology
- Indication
Administration of exogenous oxytocin is indicated in the antepartum period to initiate or improve uterine contractions for vaginal delivery in situations where there is fetal or maternal concern.22 For example, It may be used to induce labor in cases of Rh sensitization, maternal diabetes, preeclampsia at or near term, and when delivery is indicated due to prematurely ruptured membranes.15,22 Importantly, oxytocin is not approved or indicated for elective induction of labor. Oxytocin may be used to reinforce labor in select cases of uterine inertia and as adjunctive therapy in the management of incomplete or inevitable abortion. In the postpartum period, oxytocin may be used to induced contractions in the 3rd stage of labor and to control postpartum bleeding or hemorrhage.22
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Adjunct therapy in management of Incomplete abortion •••••••••••• ••••••••• Adjunct therapy in management of Inevitable abortion •••••••••••• ••••••••• Management of Post-partum bleeding •••••••••••• ••••••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Oxytocin is a nonapeptide, pleiotropic hormone that exerts important physiological effects.6,8 It is most well known to stimulate parturition and lactation, but also has important physiological influences on metabolic and cardiovascular functions, sexual and maternal behaviour, pair bonding, social cognition, and fear conditioning.6,11,14
It is worth noting that oxytocin receptors are not limited to the reproductive system but can be found in many peripheral tissues and in central nervous system structures including the brain stem and amygdala.11,12,13,14
- Mechanism of action
Oxytocin plays a vital role in labour and delivery.9 The hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and is secreted from the paraventricular nucleus to the posterior pituitary where it is stored.9,10 It is then released in pulses during childbirth to induce uterine contractions.9
The concentration of oxytocin receptors on the myometrium increases significantly during pregnancy and reaches a peak in early labor.22 Activation of oxytocin receptors on the myometrium triggers a downstream cascade that leads to increased intracellular calcium in uterine myofibrils which strengthens and increases the frequency of uterine contractions.22,10,6
In humans, most hormones are regulated by negative feedback; however, oxytocin is one of the few that is regulated by positive feedback.10 The head of the fetus pushing on the cervix signals the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary of the mother.10 Oxytocin then travels to the uterus where it stimulates uterine contractions.10 The elicited uterine contractions will then stimulate the release of increasing amounts of oxytocin.10 This positive feedback loop will continue until parturition.10
Since exogenously administered and endogenously secreted oxytocin result in the same effects on the female reproductive system, synthetic oxytocin may be used in specific instances during the antepartum and postpartum period to induce or improve uterine contractions.10,22
Target Actions Organism AOxytocin receptor agonistHumans - Absorption
Oxytocin is administered parenterally and is fully bioavailable. It takes approximately 40 minutes for oxytocin to reach steady-state concentrations in the plasma after parenteral administration.23
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
Oxytocin is rapidly removed from the plasma by the liver and kidney.22 The enzyme oxytocinase is largely responsible for the metabolism and regulation of oxytocin levels in pregnancy and only a small percentage of the neurohormone is excreted in the urine unchanged.22,23 Oxytocinase activity increases throughout pregnancy and peaks in the plasma, placenta and uterus near term.23 The placenta is a key source of oxytocinase during gestation and produces increasing amounts of the enzyme in response to increasing levels of oxytocin produced by the mother.17,18 Oxytocinase activity is also expressed in mammary glands, heart, kidney, and the small intestine.7 Lower levels of activity can be found in the brain, spleen, liver, skeletal muscle, testes, and colon.7 The level of oxytocin degradation is negligible in non-pregnant women, men, and cord blood.23
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- Route of elimination
The enzyme oxytocinase is largely responsible for the metabolism and regulation of oxytocin levels in pregnancy; only a small percentage of the neurohormone is excreted in the urine unchanged.22,23
- Half-life
The plasma half-life of oxytocin ranges from 1-6 minutes. The half-life is decreased in late pregnancy and during lactation.22
- Clearance
In a study that observed 10 women who were given oxytocin to induce labor, the mean metabolic clearance rate was 7.87 mL/min.16
- Adverse Effects
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- Toxicity
Administration of supratherapeutic doses of exogenous oxytocin can lead to myocardial ischemia, tachycardia, and arrhythmias.10 High doses can also lead to uterine spasms, hypertonicity, or rupture.10 Oxytocin has antidiuretic properties, thus, high daily doses (as a single dose or administered slowly over 24 hours) may lead to extreme water intoxication resulting in maternal seizures, coma, and even death.10 The risk of antidiuresis and water intoxication in the mother appears to be greater when fluids are given orally.10
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAcrivastine The risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Oxytocin is combined with Acrivastine. Adenosine The risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Oxytocin is combined with Adenosine. Ajmaline The risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Oxytocin is combined with Ajmaline. Alfuzosin The risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Oxytocin is combined with Alfuzosin. Alimemazine The risk or severity of QTc prolongation can be increased when Oxytocin is combined with Alimemazine. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Oxytocin Injection, solution 10 [USP'U]/500mL Intravenous Cantrell Drug Company 2011-10-20 2012-11-12 US Oxytocin Injection, solution 20 [USP'U]/500mL Intravenous Cantrell Drug Company 2016-03-18 Not applicable US Oxytocin Injection, solution 10 [USP'U]/1mL Intramuscular; Intravenous Cardinal Health 2000-08-10 2020-12-31 US Oxytocin Injection, solution 30 [USP'U]/500mL Intravenous Cantrell Drug Company 2011-07-01 Not applicable US Oxytocin Injection 10 [USP'U]/1mL Intramuscular; Intravenous Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. 1980-04-29 Not applicable US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Oxytocin Injection 100 [USP'U]/10mL Intramuscular; Intravascular Hikma Farmaceutica 2009-08-01 2014-10-01 US Oxytocin Injection 10 [USP'U]/1mL Intravenous Teva Parenteral Medicines, Inc. 2008-01-24 2011-04-30 US Oxytocin Injection 10 [USP'U]/1mL Intramuscular; Intravenous West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp 2013-02-13 Not applicable US Oxytocin Injection 10 [iU]/1mL Intravenous Par Pharmaceutical 2012-06-01 2015-04-30 US Oxytocin Injection 10 [USP'U]/1mL Intramuscular; Intravenous Hikma Farmaceutica 2009-08-01 2014-10-01 US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Bakumokon 5% Minoxidil Oxytocin (0.01 mg/100mg) + Dutasteride (0.1 mg/100mg) + Minoxidil (5 mg/100mg) Liquid Topical DS LABORATORIES, INC. 2015-02-09 2017-10-19 US Bakumokon 7% Minoxidil Sulfate Oxytocin (0.01 mg/100mg) + Dutasteride (0.1 mg/100mg) + Minoxidil sulfate (7 mg/100mg) Liquid Topical DS LABORATORIES, INC. 2015-02-09 2017-10-11 US SYNTOMETRINE INJECTION Oxytocin (5 iu/ml) + Ergonovine maleate (0.5 mg/ml) Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous PHARMACON PTE LTD 1989-05-07 Not applicable Singapore - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Oxytocin Oxytocin (2 [USP'U]/100mL) Injection, solution Intravenous Cantrell Drug Company 2012-11-12 Not applicable US Oxytocin Oxytocin (10 [USP'U]/500mL) Injection, solution Intravenous Cantrell Drug Company 2011-10-20 2012-11-12 US Oxytocin Oxytocin (20 [USP'U]/1000mL) Injection, solution Intravenous Cantrell Drug Company 2011-10-20 2017-12-06 US Oxytocin Oxytocin (20 [USP'U]/1000mL) Injection, solution Intravenous Cantrell Drug Company 2011-10-20 2015-01-14 US Oxytocin Oxytocin (30 [USP'U]/500mL) Injection, solution Intravenous Cantrell Drug Company 2011-10-20 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- G02AC01 — Methylergometrine and oxytocin
- G02AC — Ergot alkaloids and oxytocin incl. analogues, in combination
- G02A — UTEROTONICS
- G02 — OTHER GYNECOLOGICALS
- G — GENITO URINARY SYSTEM AND SEX HORMONES
- Drug Categories
- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
- Genito Urinary System and Sex Hormones
- Hormones
- Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists
- Increased Uterine Smooth Muscle Contraction or Tone
- Oxytocin and Analogues
- Oxytocin, analogs & derivatives
- Peptide Hormones
- Peptides
- Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones and Analogues
- Pituitary Hormones
- Pituitary Hormones, Posterior
- Posterior Pituitary Lobe Hormones
- Potential QTc-Prolonging Agents
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Reproductive Control Agents
- Systemic Hormonal Preparations, Excl. Sex Hormones and Insulins
- Uterotonic agents
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- Not Available
- Kingdom
- Organic Compounds
- Super Class
- Organic Acids
- Class
- Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues
- Direct Parent
- Peptides
- Alternative Parents
- Not Available
- Substituents
- Not Available
- Molecular Framework
- Not Available
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 1JQS135EYN
- CAS number
- 50-56-6
References
- Synthesis Reference
Kerstin Uvnas-Moberg, Thomas Lundeberg, "Use of substances having oxytocin activity for preparation of medicaments for wound healing." U.S. Patent US6262021, issued August, 1988.
US6262021- General References
- Kosfeld M, Heinrichs M, Zak PJ, Fischbacher U, Fehr E: Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature. 2005 Jun 2;435(7042):673-6. [Article]
- Takayanagi Y, Yoshida M, Bielsky IF, Ross HE, Kawamata M, Onaka T, Yanagisawa T, Kimura T, Matzuk MM, Young LJ, Nishimori K: Pervasive social deficits, but normal parturition, in oxytocin receptor-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 1;102(44):16096-101. Epub 2005 Oct 25. [Article]
- Carmichael MS, Humbert R, Dixen J, Palmisano G, Greenleaf W, Davidson JM: Plasma oxytocin increases in the human sexual response. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987 Jan;64(1):27-31. [Article]
- Paquin J, Danalache BA, Jankowski M, McCann SM, Gutkowska J: Oxytocin induces differentiation of P19 embryonic stem cells to cardiomyocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jul 9;99(14):9550-5. Epub 2002 Jul 1. [Article]
- Jankowski M, Danalache B, Wang D, Bhat P, Hajjar F, Marcinkiewicz M, Paquin J, McCann SM, Gutkowska J: Oxytocin in cardiac ontogeny. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 31;101(35):13074-9. Epub 2004 Aug 17. [Article]
- Arrowsmith S, Wray S: Oxytocin: its mechanism of action and receptor signalling in the myometrium. J Neuroendocrinol. 2014 Jun;26(6):356-69. doi: 10.1111/jne.12154. [Article]
- Ding C, Leow MK, Magkos F: Oxytocin in metabolic homeostasis: implications for obesity and diabetes management. Obes Rev. 2019 Jan;20(1):22-40. doi: 10.1111/obr.12757. Epub 2018 Sep 25. [Article]
- Carter CS, Kenkel WM, MacLean EL, Wilson SR, Perkeybile AM, Yee JR, Ferris CF, Nazarloo HP, Porges SW, Davis JM, Connelly JJ, Kingsbury MA: Is Oxytocin "Nature's Medicine"? Pharmacol Rev. 2020 Oct;72(4):829-861. doi: 10.1124/pr.120.019398. [Article]
- Uvnas-Moberg K, Ekstrom-Bergstrom A, Berg M, Buckley S, Pajalic Z, Hadjigeorgiou E, Kotlowska A, Lengler L, Kielbratowska B, Leon-Larios F, Magistretti CM, Downe S, Lindstrom B, Dencker A: Maternal plasma levels of oxytocin during physiological childbirth - a systematic review with implications for uterine contractions and central actions of oxytocin. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019 Aug 9;19(1):285. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2365-9. [Article]
- Osilla EV, Sharma S: Oxytocin . [Article]
- Gutkowska J, Jankowski M: Oxytocin: Old Hormone, New Drug. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2009 Dec 9;2(3):168-183. doi: 10.3390/ph203168. [Article]
- Mitre M, Kranz TM, Marlin BJ, Schiavo JK, Erdjument-Bromage H, Zhang X, Minder J, Neubert TA, Hackett TA, Chao MV, Froemke RC: Sex-Specific Differences in Oxytocin Receptor Expression and Function for Parental Behavior. Gend Genome. 2017 Dec 1;1(4):142-166. doi: 10.1089/gg.2017.0017. [Article]
- Gimpl G, Fahrenholz F: The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation. Physiol Rev. 2001 Apr;81(2):629-83. doi: 10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.629. [Article]
- Jones C, Barrera I, Brothers S, Ring R, Wahlestedt C: Oxytocin and social functioning. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017 Jun;19(2):193-201. [Article]
- GOLUBOFF N, MCKENZIE JW, BROWN AB: INDUCTION OF LABOUR FOR PREVENTION OF STILLBIRTH FROM RH HEMOLYTIC DISEASE. Can Med Assoc J. 1963 Dec 28;89:1313-9. [Article]
- Perry RL, Satin AJ, Barth WH, Valtier S, Cody JT, Hankins GD: The pharmacokinetics of oxytocin as they apply to labor induction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996 May;174(5):1590-3. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70611-7. [Article]
- Mathur VS, Walker JM: Oxytocinase in plasma and placenta in normal and prolonged labour. Br Med J. 1968 Jul 13;3(5610):96-7. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5610.96. [Article]
- Klimek R: Oxytocinase as the most important marker of fetal development. Early Pregnancy. 2001 Jan;5(1):38-9. [Article]
- Gutkowska J, Jankowski M, Antunes-Rodrigues J: The role of oxytocin in cardiovascular regulation. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2014 Feb;47(3):206-14. Epub 2014 Mar 18. [Article]
- den Hertog CE, de Groot AN, van Dongen PW: History and use of oxytocics. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2001 Jan;94(1):8-12. doi: 10.1016/s0301-2115(00)00311-0. [Article]
- Hidalgo-Lopezosa P, Hidalgo-Maestre M, Rodriguez-Borrego MA: Labor stimulation with oxytocin: effects on obstetrical and neonatal outcomes. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2016;24:e2744. doi: 10.1590/1518-8345.0765.2744. Epub 2016 Jul 25. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Pitocin (oxytocin) injection [Link]
- Prescribers Digital Reference (PDR): Oxytocin - Drug Summary [Link]
- External Links
- KEGG Drug
- D00089
- KEGG Compound
- C00746
- PubChem Substance
- 46506775
- 7824
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL395429
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP001156
- PharmGKB
- PA450760
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Oxytocin
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Schizophrenia 1 4 Completed Not Available Anxiety Disorders / Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 1 4 Completed Basic Science Chronic Pain 2 4 Completed Basic Science Health 1 4 Completed Basic Science Nicotine Dependence / Tobacco Smoking Behavior 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- App pharmaceuticals llc
- Baxter healthcare corp anesthesia critical care
- Teva parenteral medicines inc
- Abbott laboratories pharmaceutical products div
- Jhp pharmaceuticals llc
- Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
- Packagers
- APP Pharmaceuticals
- BAM Biotech
- Baxter International Inc.
- Bimeda Inc.
- Cardinal Health
- Central Admixture Pharmacy Services
- Gallipot
- Gland Pharma Ltd.
- Hikma Pharmaceuticals
- JHP Pharmaceuticals LLC
- Monarch Pharmacy
- MWI Veterinary Supply Co.
- Osburn Drug Co.
- PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Pharmakon
- Pharmedium
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- Vedco Inc.
- Watson Pharmaceuticals
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Liquid Topical Solution Intravenous 10.00 UI Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 5 iu/ml Injection, solution Injection, solution 16.7 MICROGRAMMI/ML Injection, solution 8.3 MICROGRAMMI/ML Solution Intravenous 5 IU Solution Intravenous 10 IU Solution Parenteral 10 IU Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 10 IU Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 1000000 IU Injection Intramuscular; Intravascular 100 [USP'U]/10mL Injection Intravenous Injection Intravenous 10 [USP'U]/1mL Injection Intravenous 10 [iU]/1mL Injection Intravenous 100 [USP'U]/10mL Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 10 [USP'U]/1mL Injection, solution Intravenous 10 [USP'U]/1000mL Injection, solution Intravenous 10 [USP'U]/500mL Injection, solution Intravenous 2 [USP'U]/100mL Injection, solution Intravenous 20 [USP'U]/500mL Injection, solution Intravenous 20 [USP'U]/1000mL Injection, solution Intravenous 30 [USP'U]/1000mL Injection, solution Intravenous 30 [USP'U]/500mL Injection, solution Parenteral Liquid Intramuscular; Intravenous 10 unit / mL Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 10 unit / mL Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous 10 [USP'U]/1mL Injection Intravenous 10 Injection Parenteral 10 IU Injection Intravenous 5 IU Injection Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 5 i.u./ml Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 10 [iU]/1mL Injection, solution Parenteral 5 U.I./ML Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 2 IU/ml Solution Parenteral Solution Parenteral 50 IU Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous 10 iu/ml Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 5 IU Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous Injection Intramuscular Injection, solution Intramuscular 5 mg/5mg Injection Intravenous 10 IU/ml Solution Parenteral 5.000 UI Solution Intravenous 5.000 UI Solution 10 IU/1ml - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Oxytocin powder 1762.25USD g Oxytocin 10 unit/ml vial 9.84USD vial Pitocin 10 unit/ml vial 1.6USD ml Oxytocin-lr 40 unit/500 ml 0.09USD ml Oxytocin-d5w-lr 40 unit/500 ml 0.07USD ml Oxytocin-d5lr 30 unit/500 ml 0.06USD ml Oxytocin-lr 20 unit/500 ml 0.06USD ml Oxytocin-d5w-lr 15 unit/500 ml 0.05USD ml Oxytocin-d5w-lr 20 unit/500 ml 0.05USD ml Oxytocin-lr 10 unit/500 ml 0.05USD ml Oxytocin-d5-1/4ns 15 unit/250 0.04USD ml Oxytocin-d5w 40 unit/1000 ml 0.04USD ml Oxytocin-d5w-lr 10 unit/500 ml 0.04USD ml Oxytocin-d5w 20 unit/1000 ml 0.03USD ml Oxytocin-d5w 30 unit/1000 ml 0.03USD ml Oxytocin-lr 30 unit/500 ml 0.03USD ml Oxytocin-ns 30 unit/1000 ml 0.03USD ml Oxytocin-d5w 10 unit/1000 ml 0.02USD ml Oxytocin-lr 5 unit/500 ml 0.02USD ml Oxytocin-ns 40 unit/1000 ml 0.02USD ml Oxytocin-d5-1/2ns 10 unit/1000 0.01USD ml Oxytocin-d5-1/2ns 20 unit/1000 0.01USD ml Oxytocin-d5-1/2ns 30 unit/1000 0.01USD ml Oxytocin-d5-ns 20 unit/1000 ml 0.01USD ml Oxytocin-ns 10 unit/1000 ml 0.01USD ml Oxytocin-ns 20 unit/1000 ml 0.01USD ml DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Liquid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 192-194 ℃ https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB0366966.htm hydrophobicity -2.7 Not Available isoelectric point 5.51 Not Available
Targets
![](https://go.drugbank.com/assets/locked/DrugTargets2-682eb846d210ae4bf33ca03febccfb57bb1c61318e699b729e5df4dfab2c5b67.png)
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Vasopressin receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Receptor for oxytocin. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
- Gene Name
- OXTR
- Uniprot ID
- P30559
- Uniprot Name
- Oxytocin receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 42770.99 Da
References
- Spyranti Z, Fragiadaki M, Magafa V, Borovickova L, Spyroulias GA, Cordopatis P, Slaninova J: In position 7 L- and D-Tic-substituted oxytocin and deamino oxytocin: NMR study and conformational insights. Amino Acids. 2010 Jul;39(2):539-48. doi: 10.1007/s00726-009-0470-1. Epub 2010 Jan 27. [Article]
- Frantz MC, Rodrigo J, Boudier L, Durroux T, Mouillac B, Hibert M: Subtlety of the structure-affinity and structure-efficacy relationships around a nonpeptide oxytocin receptor agonist. J Med Chem. 2010 Feb 25;53(4):1546-62. doi: 10.1021/jm901084f. [Article]
- Gimpl G, Reitz J, Brauer S, Trossen C: Oxytocin receptors: ligand binding, signalling and cholesterol dependence. Prog Brain Res. 2008;170:193-204. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00417-2. [Article]
- Ahn TG, Han SJ, Cho YS, An TH, Pak SC, Flouret G: In vivo activity of the potent oxytocin antagonist on uterine activity in the rat. In Vivo. 2004 Nov-Dec;18(6):763-6. [Article]
- Furman DJ, Chen MC, Gotlib IH: Variant in oxytocin receptor gene is associated with amygdala volume. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011 Jul;36(6):891-7. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.004. Epub 2011 Jan 3. [Article]
- Ding C, Leow MK, Magkos F: Oxytocin in metabolic homeostasis: implications for obesity and diabetes management. Obes Rev. 2019 Jan;20(1):22-40. doi: 10.1111/obr.12757. Epub 2018 Sep 25. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Serine-type peptidase activity
- Specific Function
- Cleaves peptide bonds on the C-terminal side of prolyl residues within peptides that are up to approximately 30 amino acids long.
- Gene Name
- PREP
- Uniprot ID
- P48147
- Uniprot Name
- Prolyl endopeptidase
- Molecular Weight
- 80698.945 Da
References
- Irazusta J, Silveira PF, Gil J, Varona A, Casis L: Effects of hydrosaline treatments on prolyl endopeptidase activity in rat tissues. Regul Pept. 2001 Sep 15;101(1-3):141-7. [Article]
- Bausback HH, Ward PE: Vascular, post proline cleaving enzyme: metabolism of vasoactive peptides. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1986;198 Pt A:397-404. [Article]
- Yoshimoto T, Nishimura T, Kita T, Tsuru D: Post-proline cleaving enzyme (prolyl endopeptidase) from bovine brain. J Biochem. 1983 Oct;94(4):1179-90. [Article]
- Mannisto PT, Garcia-Horsman JA: Mechanism of Action of Prolyl Oligopeptidase (PREP) in Degenerative Brain Diseases: Has Peptidase Activity Only a Modulatory Role on the Interactions of PREP with Proteins? Front Aging Neurosci. 2017 Feb 14;9:27. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00027. eCollection 2017. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Release of an N-terminal amino acid, cleaves before cysteine, leucine as well as other amino acids. Degrades peptide hormones such as oxytocin, vasopressin and angiotensin III, and plays a role in maintaining homeostasis during pregnancy. May be involved in the inactivation of neuronal peptides in the brain. Cleaves Met-enkephalin and dynorphin. Binds angiotensin IV and may be the angiotensin IV receptor in the brain.
- Specific Function
- Aminopeptidase activity
- Gene Name
- LNPEP
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UIQ6
- Uniprot Name
- Leucyl-cystinyl aminopeptidase
- Molecular Weight
- 117348.14 Da
References
- Ding C, Leow MK, Magkos F: Oxytocin in metabolic homeostasis: implications for obesity and diabetes management. Obes Rev. 2019 Jan;20(1):22-40. doi: 10.1111/obr.12757. Epub 2018 Sep 25. [Article]
- Nakamura H, Itakuara A, Okamura M, Ito M, Iwase A, Nakanishi Y, Okada M, Nagasaka T, Mizutani S: Oxytocin stimulates the translocation of oxytocinase of human vascular endothelial cells via activation of oxytocin receptors. Endocrinology. 2000 Dec;141(12):4481-5. doi: 10.1210/endo.141.12.7832. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- Neurophysin 1 specifically binds oxytocin.Oxytocin causes contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus and of the mammary gland.
- Gene Name
- OXT
- Uniprot ID
- P01178
- Uniprot Name
- Oxytocin-neurophysin 1
- Molecular Weight
- 12721.51 Da
References
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Land H, Grez M, Ruppert S, Schmale H, Rehbein M, Richter D, Schutz G: Deduced amino acid sequence from the bovine oxytocin-neurophysin I precursor cDNA. Nature. 1983 Mar 24-30;302(5906):342-4. [Article]
- Rao VV, Loffler C, Battey J, Hansmann I: The human gene for oxytocin-neurophysin I (OXT) is physically mapped to chromosome 20p13 by in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1992;61(4):271-3. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Mediates interactions of advanced glycosylation end products (AGE). These are nonenzymatically glycosylated proteins which accumulate in vascular tissue in aging and at an accelerated rate in diabetes. Acts as a mediator of both acute and chronic vascular inflammation in conditions such as atherosclerosis and in particular as a complication of diabetes. AGE/RAGE signaling plays an important role in regulating the production/expression of TNF-alpha, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Interaction with S100A12 on endothelium, mononuclear phagocytes, and lymphocytes triggers cellular activation, with generation of key proinflammatory mediators. Interaction with S100B after myocardial infarction may play a role in myocyte apoptosis by activating ERK1/2 and p53/TP53 signaling (By similarity). Receptor for amyloid beta peptide. Contributes to the translocation of amyloid-beta peptide (ABPP) across the cell membrane from the extracellular to the intracellular space in cortical neurons. ABPP-initiated RAGE signaling, especially stimulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), has the capacity to drive a transport system delivering ABPP as a complex with RAGE to the intraneuronal space. Can also bind oligonucleotides.
- Specific Function
- Advanced glycation end-product receptor activity
- Gene Name
- AGER
- Uniprot ID
- Q15109
- Uniprot Name
- Advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 42802.385 Da
References
- Yamamoto Y, Higashida H: RAGE regulates oxytocin transport into the brain. Commun Biol. 2020 Feb 13;3(1):70. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-0799-2. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55