Identification
- Summary
Linolenic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid found in many supplements.
- Generic Name
- alpha-Linolenic acid
Commonly known or available as Linolenic acid - DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00132
- Background
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid. It is a component of many common vegetable oils and is important to human nutrition.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical
- Structure
Structure for alpha-Linolenic acid (DB00132)
- Weight
- Average: 278.4296
Monoisotopic: 278.224580204 - Chemical Formula
- C18H30O2
- Synonyms
- (9,12,15)-linolenic acid
- (9Z,12Z,15Z)-Octadecatrienoic acid
- (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid
- 9-cis,12-cis,15-cis-octadecatrienoic acid
- 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid
- ALA
- all-cis-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid
- alpha-Linolenic acid
- cis-delta(9,12,15)-Octadecatrienoic acid
- cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid
- Linolenic acid
- α-linolenic acid
- External IDs
- 18:3(N-3)
- FEMA NO. 3380, LINOLENIC ACID-
Pharmacology
- Indication
For nutritional supplementation and for treating dietary shortage or imbalance.
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- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA) is an 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with three double bonds. It is also called an omega-3 fatty acid, and is essential for all mammals. Alpha-linolenic acid (or omega 3 fatty acid) intake can decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases by 1) preventing arrhythmias that can lead to sudden cardiac death, 2) decreasing the risk of thrombosis (blood clot formation) that can lead to heart attack or stroke, 3) decreasing serum triglyceride levels, 4) slowing the growth of atherosclerotic plaque, 5) improving vascular endothelial function, 6) lowering blood pressure slightly, and 7) decreasing inflammation. ALA deficiencies can lead to visual problems and sensory neuropathy. Scaly and hemorrhagic skin or scalp inflammations may also develop.
- Mechanism of action
Alpha Linolenic Acid or ALA is considered an essential fatty acid because it is required for human health, but cannot be synthesized by humans. It is in fact a plant-derived fatty acid. Humans can synthesize other omega-3 fatty acids from ALA, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA is a precursor of the series-3 prostaglandins, the series-5 leukotrienes and the series-3 thromboxanes. These eicosanoids have anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties. ALA metabolites may also inhibit the production of the pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). Omega-3 fatty acids like ALA and its byproducts can modulate the expression of a number of genes, including those involved with fatty acid metabolism and inflammation. They regulate gene expression through their effects on the activity of transcription factors including NF-kappa B and members of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family. Incorporation of ALA and its metabolites in cell membranes can affect membrane fluidity and may play a role in anti-inflammatory activity, inhibition of platelet aggregation and possibly in anti-proliferative actions of ALA. ALA is first metabolized by delta6 desaturease into steridonic acid.
Target Actions Organism AFatty acid desaturase 1 ligandHumans AFatty acid desaturase 2 ligandHumans ATransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 inhibitorHumans UPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha Not Available Humans UBile acid receptor agonistHumans UPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta Not Available Humans UPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma Not Available Humans URetinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha Not Available Humans UElongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 2 substrateHumans UElongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 5 substrateHumans USodium/calcium exchanger 1 Not Available Humans - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
Pathway Category Alpha Linolenic Acid and Linoleic Acid Metabolism Metabolic - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareIbrutinib alpha-Linolenic acid may increase the antiplatelet activities of Ibrutinib. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Images
- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Bio-efa Borage Gla 90 Cap alpha-Linolenic acid (1 mg / cap) + Gamolenic acid (90 mg / cap) + Linoleic acid (216 mg / cap) + Vitamin E (10 unit / cap) Capsule Oral Pge Canada (86) Inc. 1989-12-31 2006-06-19 Canada 
Flaxseed Oil Capsules alpha-Linolenic acid (594 mg) + Linoleic acid (144 mg) + Oleic Acid (165 mg) + Palmitic Acid (54 mg) Capsule Oral General Nutrition Canada Inc. 1998-05-27 2007-08-01 Canada Huile D'onagre Vitamin E alpha-Linolenic acid (11 %) + Linoleic acid (72 %) + Oleic Acid (9 %) + Palmitic Acid (7 %) + Stearic acid (1 %) + Vitamin E (15 %) Capsule Oral Le Naturiste J.M.B. Inc. 1987-12-31 2000-08-23 Canada - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Cavan One alpha-Linolenic acid (30 mg/1) + Calcium (150 mg/1) + Calcium ascorbate dihydrate (25 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (170 [iU]/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (260 mg/1) + Ferrous asparto glycinate (7 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (40 mg/1) + Iron (20 mg/1) + Linoleic acid (30 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Seton Pharmaceuticals 2009-10-30 2011-11-27 US 
Folcaps Care One alpha-Linolenic acid (50 mg/1) + Biotin (300 mg/1) + Calcium ascorbate dihydrate (24 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (100 mg/1) + Calcium threonate (1 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (800 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (350 mg/1) + Docusate sodium (50 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (100 mg/1) + Iodine (150 ug/1) + Iron (27 mg/1) + Magnesium (50 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (10 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.5 mg/1) + Zinc (5 mg/1) + alpha-Tocopherol acetate (15 [iU]/1) Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Mayne Pharma 2009-05-01 2016-12-31 US Folcaps Omega-3 alpha-Linolenic acid (30 mg/1) + Calcium (150 mg/1) + Calcium ascorbate dihydrate (24 mg/1) + Calcium threonate (1 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (170 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (260 mg/1) + Ferrous asparto glycinate (7 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (40 mg/1) + Iron (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + alpha-Tocopherol acetate (30 [iU]/1) Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Mayne Pharma 2011-01-03 2016-12-31 US HemeNatal OB plus DHA alpha-Linolenic acid (0.5 mg/1) + Biotin (30 ug/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (0.8 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Doconexent (200 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Heme iron polypeptide (6 mg/1) + Iron sucrose (28 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (17 mg/1) + Osbond acid (2.5 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg/1) + Potassium Iodide (250 ug/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.6 mg/1) + Sodium selenate (65 ug/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.5 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (4.5 mg/1) + alpha-Tocopherol succinate (10 [iU]/1) Kit Oral Wh Nutritionals, Llc 2012-03-08 2019-04-30 US SIMILAC ALIMENTUM 400 G TOZ alpha-Linolenic acid (0.058 g/100ml) + Arachidonic Acid (0.013 g/100ml) + Doconexent (0.007 g/100ml) + Linoleic acid (0.54 g/100ml) ABBOTT LABORATUARLARI İTHALAT İHRACAT VE TİC. LTD. ŞTİ. 2015-08-18 Not applicable Turkey 
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as lineolic acids and derivatives. These are derivatives of lineolic acid. Lineolic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 18 carbon long fatty acid, with two CC double bonds at the 9- and 12-positions.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Lipids and lipid-like molecules
- Class
- Fatty Acyls
- Sub Class
- Lineolic acids and derivatives
- Direct Parent
- Lineolic acids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Long-chain fatty acids / Unsaturated fatty acids / Straight chain fatty acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
- Substituents
- Aliphatic acyclic compound / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative / Fatty acid / Hydrocarbon derivative / Long-chain fatty acid / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives / Octadecanoid / Organic oxide
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic acyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- omega-3 fatty acid, linolenic acid (CHEBI:27432) / Unsaturated fatty acids, Polyunsaturated fatty acids (C06427) / Unsaturated fatty acids (LMFA01030152)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 0RBV727H71
- CAS number
- 463-40-1
- InChI Key
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C18H30O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20/h3-4,6-7,9-10H,2,5,8,11-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20)/b4-3-,7-6-,10-9-
- IUPAC Name
- (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid
- SMILES
- CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O
References
- Synthesis Reference
Jean-Pierre Masse, "Therapeutic composition containing alpha-linolenic acid and a compound capable of promoting the passage of the acid through the cell membrane, plant extract comprising the acid and the compound, and process for the preparation of the extract." U.S. Patent US5002767, issued February, 1986.
US5002767- General References
- Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ: Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002 Nov 19;106(21):2747-57. [Article]
- Connor WE: Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jan;71(1 Suppl):171S-5S. [Article]
- Brouwer IA, Katan MB, Zock PL: Dietary alpha-linolenic acid is associated with reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease, but increased prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. J Nutr. 2004 Apr;134(4):919-22. [Article]
- Cho E, Hung S, Willett WC, Spiegelman D, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE: Prospective study of dietary fat and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Feb;73(2):209-18. [Article]
- Lauritzen I, Blondeau N, Heurteaux C, Widmann C, Romey G, Lazdunski M: Polyunsaturated fatty acids are potent neuroprotectors. EMBO J. 2000 Apr 17;19(8):1784-93. [Article]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0001388
- KEGG Compound
- C06427
- PubChem Compound
- 5280934
- PubChem Substance
- 46507620
- ChemSpider
- 4444437
- BindingDB
- 50240347
- 52071
- ChEBI
- 27432
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL8739
- ZINC
- ZINC000003802189
- PharmGKB
- PA449384
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- LNL
- Wikipedia
- %CE%91-Linolenic_acid
- PDB Entries
- 1fk6 / 2byo / 4e1g / 7ffx / 8c29
- MSDS
- Download (19 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Freeda Vitamins
- Sundown Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule; kit; tablet, film coated Oral Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Kit Oral Capsule Oral - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Alpha lipoic acid 200 mg tablet 0.22USD tablet Alpha-lipoic acid 50 mg caplet 0.12USD caplet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Liquid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) -16.5 °C PhysProp boiling point (°C) 231 °C at 1.70E+01 mm Hg PhysProp water solubility 0.000124 mg/mL at 25 °C MEYLAN,WM et al. (1996) logP 6.46 SANGSTER (1993) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.000266 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 6.62 ALOGPS logP 6.06 Chemaxon logS -6 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 4.99 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 37.3 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 13 Chemaxon Refractivity 89.64 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 34.98 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9896 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9314 Caco-2 permeable + 0.7735 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.6766 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9499 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9025 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9311 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7735 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9081 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6884 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.6915 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8798 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9631 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9638 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9465 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9426 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9132 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.6502 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.7808 Rat acute toxicity 1.4499 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.8818 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9315
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (10.9 KB)
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 208.0529071 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 171.7796615 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M-H]- 208.1824071 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 208.1877071 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 208.0035071 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 175.41577 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 177.77379 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 183.86705 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity
- Specific Function
- Isoform 2 does not exhibit any catalytic activity toward 20:3n-6, but it may enhance FADS2 activity (By similarity). Isoform 1 is a component of a lipid metabolic pathway that catalyzes biosynthesi...
- Gene Name
- FADS1
- Uniprot ID
- O60427
- Uniprot Name
- Fatty acid desaturase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 51963.945 Da
References
- Xiang M, Rahman MA, Ai H, Li X, Harbige LS: Diet and gene expression: delta-5 and delta-6 desaturases in healthy Chinese and European subjects. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(6):492-8. Epub 2006 Sep 19. [Article]
- Descomps B, Rodriguez A: [Essential fatty acids and prematurity: a triple experimental approach]. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 1995;189(5):781-96. [Article]
- Hoffman DR, DeMar JC, Heird WC, Birch DG, Anderson RE: Impaired synthesis of DHA in patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. J Lipid Res. 2001 Sep;42(9):1395-401. [Article]
- Maniongui C, Blond JP, Ulmann L, Durand G, Poisson JP, Bezard J: Age-related changes in delta 6 and delta 5 desaturase activities in rat liver microsomes. Lipids. 1993 Apr;28(4):291-7. [Article]
- Mohan IK, Das UN: Effect of L-arginine-nitric oxide system on the metabolism of essential fatty acids in chemical-induced diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2000 Jan;62(1):35-46. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Stearoyl-coa 9-desaturase activity
- Specific Function
- Component of a lipid metabolic pathway that catalyzes biosynthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) from precursor essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA) (18:2n-6) ...
- Gene Name
- FADS2
- Uniprot ID
- O95864
- Uniprot Name
- Fatty acid desaturase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 52259.075 Da
References
- Portolesi R, Powell BC, Gibson RA: Competition between 24:5n-3 and ALA for Delta 6 desaturase may limit the accumulation of DHA in HepG2 cell membranes. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jul;48(7):1592-8. Epub 2007 Apr 4. [Article]
- Xiang M, Rahman MA, Ai H, Li X, Harbige LS: Diet and gene expression: delta-5 and delta-6 desaturases in healthy Chinese and European subjects. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(6):492-8. Epub 2006 Sep 19. [Article]
- Baylin A, Ruiz-Narvaez E, Kraft P, Campos H: alpha-Linolenic acid, Delta6-desaturase gene polymorphism, and the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Feb;85(2):554-60. [Article]
- Li MC, Bu YP, Wang GK, Hu GW, Xing LJ: [Heteologous expression of Mortierella isabellina delta6 -fatty acid desaturase gene in soybean]. Yi Chuan Xue Bao. 2004 Aug;31(8):858-63. [Article]
- Ge L, Gordon JS, Hsuan C, Stenn K, Prouty SM: Identification of the delta-6 desaturase of human sebaceous glands: expression and enzyme activity. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 May;120(5):707-14. [Article]
- Tan L, Meesapyodsuk D, Qiu X: Molecular analysis of 6 desaturase and 6 elongase from Conidiobolus obscurus in the biosynthesis of eicosatetraenoic acid, a omega3 fatty acid with nutraceutical potentials. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Apr;90(2):591-601. doi: 10.1007/s00253-010-3060-y. Epub 2011 Jan 6. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Transmembrane signaling receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Ligand-activated non-selective calcium permeant cation channel involved in detection of noxious chemical and thermal stimuli. Seems to mediate proton influx and may be involved in intracellular aci...
- Gene Name
- TRPV1
- Uniprot ID
- Q8NER1
- Uniprot Name
- Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 94955.33 Da
References
- Matta JA, Miyares RL, Ahern GP: TRPV1 is a novel target for omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Physiol. 2007 Jan 15;578(Pt 2):397-411. Epub 2006 Oct 12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Ligand-activated transcription factor. Key regulator of lipid metabolism. Activated by the endogenous ligand 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16:0/18:1-GPC). Activated by oleyleth...
- Gene Name
- PPARA
- Uniprot ID
- Q07869
- Uniprot Name
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 52224.595 Da
References
- Murakami K, Ide T, Suzuki M, Mochizuki T, Kadowaki T: Evidence for direct binding of fatty acids and eicosanoids to human peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Jul 14;260(3):609-13. [Article]
- Vanden Heuvel JP, Thompson JT, Frame SR, Gillies PJ: Differential activation of nuclear receptors by perfluorinated fatty acid analogs and natural fatty acids: a comparison of human, mouse, and rat peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, -beta, and -gamma, liver X receptor-beta, and retinoid X receptor-alpha. Toxicol Sci. 2006 Aug;92(2):476-89. Epub 2006 May 26. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor for bile acids such as chenodeoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid and deoxycholic acid. Represses the transcription of the cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxyla...
- Gene Name
- NR1H4
- Uniprot ID
- Q96RI1
- Uniprot Name
- Bile acid receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 55913.915 Da
References
- Zhang J, Kris-Etherton PM, Thompson JT, Hannon DB, Gillies PJ, Heuvel JP: Alpha-linolenic acid increases cholesterol efflux in macrophage-derived foam cells by decreasing stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 expression: evidence for a farnesoid-X-receptor mechanism of action. J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Apr;23(4):400-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.01.004. Epub 2011 Jun 11. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Has a preference for poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma-lin...
- Gene Name
- PPARD
- Uniprot ID
- Q03181
- Uniprot Name
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta
- Molecular Weight
- 49902.99 Da
References
- Vanden Heuvel JP, Thompson JT, Frame SR, Gillies PJ: Differential activation of nuclear receptors by perfluorinated fatty acid analogs and natural fatty acids: a comparison of human, mouse, and rat peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, -beta, and -gamma, liver X receptor-beta, and retinoid X receptor-alpha. Toxicol Sci. 2006 Aug;92(2):476-89. Epub 2006 May 26. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE...
- Gene Name
- PPARG
- Uniprot ID
- P37231
- Uniprot Name
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- Molecular Weight
- 57619.58 Da
References
- Vanden Heuvel JP, Thompson JT, Frame SR, Gillies PJ: Differential activation of nuclear receptors by perfluorinated fatty acid analogs and natural fatty acids: a comparison of human, mouse, and rat peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, -beta, and -gamma, liver X receptor-beta, and retinoid X receptor-alpha. Toxicol Sci. 2006 Aug;92(2):476-89. Epub 2006 May 26. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expressi...
- Gene Name
- RXRA
- Uniprot ID
- P19793
- Uniprot Name
- Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 50810.835 Da
References
- Vanden Heuvel JP, Thompson JT, Frame SR, Gillies PJ: Differential activation of nuclear receptors by perfluorinated fatty acid analogs and natural fatty acids: a comparison of human, mouse, and rat peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, -beta, and -gamma, liver X receptor-beta, and retinoid X receptor-alpha. Toxicol Sci. 2006 Aug;92(2):476-89. Epub 2006 May 26. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polyunsaturated very long chain fatty acid (C20- and C22-PUFA), acting specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C20:4(n-6) acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
- Specific Function
- 3-oxo-arachidoyl-coa synthase activity
- Gene Name
- ELOVL2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NXB9
- Uniprot Name
- Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 2
- Molecular Weight
- 34584.435 Da
References
- Kim D, Choi JE, Park Y: Low-linoleic acid diet and oestrogen enhance the conversion of alpha-linolenic acid into DHA through modification of conversion enzymes and transcription factors. Br J Nutr. 2019 Jan;121(2):137-145. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518003252. Epub 2018 Dec 3. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. Condensing enzyme that acts specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C18:3(n-6) acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of monounsaturated and of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators.
- Specific Function
- 3-oxo-arachidoyl-coa synthase activity
- Gene Name
- ELOVL5
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NYP7
- Uniprot Name
- Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 5
- Molecular Weight
- 35293.15 Da
References
- Kim D, Choi JE, Park Y: Low-linoleic acid diet and oestrogen enhance the conversion of alpha-linolenic acid into DHA through modification of conversion enzymes and transcription factors. Br J Nutr. 2019 Jan;121(2):137-145. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518003252. Epub 2018 Dec 3. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Ion channel binding
- Specific Function
- Mediates the exchange of one Ca(2+) ion against three to four Na(+) ions across the cell membrane, and thereby contributes to the regulation of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) levels and Ca(2+)-dependent cellul...
- Gene Name
- SLC8A1
- Uniprot ID
- P32418
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium/calcium exchanger 1
- Molecular Weight
- 108546.06 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Ander BP, Hurtado C, Raposo CS, Maddaford TG, Deniset JF, Hryshko LV, Pierce GN, Lukas A: Differential sensitivities of the NCX1.1 and NCX1.3 isoforms of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger to alpha-linolenic acid. Cardiovasc Res. 2007 Jan 15;73(2):395-403. Epub 2006 Sep 23. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- B-FABP could be involved in the transport of a so far unknown hydrophobic ligand with potential morphogenic activity during CNS development. It is required for the establishment of the radial glial...
- Gene Name
- FABP7
- Uniprot ID
- O15540
- Uniprot Name
- Fatty acid-binding protein, brain
- Molecular Weight
- 14888.855 Da
References
- Balendiran GK, Schnutgen F, Scapin G, Borchers T, Xhong N, Lim K, Godbout R, Spener F, Sacchettini JC: Crystal structure and thermodynamic analysis of human brain fatty acid-binding protein. J Biol Chem. 2000 Sep 1;275(35):27045-54. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at January 02, 2024 23:42