Identification
- Summary
Proline is an amino acid commonly found as a component of total parenteral nutrition.
- Brand Names
- Aminosyn II 7 %, Sulfite-free, Aminosyn-PF 7%, Clinimix 2.75/5, Clinimix E 2.75/5, Clinisol 15, Freamine 6.9, Freamine III 10, Hepatamine 8, Olimel, Periolimel, Plenamine, Premasol, Primene, Procalamine 3, Prosol, Travasol 10, Trophamine 10 %
- Generic Name
- Proline
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00172
- Background
Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Nutraceutical
- Structure
Structure for Proline (DB00172)
- Weight
- Average: 115.1305
Monoisotopic: 115.063328537 - Chemical Formula
- C5H9NO2
- Synonyms
- (-)-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
- (−)-(S)-proline
- (−)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
- (−)-proline
- (2S)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
- (S)-2-Carboxypyrrolidine
- (S)-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
- (S)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
- 2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
- L-(−)-proline
- L-alpha-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
- L-Prolin
- L-Prolina
- L-Proline
- L-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
- L-α-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
- P
- Prolina
- Proline
- Prolinum
- External IDs
- FEMA NO. 3319
- NSC-46703
Pharmacology
- Indication
L-Proline is extremely important for the proper functioning of joints and tendons and also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.
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- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
L-Proline is a major amino acid found in cartilage and is important for maintaining youthful skin as well as repair of muscle, connective tissue and skin damage. It is also essential for the immune system, and for necessary balance of this formula. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. L-Proline is extremely important for the proper functioning of joints and tendons. Helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.
- Mechanism of action
Glycogenic, by L-Proline oxidase in the kidney, it is ring-opened and is oxidized to form L-Glutamic acid. L-Ornithine and L-Glutamic acid are converted to L-Proline via L-Glutamic acid-gamma-semialdehyde. It is contained abundantly in collagen, and is intimately involved in the function of arthrosis and chordae.
- Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
Hepatic
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- Not Available
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Proline (170 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (290 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (120 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (150 mg / 100 mL) + Leucine (182.5 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (145 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (100 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine (140 mg / 100 mL) + Serine (125 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (170 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (145 mg / 100 mL) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1996-12-31 2015-08-05 Canada 
2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix Proline (105 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (110 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (120 mg / 100 mL) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (145 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (145 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (170 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (115 mg / 100 mL) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1993-12-31 2015-08-05 Canada 2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix Proline (105 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g / 100 mL) + Glycine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (110 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (120 mg / 100 mL) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (195 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (195 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (155 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (115 mg / 100 mL) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1995-12-31 2007-08-02 Canada 2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex Proline (170 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (520 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (290 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (260 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (120 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (150 mg / 100 mL) + Leucine (182.5 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (145 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (100 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine (140 mg / 100 mL) + Serine (125 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (170 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (105 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (45 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (10 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (145 mg / 100 mL) Liquid Intravenous Clintec Nutrition Company 1996-07-30 1998-08-13 Canada 2.75% Travas. Amino Acid InJ.W.elecw.25%dex Proline (187 mg / 100 mL) + Alanine (570 mg / 100 mL) + Arginine (316 mg / 100 mL) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g / 100 mL) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg / 100 mL) + Glycine (283 mg / 100 mL) + Histidine (132 mg / 100 mL) + Isoleucine (165 mg / 100 mL) + Leucine (201 mg / 100 mL) + Lysine hydrochloride (159.5 mg / 100 mL) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg / 100 mL) + Methionine (110 mg / 100 mL) + Phenylalanine (154 mg / 100 mL) + Serine (137.5 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium acetate (215.5 mg / 100 mL) + Sodium chloride (112 mg / 100 mL) + Threonine (115.5 mg / 100 mL) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg / 100 mL) + Tyrosine (11 mg / 100 mL) + Valine (159.5 mg / 100 mL) Liquid Intravenous Clintec Nutrition Company 1996-07-30 1998-08-13 Canada - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Clinimix Proline (1.87 g/1L) + Alanine (5.70 g/1L) + Arginine (3.17 g/1L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.33 g/1L) + D-glucose monohydrate (75.00 g/1L) + Dipotassium phosphate (2.61 g/1L) + Glycine (2.84 g/1L) + Histidine (1.32 g/1L) + Isoleucine (1.65 g/1L) + Leucine (2.01 g/1L) + Lysine (2.00 g/1L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.51 g/1L) + Methionine (1.10 g/1L) + Phenylalanine (1.54 g/1L) + Serine (1.38 g/1L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.16 g/1L) + Sodium chloride (1.12 g/1L) + Threonine (1.16 g/1L) + Tryptophan (0.50 g/1L) + Tyrosine (0.11 g/1L) + Valine (1.60 g/1L) Solution Intravenous Baxter Healthcare Corporation 2017-10-25 2019-11-30 US 
Clinimix Proline (1.87 g/1L) + Alanine (5.70 g/1L) + Arginine (3.17 g/1L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.33 g/1L) + D-glucose monohydrate (100.00 g/1L) + Dipotassium phosphate (2.61 g/1L) + Glycine (2.84 g/1L) + Histidine (1.32 g/1L) + Isoleucine (1.65 g/1L) + Leucine (2.01 g/1L) + Lysine (2.00 g/1L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.51 g/1L) + Methionine (1.10 g/1L) + Phenylalanine (1.54 g/1L) + Serine (1.38 g/1L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.16 g/1L) + Sodium chloride (1.12 g/1L) + Threonine (1.16 g/1L) + Tryptophan (0.50 g/1L) + Tyrosine (0.11 g/1L) + Valine (1.60 g/1L) Solution Intravenous Baxter Healthcare Corporation 2017-10-25 2019-11-30 US Clinimix Proline (5.78 g/2L) + Alanine (17.60 g/2L) + Arginine (9.78 g/2L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.66 g/2L) + D-glucose monohydrate (300.00 g/2L) + Dipotassium phosphate (5.22 g/2L) + Glycine (8.76 g/2L) + Histidine (4.08 g/2L) + Isoleucine (5.10 g/2L) + Leucine (6.20 g/2L) + Lysine (4.93 g/2L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (1.02 g/2L) + Methionine (3.40 g/2L) + Phenylalanine (4.76 g/2L) + Serine (4.25 g/2L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (5.94 g/2L) + Sodium chloride (1.54 g/2L) + Threonine (3.57 g/2L) + Tryptophan (1.53 g/2L) + Tyrosine (0.34 g/2L) + Valine (4.93 g/2L) Solution Intravenous Baxter Healthcare Corporation 2017-10-25 2019-11-30 US FREAMINE III %10 1000 ML(SETLI) Proline (1.12 %) + Alanine (0.71 %) + Arginine (0.95 %) + Cysteine (0.016 %) + Glycine (1.4 %) + Histidine (0.28 %) + Isoleucine (0.69 %) + Leucine (0.91 %) + Lysine (0.73 %) + Methionine (0.53 %) + Phenylalanine (0.56 %) + Serine (0.59 %) + Threonine (0.4 %) + Tryptophan (0.15 %) + Valine (0.66 %) Solution Intravenous ECZACIBAŞI-BAXTER HASTANE ÜRÜNLERİ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş. 2013-01-29 2024-01-23 Turkey 
FREAMINE III %10 1000 ML(SETSIZ) Proline (1.12 %) + Alanine (0.71 %) + Arginine (0.95 %) + Cysteine (0.016 %) + Glycine (1.4 %) + Histidine (0.28 %) + Isoleucine (0.69 %) + Leucine (0.91 %) + Lysine (0.73 %) + Methionine (0.53 %) + Phenylalanine (0.56 %) + Serine (0.59 %) + Threonine (0.4 %) + Tryptophan (0.15 %) + Valine (0.66 %) Solution Intravenous ECZACIBAŞI-BAXTER HASTANE ÜRÜNLERİ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş. 2013-01-29 2024-01-23 Turkey
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as proline and derivatives. These are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Carboxylic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
- Direct Parent
- Proline and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- L-alpha-amino acids / Pyrrolidine carboxylic acids / Amino acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Dialkylamines / Carboxylic acids / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives show 1 more
- Substituents
- Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound / Alpha-amino acid / Amine / Amino acid / Azacycle / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Hydrocarbon derivative / L-alpha-amino acid / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives show 13 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- proteinogenic amino acid, L-alpha-amino acid, proline, glutamine family amino acid (CHEBI:17203) / Common amino acids (C00148)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 9DLQ4CIU6V
- CAS number
- 147-85-3
- InChI Key
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C5H9NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h4,6H,1-3H2,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2S)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
- SMILES
- OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Richard I. Leavitt, "L-Proline production from algae." U.S. Patent US4383039, issued October, 1968.
US4383039- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000162
- KEGG Drug
- D00035
- KEGG Compound
- C00148
- PubChem Compound
- 145742
- PubChem Substance
- 46506858
- ChemSpider
- 128566
- BindingDB
- 50000100
- 8737
- ChEBI
- 17203
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL54922
- ZINC
- ZINC000000895360
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000198
- PharmGKB
- PA451125
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- PRO
- Wikipedia
- Proline
- MSDS
- Download (72.5 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Critically Ill Patients / Starvation 1 4 Recruiting Basic Science Healthy Subjects (HS) / Obesity / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1 4 Recruiting Prevention Intestinal Obstruction / Ischemia, Mesenteric / Laparotomy 1 4 Terminated Supportive Care Cancer-related Malnutrition 1 4 Terminated Supportive Care Critically Ill Patients 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Professional Co.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution Parenteral Solution Intravenous 10.50 g/1000ml Injection Intravenous 0.5 g/l Injection Intravenous 0.25 g/1000ml Solution, concentrate Intravenous Injection Intravenous 0.52 g/l Injection, solution Intravenous Injection Intravenous 11.000 g/1000ml Solution Intravenous 18.5 g/L Injection Intravenous 5.5 g/1000ml Injection, emulsion Intravenous Emulsion Intravenous 0.468 g Injection Intravenous 16 g/1000ml Emulsion Parenteral 20.000 g Injection Intravenous 1.6 g/l Injection Intravenous 0.37 g/l Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous Injection, emulsion Parenteral Emulsion Intravenous 0.466 g Injection, emulsion; injection, solution Intravenous Emulsion Parenteral Emulsion Intravenous Injection, solution Injection, emulsion Intravenous 4.656 g/1000ml Injection, emulsion Intravenous 6.792 g/1000ml Solution Intraperitoneal Injection, solution Intraperitoneal Liquid Hemodialysis Solution Intraperitoneal 0.184 g/l Emulsion Intravenous 176 g/l Emulsion Intravenous 4 g Emulsion Intravenous 3 g Solution Intravenous Injection Intravenous 4 g/l Injection Intravenous 0.21 g/100ml Liquid Intravenous Emulsion Intravenous 13.000 g Emulsion Parenteral 42.00 g Injection, emulsion Intravenous 14 g/1000ml Injection Intravenous 10.30 g/l Injection Intravenous - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit L-proline crystal 3.6USD g DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 221 dec °C PhysProp water solubility 1.62E+005 mg/L (at 25 °C) MERCK INDEX (1996) logP -2.54 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 365.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -2.7 ALOGPS logP -2.6 Chemaxon logS 0.5 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 1.94 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 11.33 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 49.33 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 1 Chemaxon Refractivity 28.06 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 11.5 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 1 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9755 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9245 Caco-2 permeable - 0.6216 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.5641 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9938 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9819 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8047 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8458 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.7439 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7563 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9045 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9627 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9595 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9656 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.992 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9918 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.8927 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9574 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.9077 Rat acute toxicity 2.0201 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9555 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9506
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (7.03 KB)
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 118.6742864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 121.7025198 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M-H]- 118.5206864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 118.5629864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 115.74924 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M-H]- 118.6742864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 121.7025198 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M-H]- 118.5206864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 118.5629864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 115.74924 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 119.7393864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 124.6321928 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 119.5301864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 119.6893864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 119.332664 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 119.7393864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 124.6321928 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 119.5301864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 119.6893864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 119.332664 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 119.0888864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 118.8471864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 118.9304864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 118.9370864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 128.31685 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 119.0888864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 118.8471864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 118.9304864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 118.9370864 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 128.31685 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity
- Specific Function
- Housekeeping enzyme that catalyzes the last step in proline biosynthesis. Can utilize both NAD and NADP, but has higher affinity for NAD. Involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress.
- Gene Name
- PYCR1
- Uniprot ID
- P32322
- Uniprot Name
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 33360.27 Da
References
- Huang TC, Huang YW, Hung HJ, Ho CT, Wu ML: Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid formed by proline dehydrogenase from the Bacillus subtilis ssp. natto expressed in Escherichia coli as a precursor for 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Jun 27;55(13):5097-102. Epub 2007 May 31. [Article]
- Hu CA, Donald SP, Yu J, Lin WW, Liu Z, Steel G, Obie C, Valle D, Phang JM: Overexpression of proline oxidase induces proline-dependent and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007 Jan;295(1-2):85-92. Epub 2006 Jul 28. [Article]
- Meng Z, Lou Z, Liu Z, Hui D, Bartlam M, Rao Z: Purification, characterization, and crystallization of human pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Protein Expr Purif. 2006 Sep;49(1):83-7. Epub 2006 Mar 20. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Rna stem-loop binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the attachment of the cognate amino acid to the corresponding tRNA in a two-step reaction: the amino acid is first activated by ATP to form a covalent intermediate with AMP and is then tr...
- Gene Name
- EPRS
- Uniprot ID
- P07814
- Uniprot Name
- Bifunctional glutamate/proline--tRNA ligase
- Molecular Weight
- 170589.705 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the uptake of a broad range of neutral and cationic amino acids (with the exception of proline) in a Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent manner.
- Gene Name
- SLC6A14
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UN76
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and basic amino acid transporter B(0+)
- Molecular Weight
- 72152.145 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Terminates the action of proline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
- Gene Name
- SLC6A7
- Uniprot ID
- Q99884
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium-dependent proline transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 70909.935 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity
- Specific Function
- Housekeeping enzyme that catalyzes the last step in proline biosynthesis. In some cell types, such as erythrocytes, its primary function may be the generation of NADP(+). Can utilize both NAD and N...
- Gene Name
- PYCR2
- Uniprot ID
- Q96C36
- Uniprot Name
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 33636.815 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Murahama M, Yoshida T, Hayashi F, Ichino T, Sanada Y, Wada K: Purification and characterization of Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase isoenzymes, indicating differential distribution in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 2001 Jul;42(7):742-50. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins.
- Gene Name
- P4HA2
- Uniprot ID
- O15460
- Uniprot Name
- Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-2
- Molecular Weight
- 60901.42 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Proline dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function
- Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate.
- Gene Name
- PRODH
- Uniprot ID
- O43272
- Uniprot Name
- Proline dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 68001.405 Da
References
- Huang TC, Huang YW, Hung HJ, Ho CT, Wu ML: Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid formed by proline dehydrogenase from the Bacillus subtilis ssp. natto expressed in Escherichia coli as a precursor for 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Jun 27;55(13):5097-102. Epub 2007 May 31. [Article]
- White TA, Krishnan N, Becker DF, Tanner JJ: Structure and kinetics of monofunctional proline dehydrogenase from Thermus thermophilus. J Biol Chem. 2007 May 11;282(19):14316-27. Epub 2007 Mar 7. [Article]
- White TA, Tanner JJ: Cloning, purification and crystallization of Thermus thermophilus proline dehydrogenase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2005 Aug 1;61(Pt 8):737-9. Epub 2005 Jul 8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Ribonucleoprotein complex binding
- Specific Function
- PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Participates in pre-mRNA splicing. May play a role in the asse...
- Gene Name
- PPIH
- Uniprot ID
- O43447
- Uniprot Name
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase H
- Molecular Weight
- 19208.04 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- PROSC
- Uniprot ID
- O94903
- Uniprot Name
- Proline synthase co-transcribed bacterial homolog protein
- Molecular Weight
- 30343.7 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins.
- Gene Name
- P4HA1
- Uniprot ID
- P13674
- Uniprot Name
- Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 61048.775 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Unfolded protein binding
- Specific Function
- PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.
- Gene Name
- PPIB
- Uniprot ID
- P23284
- Uniprot Name
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B
- Molecular Weight
- 23742.405 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity
- Specific Function
- PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Involved in regulation of the mitochondrial permeability trans...
- Gene Name
- PPIF
- Uniprot ID
- P30405
- Uniprot Name
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 22040.09 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity
- Specific Function
- PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.
- Gene Name
- PPIC
- Uniprot ID
- P45877
- Uniprot Name
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase C
- Molecular Weight
- 22763.165 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Virion binding
- Specific Function
- PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides.
- Gene Name
- PPIA
- Uniprot ID
- P62937
- Uniprot Name
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A
- Molecular Weight
- 18012.42 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Poly(a) rna binding
- Specific Function
- PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. May be implicated in the folding, transport, and assembly of p...
- Gene Name
- PPIG
- Uniprot ID
- Q13427
- Uniprot Name
- Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G
- Molecular Weight
- 88616.535 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Protein complex binding
- Specific Function
- Basement membrane-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the post-translational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in...
- Gene Name
- P3H1
- Uniprot ID
- Q32P28
- Uniprot Name
- Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 83393.195 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- P5CR2
- Uniprot ID
- Q4W8W1
- Uniprot Name
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 33726.42 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Proline-trna ligase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- PARS2
- Uniprot ID
- Q7L3T8
- Uniprot Name
- Probable proline--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 53262.18 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase activity
- Specific Function
- Shows prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the post-translational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly-sequences in collagens, especially types II, IV and V.
- Gene Name
- P3H2
- Uniprot ID
- Q8IVL5
- Uniprot Name
- Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 80983.685 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase activity
- Specific Function
- Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the post-translational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly-sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V.
- Gene Name
- P3H3
- Uniprot ID
- Q8IVL6
- Uniprot Name
- Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3
- Molecular Weight
- 81835.705 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- PYCRL
- Uniprot ID
- Q53H96
- Uniprot Name
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 3
- Molecular Weight
- 28663.025 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Trans-l-3-hydroxyproline dehydratase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the dehydration of trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline to Delta(1)-pyrroline-2-carboxylate (Pyr2C). May be required to degrade trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline from the diet and originating from the degra...
- Gene Name
- L3HYPDH
- Uniprot ID
- Q96EM0
- Uniprot Name
- Trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline dehydratase
- Molecular Weight
- 38137.395 Da
References
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Proline dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function
- Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate.
- Gene Name
- PRODH
- Uniprot ID
- O43272
- Uniprot Name
- Proline dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 68001.405 Da
References
- Phang JM, Donald SP, Pandhare J, Liu Y: The metabolism of proline, a stress substrate, modulates carcinogenic pathways. Amino Acids. 2008 Nov;35(4):681-90. doi: 10.1007/s00726-008-0063-4. Epub 2008 Apr 10. [Article]
- Phang JM, Liu W, Zabirnyk O: Proline metabolism and microenvironmental stress. Annu Rev Nutr. 2010 Aug 21;30:441-63. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104638. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-independent transporter that mediates the update of aromatic acid. Can function as a net efflux pathway for aromatic amino acids in the basosolateral epithelial cells (By similarity).
- Gene Name
- SLC16A10
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TF71
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 10
- Molecular Weight
- 55492.07 Da
References
- Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at January 02, 2024 23:42