Carbidopa

Identification

Summary

Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor used in combination with levodopa for the symptomatic treatment of idiopathic Parkinson disease and other conditions associated with parkinsonian symptoms.

Brand Names

Dhivy, Duodopa, Duopa, Lodosyn, Parcopa, Rytary, Sinemet, Stalevo

Generic Name

Carbidopa

DrugBank Accession Number

DB00190

Background

Carbidopa presents a chemical denomination of N-amino-alpha-methyl-3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine monohydrate. It potently inhibits aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (DDC) and due to its chemical properties, it does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Due to its activity, carbidopa is always administered concomitantly with levodopa. An individual formulation containing solely carbidopa was generated to treat nausea in patients where the combination therapy levodopa/carbidopa is not efficient reducing nausea.⁹

The first approved product by the FDA containing only carbidopa was developed by Amerigens Pharmaceuticals Ltd and approved on 2014.¹⁰ On the other hand, the combination treatment of carbidopa/levodopa was originally developed by Watson Labs but the historical information by the FDA brings back to the approval of this combination therapy developed by Mayne Pharma in 1992.¹¹

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved

Structure

Similar Structures

Weight: Average: 226.2292
Monoisotopic: 226.095356946
Chemical Formula: C₁₀H₁₄N₂O₄

Synonyms

(-)-L-alpha-Hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-methylhydrocinnamic acid monohydrate
(S)-(−)-carbidopa
(S)-carbidopa
(αS)-α-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-α-methylbenzenepropanoic acid
Carbidopa
Carbidopa (anhydrous)
Carbidopa anhydrous
Carbidopum
L-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methyl-2-hydrazinopropionic acid
L-α-methyldopahydrazine

External IDs

MK-486

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Pharmacology

Indication

Carbidopa is indicated with levodopa for the treatment of symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson disease, postencephalitic parkinsonism and symptomatic parkinsonism followed by carbon monoxide or manganese intoxication.^Label

The combination therapy is administered for the reduction of levodopa-driven nausea and vomiting.^Label

The product of carbidopa should be used in patients where the combination therapy of carbidopa/levodopa provide less than the adequate daily dosage.^Label

As well carbidopa can be used in patients where the dosages of carbidopa and levodopa require individual titration.^Label

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Associated Conditions

Indication Type	Indication	Combined Product Details	Approval Level	Patient Characteristics	Dose Form
Used in combination to manage	Parkinson's disease	Combination Product in combination with: Levodopa (DB01235)	••••••••••••
Used in combination to treat	Postencephalitic parkinsonism	Combination Product in combination with: Levodopa (DB01235)	••••••••••••
Used in combination to treat	Symptomatic parkinson disease	Combination Product in combination with: Levodopa (DB01235)	••••••••••••	•••••• •••••••• ••••••••••••• ••••••••• ••••••••••••
Symptomatic treatment of	Levodopa-driven nausea and vomiting		••••••••••••		••••••

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

When mixed with levodopa, carbidopa inhibits the peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine and the decarboxylation of oxitriptan to serotonin by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. This results in an increased amount of levodopa and oxitriptan available for transport to the central nervous system. Carbidopa also inhibits the metabolism of levodopa in the GI tract, thus, increasing the bioavailability of levodopa.⁴

The presence of additional units of circulating levodopa can increase the effectiveness of the still functional dopaminergic neurons and it has been shown to alleviate symptoms for a time. The action of carbidopa is very important as levodopa is able to cross the blood-brain barrier while dopamine cannot.⁸ Hence the administration of carbidopa is essential to prevent the transformation of external levodopa to dopamine before reaching the main action site in the brain.

The coadministration of carbidopa with levodopa has been shown to increase the half-life of levodopa more than 1.5 times while increasing the plasma level and decreasing clearance. The combination therapy has also shown an increase of the recovery of levodopa in urine instead of dopamine which proves a reduced metabolism. This effect has been highly observed by a significant reduction in levodopa requirements and a significant reduction in the presence of side effects such as nausea. It has been observed that the effect of carbidopa is not dose-dependent.⁹

Mechanism of action

Carbidopa is an inhibitor of the DDC which in order, inhibits the peripheral metabolism of levodopa.³ DDC is very important in the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan to serotonin and the modification of L-DOPA to dopamine.⁴

DDC can be found in the body periphery and in the blood-brain barrier.⁴ The action of carbidopa is focused on peripheral DDC as this drug cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.⁸ Hence, it will prevent the metabolism of levodopa in the periphery but it will not have any activity on the generation of dopamine in the brain.

Target	Actions	Organism
AAromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase	inhibitor	Humans

Absorption

When levodopa/carbidopa is administered orally, 40-70% of the administered dose is absorbed.¹² Once absorbed, carbidopa shows bioavailability of 58%.⁵ A maximum concentration of 0.085 mcg/ml was achieved after 143 min with an AUC of 19.28 mcg.min/ml.⁶

Volume of distribution

The volume of distribution reported for the combination therapy of carbidopa/levodopa is of 3.6 L/kg.⁷ However, carbidopa is widely distributed in the tissues, except in the brain.¹² After one hour, carbidopa is found mainly in the kidney, lungs, small intestine and liver.¹

Protein binding

It is widely accepted that the protein binding of carbidopa is 76%. However, more studies are required or the presentation of the source of this information.

Metabolism

The loss of the hydrazine functional group (probably as molecular nitrogen) represents the major metabolic pathway for carbidopa. There are several metabolites of carbidopa metabolism including 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropionic acid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropionic acid, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropionic acid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyllactic acid, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methyllactic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetone (1,2).¹

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Carbidopa

Route of elimination

In animal studies, 66% of the administered dose of carbidopa was eliminated via the urine while 11% was found in feces. These studies were performed in humans and it was observed a urine excretion covering 50% of the administered dose.¹

Half-life

The reported half-life of carbidopa is of approximately 107 minutes.⁶

Clearance

The reported clearance rate for the combination therapy of levodopa/carbidopa is 51.7 L/h.⁷

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

The LD50 of carbidopa is reported to be in the rat of 4810 mg/kg.^MSDS In animal studies, carbidopa showed no incidences on neoplasia and showed no effect on the fertility status and development.^Label

No reports of overdosage have been registered with the carbidopa-only product. In the event of overdosage, immediate gastric lavage is recommended as well as intravenous fluid administration. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring is required.^Label

Pathways

Not Available

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Not Available

Interactions

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This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

Drug	Interaction
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Abacavir	Carbidopa may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
Acebutolol	The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Carbidopa is combined with Acebutolol.
Aceclofenac	Aceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Carbidopa which could result in a higher serum level.
Acemetacin	Acemetacin may decrease the excretion rate of Carbidopa which could result in a higher serum level.
Acetaminophen	Carbidopa may decrease the excretion rate of Acetaminophen which could result in a higher serum level.

Food Interactions

No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients

Ingredient	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Carbidopa hydrate	MNX7R8C5VO	38821-49-7	QTAOMKOIBXZKND-PPHPATTJSA-N

Product Images

Brand Name Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Lodosyn	Tablet	25 mg/1	Oral	Avera McKennan Hospital	2015-11-13	2017-05-24
Lodosyn	Tablet	25 mg/1	Oral	Bristol Myers Squibb Pharma Company	2009-06-01	2013-10-19
Lodosyn	Tablet	25 mg/1	Oral	KAISER FOUNDATION HOSPITALS	2012-09-25	2017-06-30
Lodosyn	Tablet	25 mg/1	Oral	Bausch Health US, LLC	2010-04-13	Not applicable

Generic Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Carbidopa	Tablet	25 mg/1	Oral	bryant ranch prepack	2014-03-10	2023-09-30
Carbidopa	Tablet	25 mg/1	Oral	Trupharma, Llc	2013-11-01	2014-08-19
Carbidopa	Tablet	25 mg/1	Oral	ANI Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	2014-03-10	2023-09-30
Carbidopa	Tablet	25 mg/1	Oral	NorthStar Rx LLC	2019-10-21	Not applicable
Carbidopa	Tablet	25 mg/1	Oral	Aurobindo Pharma Limited	2019-10-21	Not applicable

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Aa-levocarb CR	Carbidopa (50 mg) + Levodopa (200 mg)	Tablet, extended release	Oral	Aa Pharma Inc	2003-11-13	Not applicable
Aa-levocarb CR	Carbidopa (25 mg) + Levodopa (100 mg)	Tablet, extended release	Oral	Aa Pharma Inc	2009-02-04	Not applicable
ANTIPAR 100 MG/ 25 MG/ 200 MG FİLM TABLET, 100 ADET	Carbidopa hydrate (25 mg) + Entacapone (200 mg) + Levodopa (100 mg)	Tablet, film coated	Oral	İLKO İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.	2017-08-11	Not applicable
ANTIPAR 125 MG/ 31.25 MG/ 200 MG FİLM TABLET, 100 ADET	Carbidopa hydrate (31.25 mg) + Entacapone (200 mg) + Levodopa (125 mg)	Tablet, film coated	Oral	İLKO İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.	2017-08-11	Not applicable
ANTİPAR 150 MG/37.5 MG/200 MG FİLM TABLET, 100 ADET	Carbidopa hydrate (37.5 mg) + Entacapone (200 mg) + Levodopa (150 mg)	Tablet, film coated	Oral	İLKO İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.	2017-07-26	Not applicable

Chemical Identifiers

UNII: KR87B45RGH
CAS number: 28860-95-9
InChI Key: TZFNLOMSOLWIDK-JTQLQIEISA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C10H14N2O4/c1-10(12-11,9(15)16)5-6-2-3-7(13)8(14)4-6/h2-4,12-14H,5,11H2,1H3,(H,15,16)/t10-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name: (2S)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydrazinyl-2-methylpropanoic acid
SMILES: C[C@@](CC1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1)(NN)C(O)=O

References

Synthesis Reference

Sweta GUPTA, "EXTENDED RELEASE PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS OF CARBIDOPA AND LEVODOPA AND PROCESS OF PREPARATION THEREOF." U.S. Patent US20130195973, issued August 01, 2013.

US20130195973

General References

Vickers S, Stuart EK, Bianchine JR, Hucker HB, Jaffe ME, Rhodes RE, Vandenheuvel WJ: Metabolism of carbidopa (1-(-)-alpha-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-methylhydrocinnamic acid monohydrate), an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, in the rat, rhesus monkey, and man. Drug Metab Dispos. 1974 Jan-Feb;2(1):9-22. [Article]
Vickers S, Stuart EK, Hucker HB: Further studies on the metabolism of carbidopa, (minus)-L-alpha-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-methylbenzenepropanoic acid monohydrate, in the human, Rhesus monkey, dog, and rat. J Med Chem. 1975 Feb;18(2):134-8. [Article]
Mittur A, Gupta S, Modi NB: Pharmacokinetics of Rytary((R)), An Extended-Release Capsule Formulation of Carbidopa-Levodopa. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017 Sep;56(9):999-1014. doi: 10.1007/s40262-017-0511-y. [Article]
Gilbert JA, Frederick LM, Ames MM: The aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa is selectively cytotoxic to human pulmonary carcinoid and small cell lung carcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Nov;6(11):4365-72. [Article]
Yeh KC, August TF, Bush DF, Lasseter KC, Musson DG, Schwartz S, Smith ME, Titus DC: Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Sinemet CR: a summary of human studies. Neurology. 1989 Nov;39(11 Suppl 2):25-38. [Article]
Nyholm D, Lewander T, Gomes-Trolin C, Backstrom T, Panagiotidis G, Ehrnebo M, Nystrom C, Aquilonius SM: Pharmacokinetics of levodopa/carbidopa microtablets versus levodopa/benserazide and levodopa/carbidopa in healthy volunteers. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2012 May-Jun;35(3):111-7. doi: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e31825645d1. [Article]
Chana P, Fierro A, Reyes-Parada M, Saez-Briones P: [Pharmacokinetic comparison of Sinemet and Grifoparkin (levodopa/carbidopa 250/25 mg) in Parkinson s disease: a single dose study]. Rev Med Chil. 2003 Jun;131(6):623-31. [Article]
Rang, H. P. and Dale, M. M. (2012). Rang and Dale's Pharmacology (7th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. [ISBN:978-0-7020-3471-8]
Ahlskog J. (2009). Parkinson's disease treatment guide for physicians. Oxford University Press. [ISBN:978-0-19-537177-2]
FDA approvals [Link]
FDA approvals [Link]
Glown [Link]

External Links

Human Metabolome Database: HMDB0014336
KEGG Drug: D00558
PubChem Compound: 34359
PubChem Substance: 46508775
ChemSpider: 31640
BindingDB: 50418773
RxNav: 2019
ChEBI: 39585
ChEMBL: CHEMBL1201236
ZINC: ZINC000019168887
Therapeutic Targets Database: DAP000592
PharmGKB: PA448794
PDBe Ligand: 142
RxList: RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com: Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia: Carbidopa

PDB Entries

1js3 / 7cx0

FDA label

Download (280 KB)

MSDS

Download (73.4 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Parkinson's Disease (PD)	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Advanced Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Akinesia / Delayed Levodopa Onset / Mobility decreased / Motor Symptoms / Parkinson's Disease (PD)	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Anhedonia / Depression	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Depression	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Aton pharma inc

Packagers

Aton Pharma Inc.
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
Kaiser Foundation Hospital
Medisca Inc.
Merck & Co.

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Powder	Not applicable	1 kg/1kg
Tablet	Oral
Tablet	Oral	10 mg/1
Tablet, extended release	Oral
Tablet, extended release	Oral	25 mg/1
Tablet, film coated	Oral
Tablet	Oral	25 mg
Gel	Enteral
Gel	Intraduodenal
Suspension	Enteral
Tablet, coated	Oral
Tablet	Oral	25 mg/1
Capsule	Oral
Tablet, for suspension	Oral
Tablet, orally disintegrating	Oral
Capsule, extended release	Oral
Tablet, extended release	Oral	50 mg
Gel	Intraileal

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Carbidopa powder	27.54USD	g
Lodosyn 25 mg tablet	2.53USD	tablet

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Patent Number	Pediatric Extension	Approved	Expires (estimated)
US6500867	No	2002-12-31	2020-06-29
US6797732	No	2004-09-28	2020-06-29
US9089607	No	2015-07-28	2028-12-26
US8377474	No	2013-02-19	2028-12-26
US8454998	No	2013-06-04	2028-12-26
US7094427	No	2006-08-22	2022-05-29
US8557283	No	2013-10-15	2028-12-26
US9089608	No	2015-07-28	2028-12-26
US9463246	No	2016-10-11	2028-12-26
US9533046	No	2017-01-03	2028-12-26
US9901640	No	2018-02-27	2028-12-26
US11033521	No	2021-06-15	2039-03-28
US11439613	No	2019-03-28	2039-03-28
US11819485	No	2019-03-28	2039-03-28

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	203-208 °C	'MSDS'
boiling point (°C)	Decomposes	Chemspider
water solubility	3.8 mg/L	'MSDS'
logP	-1.9	Kirk K., Yoshida S., and Haufe G. Fluorine and Health. (2008)
pKa	2.3	Konduru N. and Madhuri G. (2014). IJPSR. Vol. 5

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	3.73 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	-0.16	ALOGPS
logP	-1.2	Chemaxon
logS	-1.8	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	2.35	Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	5.66	Chemaxon
Physiological Charge	-1	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	6	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	5	Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area	115.81 Å²	Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count	4	Chemaxon
Refractivity	68.77 m³·mol^-1	Chemaxon
Polarizability	21.81 Å³	Chemaxon
Number of Rings	1	Chemaxon
Bioavailability	1	Chemaxon
Rule of Five	Yes	Chemaxon
Ghose Filter	No	Chemaxon
Veber's Rule	No	Chemaxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	Chemaxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Property	Value	Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption	+	0.8638
Blood Brain Barrier	-	0.9659
Caco-2 permeable	-	0.7517
P-glycoprotein substrate	Substrate	0.5584
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I	Non-inhibitor	0.9619
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II	Non-inhibitor	0.9952
Renal organic cation transporter	Non-inhibitor	0.9484
CYP450 2C9 substrate	Non-substrate	0.7843
CYP450 2D6 substrate	Non-substrate	0.8017
CYP450 3A4 substrate	Non-substrate	0.6267
CYP450 1A2 substrate	Inhibitor	0.9106
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9025
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.8308
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity	Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	0.9615
Ames test	AMES toxic	0.9107
Carcinogenicity	Non-carcinogens	0.7848
Biodegradation	Not ready biodegradable	0.9741
Rat acute toxicity	2.0520 LD50, mol/kg	Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)	Weak inhibitor	0.9868
hERG inhibition (predictor II)	Non-inhibitor	0.9413

ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-004i-0590000000-47d60b8745b7253310e8
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-002b-0930000000-e578be602978f34e8c8c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-01vk-2900000000-6a116e1e9fd4b13094f9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-1900000000-472e8e2a55ca7a96b5b8
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-0aos-9400000000-cb0a4bc67b6a2100f49f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-00r6-9500000000-db85df80540a68dbbd38
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable

Chromatographic Properties

Collision Cross Sections (CCS)

Adduct	CCS Value (Å²)	Source type	Source
[M-H]-	158.2051426	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-	146.96864	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+	157.7696426	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+	149.36421	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+	157.4271426	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+	155.27672	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Details1. Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function: Catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to dopamine, L-5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin and L-tryptophan to tryptamine.
Gene Name: DDC
Uniprot ID: P20711
Uniprot Name: Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
Molecular Weight: 53925.815 Da

References

Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
Durso R, Evans JE, Josephs E, Szabo G, Evans B, Fernandez HH, Browne TR: Variable absorption of carbidopa affects both peripheral and central levodopa metabolism. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Aug;40(8):854-60. [Article]
Yee RE, Cheng DW, Huang SC, Namavari M, Satyamurthy N, Barrio JR: Blood-brain barrier and neuronal membrane transport of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA. Biochem Pharmacol. 2001 Nov 15;62(10):1409-15. [Article]
Kaufmann H, Saadia D, Voustianiouk A, Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Yahr MD, Nardin R, Freeman R: Norepinephrine precursor therapy in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Circulation. 2003 Aug 12;108(6):724-8. Epub 2003 Jul 28. [Article]
Orlefors H, Sundin A, Lu L, Oberg K, Langstrom B, Eriksson B, Bergstrom M: Carbidopa pretreatment improves image interpretation and visualisation of carcinoid tumours with 11C-5-hydroxytryptophan positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006 Jan;33(1):60-5. Epub 2005 Sep 24. [Article]
Calabrese V, Mancuso C, Ravagna A, Perluigi M, Cini C, De Marco C, Butterfield DA, Stella AM: In vivo induction of heat shock proteins in the substantia nigra following L-DOPA administration is associated with increased activity of mitochondrial complex I and nitrosative stress in rats: regulation by glutathione redox state. J Neurochem. 2007 May;101(3):709-17. Epub 2007 Jan 4. [Article]
Gilbert JA, Frederick LM, Ames MM: The aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa is selectively cytotoxic to human pulmonary carcinoid and small cell lung carcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Nov;6(11):4365-72. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at January 02, 2024 23:43

Carbidopa

Identification

Structure for Carbidopa (DB00190)

Pharmacology

Interactions

Products

Categories

Chemical Identifiers

References

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Properties

Spectra

Collision Cross Sections (CCS)

Targets

References