Identification
- Summary
Cabergoline is a dopamine receptor agonist used for the treatment of hyperprolactinemic conditions due to various causes.
- Brand Names
- Dostinex
- Generic Name
- Cabergoline
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00248
- Background
Cabergoline, an ergot derivative, is a long-acting dopamine agonist and prolactin inhibitor. It is used to treat hyperprolactinemic disorders and Parkinsonian Syndrome. Cabergoline possesses potent agonist activity on dopamine D2 receptors.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Cabergoline (DB00248)
- Weight
- Average: 451.6043
Monoisotopic: 451.294725453 - Chemical Formula
- C26H37N5O2
- Synonyms
- (8R)-6-allyl-N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N-(ethylcarbamoyl)ergoline-8-carboxamide
- (8β)-N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N-[(ethylamino)carbonyl]-6-(2-propenyl)-ergoline-8-carboxamide
- 1-((6-allylergolin-8β-yl)carbonyl)-1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-3-ethylurea
- 1-[(6-allylergoline-8β-yl)carbonyl]-1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylurea
- 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylamionpropyl)-2-(6'-allylergoline-8'β-carbonyl)urea
- Cabergolina
- Cabergoline
- Cabergolinum
- External IDs
- FCE 21336
- FCE-21336
Pharmacology
- Indication
For the treatment of hyperprolactinemic disorders, either idiopathic or due to prolactinoma (prolactin-secreting adenomas). May also be used to manage symptoms of Parkinsonian Syndrome as monotherapy during initial symptomatic management or as an adjunct to levodopa therapy during advanced stages of disease.
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Hyperprolactinemic disorder •••••••••••• Treatment of Idiopathic hyperprolactinemic disorder •••••••••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Cabergoline stimulates centrally-located dopaminergic receptors resulting in a number of pharmacologic effects. Five dopamine receptor types from two dopaminergic subfamilies have been identified. The dopaminergic D1 receptor subfamily consists of D1 and D5 subreceptors, which are associated with dyskinesias. The dopaminergic D2 receptor subfamily consists of D2, D3 and D4 subreceptors, which are associated with improvement of symptoms of movement disorders. Thus, agonist activity specific for D2 subfamily receptors, primarily D2 and D3 receptor subtypes, are the primary targets of dopaminergic antiparkinsonian agents. It is thought that postsynaptic D2 stimulation is primarily responsible for the antiparkinsonian effect of dopamine agonists, while presynaptic D2 stimulation confers neuroprotective effects. This semisynthetic ergot derivative exhibits potent agonist activity on dopamine D2- and D3-receptors. It also exhibits: agonist activity (in order of decreasing binding affinities) on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1D, dopamine D4, 5-HT1A, dopamine D1, 5-HT1B and 5-HT2C receptors and antagonist activity on α2B, α2A, and α2C receptors. Parkinsonian Syndrome manifests when approximately 80% of dopaminergic activity in the nigrostriatal pathway of the brain is lost. As this striatum is involved in modulating the intensity of coordinated muscle activity (e.g. movement, balance, walking), loss of activity may result in dystonia (acute muscle contraction), Parkinsonism (including symptoms of bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and flattened affect), akathesia (inner restlessness), tardive dyskinesia (involuntary muscle movements usually associated with long-term loss of dopaminergic activity), and neuroleptic malignant syndrome, which manifests when complete blockage of nigrostriatal dopamine occurs. High dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway of the brain causes hallucinations and delusions; these side effects of dopamine agonists are manifestations seen in patients with schizophrenia who have overractivity in this area of the brain. The hallucinogenic side effects of dopamine agonists may also be due to 5-HT2A agonism. The tuberoinfundibular pathway of the brain originates in the hypothalamus and terminates in the pituitary gland. In this pathway, dopamine inhibits lactotrophs in anterior pituitary from secreting prolactin. Increased dopaminergic activity in the tuberoinfundibular pathway inhibits prolactin secretion.
- Mechanism of action
The dopamine D2 receptor is a 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor associated with Gi proteins. In lactotrophs, stimulation of dopamine D2 causes inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, which decreases intracellular cAMP concentrations and blocks IP3-dependent release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Decreases in intracellular calcium levels may also be brought about via inhibition of calcium influx through voltage-gated calcium channels, rather than via inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Additionally, receptor activation blocks phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK and decreases MAPK/ERK kinase phosphorylation. Inhibition of MAPK appears to be mediated by c-Raf and B-Raf-dependent inhibition of MAPK/ERK kinase. Dopamine-stimulated growth hormone release from the pituitary gland is mediated by a decrease in intracellular calcium influx through voltage-gated calcium channels rather than via adenylyl cyclase inhibition. Stimulation of dopamine D2 receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway leads to improvements in coordinated muscle activity in those with movement disorders. Cabergoline is a long-acting dopamine receptor agonist with a high affinity for D2 receptors. Receptor-binding studies indicate that cabergoline has low affinity for dopamine D1, α1,- and α2- adrenergic, and 5-HT1- and 5-HT2-serotonin receptors.
Target Actions Organism ADopamine D2 receptor agonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B agonistHumans UDopamine D3 receptor agonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A agonistHumans UAlpha-2B adrenergic receptor antagonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D agonistHumans UDopamine D4 receptor agonistHumans UAlpha-2A adrenergic receptor antagonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A agonistHumans UAlpha-2C adrenergic receptor antagonistHumans UDopamine D5 receptor agonistHumans UDopamine D1 receptor agonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B agonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C agonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 antagonistHumans UAlpha-1A adrenergic receptor binderHumans UAlpha-1B adrenergic receptor binderHumans UAlpha-1D adrenergic receptor binderHumans UBeta-1 adrenergic receptor binderHumans UBeta-2 adrenergic receptor binderHumans UD(1) dopamine receptor agonistHumans - Absorption
First-pass effect is seen, however the absolute bioavailability is unknown.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Moderately bound (40% to 42%) to human plasma proteins in a concentration-independent manner.
- Metabolism
Hepatic. Cabergoline is extensively metabolized, predominately via hydrolysis of the acylurea bond of the urea moiety. Cytochrome P-450 mediated metabolism appears to be minimal. The main metabolite identified in urine is 6-allyl-8b-carboxy-ergoline (4-6% of dose). Three other metabolites were identified urine (less than 3% of dose).
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- Route of elimination
After oral dosing of radioactive cabergoline to five healthy volunteers, approximately 22% and 60% of the dose was excreted within 20 days in the urine and feces, respectively. Less than 4% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine.
- Half-life
The elimination half-life is estimated from urinary data of 12 healthy subjects to range between 63 to 69 hours.
- Clearance
- renal cl=0,008 L/min
- nonrenal cl=3.2 L/min
- Adverse Effects
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Overdosage might be expected to produce nasal congestion, syncope, or hallucinations.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Cabergoline is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine. Abametapir The serum concentration of Cabergoline can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Cabergoline can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abrocitinib The serum concentration of Cabergoline can be increased when it is combined with Abrocitinib. Acalabrutinib The metabolism of Cabergoline can be decreased when combined with Acalabrutinib. - Food Interactions
- Exercise caution with grapefruit products. Cabergoline is partially metabolized through the CYP3A4 pathway. Therefore coadministration with grapefruit, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase its serum concentration.
- Exercise caution with St. John's Wort. Cabergoline is partially metabolized through the CYP3A4 pathway. Therefore coadministration with St. John's Wort, a CYP3A4 inducer, may reduce its serum concentration.
- Take with or without food. Taking cabergoline with food may reduce gastric irritation.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Cabaser (Pfizer)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Act Cabergoline Tablet 0.5 mg Oral TEVA Canada Limited 2007-11-06 Not applicable Canada 
Cabergoline Tablet 0.5 mg Oral Cobalt Laboratories Not applicable Not applicable Canada Cabergoline Tablet 0.5 mg/1 Oral Greenstone, Ltd. 2006-03-01 2006-03-01 US 
Dostinex Tablet 0.5 mg Oral Pfizer Canada Ulc 2000-06-30 Not applicable Canada Dostinex Tablet 0.5 mg/1 Oral Pharmacia and Upjohn Company LLC 1996-12-23 2010-06-01 US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Apo-cabergoline Tablet 0.5 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2017-03-23 Not applicable Canada Cabergoline Tablet 0.5 mg/1 Oral REMEDYREPACK INC. 2019-10-23 Not applicable US Cabergoline Tablet 0.5 mg/1 Oral Heritage Pharmaceuticals Inc. d/b/a Avet Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2022-06-15 Not applicable US Cabergoline Tablet 0.5 mg/1 Oral Nucare Pharmaceuticals,inc. 2005-12-29 Not applicable US Cabergoline Tablet 0.5 mg/1 Oral Apotex Corp. 2013-03-08 2016-12-31 US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- N04BC06 — CabergolineG02CB03 — Cabergoline
- Drug Categories
- Agents that produce hypertension
- Alkaloids
- Anti-Dyskinesia Agents
- Anti-Parkinson Drugs
- Antidepressive Agents
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Central Nervous System Agents
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Dopamine Agents
- Dopamine Agonists
- Ergolines
- Ergot Alkaloids and Derivatives
- Ergot-derivative Dopamine Receptor Agonists
- Genito Urinary System and Sex Hormones
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs
- Nervous System
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- P-glycoprotein substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Prolactine Inhibitors
- Serotonergic Drugs Shown to Increase Risk of Serotonin Syndrome
- Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists
- Serotonin Agents
- Serotonin Modulators
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as lysergic acids and derivatives. These are alkaloids with a structure based on the lysergic acid skeleton.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Alkaloids and derivatives
- Class
- Ergoline and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Lysergic acids and derivatives
- Direct Parent
- Lysergic acids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Indoloquinolines / Benzoquinolines / Pyrroloquinolines / Quinoline-3-carboxamides / 3-alkylindoles / Piperidinecarboxamides / Isoindoles and derivatives / N-acyl ureas / Aralkylamines / Benzenoids show 10 more
- Substituents
- 3-alkylindole / 3-piperidinecarboxamide / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Benzoquinoline / Carbonic acid derivative show 28 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- N-acylurea (CHEBI:3286)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- LL60K9J05T
- CAS number
- 81409-90-7
- InChI Key
- KORNTPPJEAJQIU-KJXAQDMKSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C26H37N5O2/c1-5-11-30-17-19(25(32)31(26(33)27-6-2)13-8-12-29(3)4)14-21-20-9-7-10-22-24(20)18(16-28-22)15-23(21)30/h5,7,9-10,16,19,21,23,28H,1,6,8,11-15,17H2,2-4H3,(H,27,33)/t19-,21-,23-/m1/s1
- IUPAC Name
- 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethyl-1-[(2R,4R,7R)-6-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-6,11-diazatetracyclo[7.6.1.0^{2,7}.0^{12,16}]hexadeca-1(16),9,12,14-tetraene-4-carbonyl]urea
- SMILES
- [H][C@@]12CC3=CNC4=CC=CC(=C34)[C@@]1([H])C[C@H](CN2CC=C)C(=O)N(CCCN(C)C)C(=O)NCC
References
- Synthesis Reference
- US4526892
- General References
- Pastor P, Tolosa E: [Cabergoline in the treatment of Parkinson's disease]. Neurologia. 2003 May;18(4):202-9. [Article]
- Curran MP, Perry CM: Cabergoline : a review of its use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Drugs. 2004;64(18):2125-41. [Article]
- Bracco F, Battaglia A, Chouza C, Dupont E, Gershanik O, Marti Masso JF, Montastruc JL: The long-acting dopamine receptor agonist cabergoline in early Parkinson's disease: final results of a 5-year, double-blind, levodopa-controlled study. CNS Drugs. 2004;18(11):733-46. [Article]
- Miyagi M, Arai N, Taya F, Itoh F, Komatsu Y, Kojima M, Isaji M: Effect of cabergoline, a long-acting dopamine D2 agonist, on reserpine-treated rodents. Biol Pharm Bull. 1996 Nov;19(11):1499-502. [Article]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014393
- KEGG Drug
- D00987
- KEGG Compound
- C08187
- PubChem Compound
- 54746
- PubChem Substance
- 46508571
- ChemSpider
- 49452
- BindingDB
- 50426497
- 47579
- ChEBI
- 3286
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1201087
- ZINC
- ZINC000003800008
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000251
- PharmGKB
- PA448708
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Cabergoline
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Acromegaly / Cushing's Disease / Dumping Syndrome / Ectopic ACTH Secreting (EAS) Tumors / Melanoma Negative for bRAF / Melanoma Negative for nRAS / Neuroendocrine Tumors / Pituitary Neoplasms / Prostate Cancer 1 4 Completed Treatment Acromegaly 3 4 Completed Treatment Adverse Reaction to Other Drugs and Medicines 1 4 Completed Treatment Female Infertility 1 4 Completed Treatment Parkinson's Disease (PD) 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Impax laboratories inc
- Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
- Par pharmaceutical inc
- Watson laboratories inc
- Pharmacia and upjohn co
- Packagers
- Amerisource Health Services Corp.
- Cobalt Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Finetech Pharmaceutical Ltd.
- Greenstone LLC
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Par Pharmaceuticals
- Pfizer Inc.
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution Oral Tablet Oral 0.500 mg Tablet Oral Tablet Oral 4 mg Tablet Oral 1 MG Tablet Oral 2 MG Tablet Oral 0.5 mg/1 Tablet Oral 5 MG Tablet Oral 0.5 mg Tablet Oral 0.50 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Cabergoline 0.5 mg tablet 37.39USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 102-104 °C Not Available water solubility Insoluble Not Available logP 2.6 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.064 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 2.97 ALOGPS logP 2.58 Chemaxon logS -3.8 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 15.25 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.32 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 71.68 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 8 Chemaxon Refractivity 133.5 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 52.5 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 1.0 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9383 Caco-2 permeable - 0.6583 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.7972 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.8903 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Inhibitor 0.7698 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.5339 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.812 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.7438 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.6336 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.7733 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.7396 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.7124 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8341 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.6476 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.8712 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.5619 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8542 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.846 Rat acute toxicity 2.8786 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.6224 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.5309
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS splash10-0a4u-9332300000-c399dad54a5ca1142e58 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0ue9-0003900000-3e1cbce3ba364130eacf Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0pdi-0004900000-1c5d75a311e554b3f3dc Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-000i-2129300000-902e6bda0e5215f3fcba Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-004i-2439000000-43c51bf3bfe8de2b7cf2 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0udi-7976100000-c82573eafd2d30aeca92 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-00dl-2059000000-7c277943fda8aff81816 Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 224.1402793 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 227.9984793 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 212.00554 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 223.7082793 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 229.0634793 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 214.37596 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 223.9393793 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 227.6260793 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 220.2885 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Potassium channel regulator activity
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase.
- Gene Name
- DRD2
- Uniprot ID
- P14416
- Uniprot Name
- D(2) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 50618.91 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Lombardi G, Varsaldi F, Miglio G, Papini MG, Battaglia A, Canonico PL: Cabergoline prevents necrotic neuronal death in an in vitro model of oxidative stress. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002 Dec 20;457(2-3):95-8. [Article]
- Kageyama K, Nigawara T, Kamata Y, Takahashi T, Anzai J, Suzuki S, Osamura YR, Suda T: A case of macroprolactinoma with subclinical growth hormone production. Endocr J. 2002 Feb;49(1):41-7. [Article]
- Pastor P, Tolosa E: [Cabergoline in the treatment of Parkinson's disease]. Neurologia. 2003 May;18(4):202-9. [Article]
- Curran MP, Perry CM: Cabergoline : a review of its use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Drugs. 2004;64(18):2125-41. [Article]
- Miyagi M, Arai N, Taya F, Itoh F, Komatsu Y, Kojima M, Isaji M: Effect of cabergoline, a long-acting dopamine D2 agonist, on reserpine-treated rodents. Biol Pharm Bull. 1996 Nov;19(11):1499-502. [Article]
- Ichikawa K, Kojima M: [Pharmacological effects of cabergoline against parkinsonism]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2001 Jun;117(6):395-400. [Article]
- Linazasoro G: Conversion from dopamine agonists to cabergoline: an open-label trial in 128 patients with advanced Parkinson disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2008 Jan-Feb;31(1):19-24. doi: 10.1097/wnf.0b013e318067bcc4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Serotonin receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various ergot alkaloid derivatives and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation...
- Gene Name
- HTR2B
- Uniprot ID
- P41595
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B
- Molecular Weight
- 54297.41 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Lam YW: Clinical pharmacology of dopamine agonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Jan;20(1 Pt 2):17S-25S. [Article]
- Sharif NA: Serotonin-2 receptor agonists as novel ocular hypotensive agents and their cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. Curr Drug Targets. 2010 Aug;11(8):978-93. [Article]
- Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA, Kelly CR, Katoli P, Drace C, Husain S, Crosson C, Toris C, Zhan GL, Camras C: Cabergoline: Pharmacology, ocular hypotensive studies in multiple species, and aqueous humor dynamic modulation in the Cynomolgus monkey eyes. Exp Eye Res. 2009 Mar;88(3):386-97. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.003. Epub 2008 Nov 1. [Article]
- Huang XP, Setola V, Yadav PN, Allen JA, Rogan SC, Hanson BJ, Revankar C, Robers M, Doucette C, Roth BL: Parallel functional activity profiling reveals valvulopathogens are potent 5-hydroxytryptamine(2B) receptor agonists: implications for drug safety assessment. Mol Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;76(4):710-22. doi: 10.1124/mol.109.058057. Epub 2009 Jul 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Promotes cell proliferation.
- Gene Name
- DRD3
- Uniprot ID
- P35462
- Uniprot Name
- D(3) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 44224.335 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Lam YW: Clinical pharmacology of dopamine agonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Jan;20(1 Pt 2):17S-25S. [Article]
- Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA, Kelly CR, Katoli P, Drace C, Husain S, Crosson C, Toris C, Zhan GL, Camras C: Cabergoline: Pharmacology, ocular hypotensive studies in multiple species, and aqueous humor dynamic modulation in the Cynomolgus monkey eyes. Exp Eye Res. 2009 Mar;88(3):386-97. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.003. Epub 2008 Nov 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Virus receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances, including mescaline, psilocybin, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodop...
- Gene Name
- HTR2A
- Uniprot ID
- P28223
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A
- Molecular Weight
- 52602.58 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Lam YW: Clinical pharmacology of dopamine agonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Jan;20(1 Pt 2):17S-25S. [Article]
- Sharif NA: Serotonin-2 receptor agonists as novel ocular hypotensive agents and their cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. Curr Drug Targets. 2010 Aug;11(8):978-93. [Article]
- Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA, Kelly CR, Katoli P, Drace C, Husain S, Crosson C, Toris C, Zhan GL, Camras C: Cabergoline: Pharmacology, ocular hypotensive studies in multiple species, and aqueous humor dynamic modulation in the Cynomolgus monkey eyes. Exp Eye Res. 2009 Mar;88(3):386-97. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.003. Epub 2008 Nov 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Epinephrine binding
- Specific Function
- Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is clonidine...
- Gene Name
- ADRA2B
- Uniprot ID
- P18089
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 49565.8 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Lam YW: Clinical pharmacology of dopamine agonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Jan;20(1 Pt 2):17S-25S. [Article]
- Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA, Kelly CR, Katoli P, Drace C, Husain S, Crosson C, Toris C, Zhan GL, Camras C: Cabergoline: Pharmacology, ocular hypotensive studies in multiple species, and aqueous humor dynamic modulation in the Cynomolgus monkey eyes. Exp Eye Res. 2009 Mar;88(3):386-97. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.003. Epub 2008 Nov 1. [Article]
- Newman-Tancredi A, Cussac D, Audinot V, Nicolas JP, De Ceuninck F, Boutin JA, Millan MJ: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. II. Agonist and antagonist properties at subtypes of dopamine D(2)-like receptor and alpha(1)/alpha(2)-adrenoceptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):805-14. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Serotonin receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for ergot alkaloid derivatives, various anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs and other psychoactive subst...
- Gene Name
- HTR1D
- Uniprot ID
- P28221
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D
- Molecular Weight
- 41906.38 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Sh3 domain binding
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor responsible for neuronal signaling in the mesolimbic system of the brain, an area of the brain that regulates emotion and complex behavior. Its activity is mediated by G proteins ...
- Gene Name
- DRD4
- Uniprot ID
- P21917
- Uniprot Name
- D(4) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 48359.86 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Newman-Tancredi A, Cussac D, Audinot V, Nicolas JP, De Ceuninck F, Boutin JA, Millan MJ: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. II. Agonist and antagonist properties at subtypes of dopamine D(2)-like receptor and alpha(1)/alpha(2)-adrenoceptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):805-14. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Thioesterase binding
- Specific Function
- Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is oxymetazo...
- Gene Name
- ADRA2A
- Uniprot ID
- P08913
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 48956.275 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Lam YW: Clinical pharmacology of dopamine agonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Jan;20(1 Pt 2):17S-25S. [Article]
- Newman-Tancredi A, Cussac D, Audinot V, Nicolas JP, De Ceuninck F, Boutin JA, Millan MJ: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. II. Agonist and antagonist properties at subtypes of dopamine D(2)-like receptor and alpha(1)/alpha(2)-adrenoceptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):805-14. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Serotonin receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers...
- Gene Name
- HTR1A
- Uniprot ID
- P08908
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A
- Molecular Weight
- 46106.335 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Lam YW: Clinical pharmacology of dopamine agonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Jan;20(1 Pt 2):17S-25S. [Article]
- Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA, Kelly CR, Katoli P, Drace C, Husain S, Crosson C, Toris C, Zhan GL, Camras C: Cabergoline: Pharmacology, ocular hypotensive studies in multiple species, and aqueous humor dynamic modulation in the Cynomolgus monkey eyes. Exp Eye Res. 2009 Mar;88(3):386-97. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.003. Epub 2008 Nov 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins.
- Gene Name
- ADRA2C
- Uniprot ID
- P18825
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 49521.585 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Lam YW: Clinical pharmacology of dopamine agonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Jan;20(1 Pt 2):17S-25S. [Article]
- Newman-Tancredi A, Cussac D, Audinot V, Nicolas JP, De Ceuninck F, Boutin JA, Millan MJ: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. II. Agonist and antagonist properties at subtypes of dopamine D(2)-like receptor and alpha(1)/alpha(2)-adrenoceptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):805-14. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
- Gene Name
- DRD5
- Uniprot ID
- P21918
- Uniprot Name
- D(1B) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 52950.5 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Kvernmo T, Hartter S, Burger E: A review of the receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopamine agonists. Clin Ther. 2006 Aug;28(8):1065-78. [Article]
- Ichikawa K, Kojima M: [Pharmacological effects of cabergoline against parkinsonism]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2001 Jun;117(6):395-400. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
- Gene Name
- DRD1
- Uniprot ID
- P21728
- Uniprot Name
- D(1A) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 49292.765 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Lam YW: Clinical pharmacology of dopamine agonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Jan;20(1 Pt 2):17S-25S. [Article]
- Kvernmo T, Hartter S, Burger E: A review of the receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopamine agonists. Clin Ther. 2006 Aug;28(8):1065-78. [Article]
- Ichikawa K, Kojima M: [Pharmacological effects of cabergoline against parkinsonism]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2001 Jun;117(6):395-400. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Serotonin receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for ergot alkaloid derivatives, various anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs and other psychoactive subst...
- Gene Name
- HTR1B
- Uniprot ID
- P28222
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B
- Molecular Weight
- 43567.535 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Serotonin receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances, including ergot alkaloid derivatives, 1-2,5,-dimethoxy-4-...
- Gene Name
- HTR2C
- Uniprot ID
- P28335
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C
- Molecular Weight
- 51820.705 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Lam YW: Clinical pharmacology of dopamine agonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Jan;20(1 Pt 2):17S-25S. [Article]
- Sharif NA: Serotonin-2 receptor agonists as novel ocular hypotensive agents and their cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. Curr Drug Targets. 2010 Aug;11(8):978-93. [Article]
- Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA, Kelly CR, Katoli P, Drace C, Husain S, Crosson C, Toris C, Zhan GL, Camras C: Cabergoline: Pharmacology, ocular hypotensive studies in multiple species, and aqueous humor dynamic modulation in the Cynomolgus monkey eyes. Exp Eye Res. 2009 Mar;88(3):386-97. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.003. Epub 2008 Nov 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Serotonin receptor activity
- Specific Function
- This is one of the several different receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. The activity of this receptor ...
- Gene Name
- HTR7
- Uniprot ID
- P34969
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7
- Molecular Weight
- 53554.43 Da
References
- Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA, Kelly CR, Katoli P, Drace C, Husain S, Crosson C, Toris C, Zhan GL, Camras C: Cabergoline: Pharmacology, ocular hypotensive studies in multiple species, and aqueous humor dynamic modulation in the Cynomolgus monkey eyes. Exp Eye Res. 2009 Mar;88(3):386-97. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.003. Epub 2008 Nov 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Protein heterodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) prot...
- Gene Name
- ADRA1A
- Uniprot ID
- P35348
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 51486.005 Da
References
- Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [Article]
- PDSP Ki Database [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Protein heterodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) prot...
- Gene Name
- ADRA1B
- Uniprot ID
- P35368
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 56835.375 Da
References
- Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [Article]
- PDSP Ki Database [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
- Specific Function
- This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its effect through the influx of extracellular calcium.
- Gene Name
- ADRA1D
- Uniprot ID
- P25100
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 60462.205 Da
References
- Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [Article]
- PDSP Ki Database [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Receptor signaling protein activity
- Specific Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately e...
- Gene Name
- ADRB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08588
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 51322.1 Da
References
- Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [Article]
- PDSP Ki Database [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately ...
- Gene Name
- ADRB2
- Uniprot ID
- P07550
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 46458.32 Da
References
- Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [Article]
- PDSP Ki Database [Link]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
Components:
References
- Millan MJ, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, Audinot V, Boutin JA, Newman-Tancredi A: Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Nov;303(2):791-804. [Article]
- PDSP Ki Database [Link]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Nakatsuka A, Nagai M, Yabe H, Nishikawa N, Nomura T, Moritoyo H, Moritoyo T, Nomoto M: Effect of clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of cabergoline in healthy controls and in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Pharmacol Sci. 2006 Jan;100(1):59-64. doi: 10.1254/jphs.fp0050711. Epub 2006 Jan 13. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
- Specific Function
- Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug resistance protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Athanasoulia AP, Sievers C, Ising M, Brockhaus AC, Yassouridis A, Stalla GK, Uhr M: Polymorphisms of the drug transporter gene ABCB1 predict side effects of treatment with cabergoline in patients with PRL adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 Sep;167(3):327-35. doi: 10.1530/EJE-12-0198. Epub 2012 Jun 6. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55