Grepafloxacin
Identification
- Summary
Grepafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat various gram positive and gram negative bacterial infections.
- Generic Name
- Grepafloxacin
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00365
- Background
Grepafloxacin is an oral broad-spectrum quinoline antibacterial agent used to treat bacterial infections. Due to the QTc-prolonging potential, as indicated by the changes in the QT interval on the electrocardiogram, and the risk for cardiovascular adverse events, grepafloxacin was withdrawn in the United States.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational, Withdrawn
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 359.3947
Monoisotopic: 359.16451979 - Chemical Formula
- C19H22FN3O3
- Synonyms
- Grepafloxacin
Pharmacology
- Indication
For treatment of adults with mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Moraxella catarrhalis.
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- Pharmacodynamics
Grepafloxacin has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic microorganisms, as well as some atypical microorganisms.
- Mechanism of action
Grepafloxacin exerts its antibacterial activity by inhibiting bacterial topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV, essential enzymes for duplication, transcription, and repair of bacterial DNA.
Target Actions Organism ADNA gyrase subunit A inhibitorHaemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd) ADNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A inhibitorHaemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd) - Absorption
Rapidly and extensively absorbed following oral administration. The absolute bioavailability is approximately 70%.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
50%
- Metabolism
Primarily hepatic via CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. The major metabolite is a glucuronide conjugate; minor metabolites include sulfate conjugates and oxidative metabolites. The oxidative metabolites are formed mainly by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A2, while the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4 plays a minor role. The nonconjugated metabolites have little antimicrobial activity compared with the parent drug, and the conjugated metabolites have no antimicrobial activity
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
15 ± 3 hours
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
Withdrawn from the US market in 1999 due to associations with QTc prolongation and adverse cardiovascular events.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbametapir The serum concentration of Grepafloxacin can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Grepafloxacin can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abiraterone The serum concentration of Grepafloxacin can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone. Acarbose The therapeutic efficacy of Acarbose can be increased when used in combination with Grepafloxacin. Aceclofenac Aceclofenac may increase the neuroexcitatory activities of Grepafloxacin. - Food Interactions
- Avoid caffeine.
- Drink plenty of fluids.
- Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Grepafloxacin hydrochloride A4ER1Z8N9N 161967-81-3 IEPMBYOIQGCVHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Raxar Tablet 200 mg / tab Oral Otsuka Pharma Gmbh 1998-07-01 1999-10-27 Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- J01MA11 — Grepafloxacin
- Drug Categories
- Anti-Bacterial Agents
- Anti-Infective Agents
- Antibacterials for Systemic Use
- Antiinfectives for Systemic Use
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Fluoroquinolones
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- Highest Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents
- OAT1/SLC22A6 Substrates
- OCT2 Inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein substrates
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Quinolines
- Quinolones
- Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
- Topoisomerase Inhibitors
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as quinoline carboxylic acids. These are quinolines in which the quinoline ring system is substituted by a carboxyl group at one or more positions.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organoheterocyclic compounds
- Class
- Quinolines and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Quinoline carboxylic acids
- Direct Parent
- Quinoline carboxylic acids
- Alternative Parents
- Fluoroquinolones / N-arylpiperazines / Haloquinolines / Hydroquinolones / Aminoquinolines and derivatives / Hydroquinolines / Pyridinecarboxylic acids / Dialkylarylamines / Benzenoids / Aryl fluorides show 12 more
- Substituents
- 1,4-diazinane / Amine / Amino acid / Amino acid or derivatives / Aminoquinoline / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Aryl fluoride / Aryl halide / Azacycle / Benzenoid show 29 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- quinolines, quinolone antibiotic, fluoroquinolone antibiotic (CHEBI:5543)
- Affected organisms
- Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- L1M1U2HC31
- CAS number
- 119914-60-2
- InChI Key
- AIJTTZAVMXIJGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C19H22FN3O3/c1-10-8-22(6-5-21-10)15-7-14-16(11(2)17(15)20)18(24)13(19(25)26)9-23(14)12-3-4-12/h7,9-10,12,21H,3-6,8H2,1-2H3,(H,25,26)
- IUPAC Name
- 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-5-methyl-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
- SMILES
- CC1CN(CCN1)C1=C(F)C(C)=C2C(=O)C(=CN(C3CC3)C2=C1)C(O)=O
References
- Synthesis Reference
- US4920120
- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014509
- KEGG Compound
- C11368
- PubChem Compound
- 72474
- PubChem Substance
- 46507253
- ChemSpider
- 65391
- BindingDB
- 50117924
- 83719
- ChEBI
- 5543
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL583
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP001005
- PharmGKB
- PA449812
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Grepafloxacin
- MSDS
- Download (115 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 0 Terminated Treatment Osteomyelitis 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Otsuka pharmaceutical co ltd
- Packagers
- GlaxoSmithKline Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral 200 mg / tab Tablet Oral Tablet, film coated Tablet, coated - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US5563138 No 1996-10-08 2013-10-08 US CA1340492 No 1999-04-13 2016-04-13 Canada
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source logP 2.9 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.632 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -0.12 ALOGPS logP 0.068 Chemaxon logS -2.8 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 5.68 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 8.86 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 6 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 72.88 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 3 Chemaxon Refractivity 97.4 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 37.86 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9886 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.9855 Caco-2 permeable + 0.5 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.8825 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9062 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9228 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.7877 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8299 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9127 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7079 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.8516 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9197 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9365 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9064 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8116 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.763 Ames test AMES toxic 0.7309 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8042 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 1.0 Rat acute toxicity 2.0923 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9009 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.7785
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS splash10-0fr6-1029000000-706de57181850354ad84 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-03di-0009000000-376c67217d8b170a8bcf Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0a4l-0019000000-845fabb93a598fb7e570 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0006-0009000000-76a17d505d08ec6e8d1c Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-066r-1029000000-7f247c637377b8f2fee5 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0uxr-2049000000-fc7a36011fe64cb25c51 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-00n0-0095000000-20ee4d80271f0cc93024 Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 199.5416249 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 189.27893 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 200.5100249 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 191.63692 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 199.0830249 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 198.8531 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
![](https://go.drugbank.com/assets/locked/DrugTargets2-682eb846d210ae4bf33ca03febccfb57bb1c61318e699b729e5df4dfab2c5b67.png)
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd)
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Dna topoisomerase type ii (atp-hydrolyzing) activity
- Specific Function
- DNA gyrase negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner and also catalyzes the interconversion of other topological isomers of double-stranded DNA rings, inc...
- Gene Name
- gyrA
- Uniprot ID
- P43700
- Uniprot Name
- DNA gyrase subunit A
- Molecular Weight
- 97817.145 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Stewart BA, Johnson AP, Woodford N: Relationship between mutations in parC and gyrA of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and resistance to ciprofloxacin and grepafloxacin. J Med Microbiol. 1999 Dec;48(12):1103-6. [Article]
- Jorgensen JH, Weigel LM, Ferraro MJ, Swenson JM, Tenover FC: Activities of newer fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates including those with mutations in the gyrA, parC, and parE loci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Feb;43(2):329-34. [Article]
- Griggs DJ, Marona H, Piddock LJ: Selection of moxifloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus compared with five other fluoroquinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Jun;51(6):1403-7. Epub 2003 Apr 25. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Haemophilus influenzae (strain ATCC 51907 / DSM 11121 / KW20 / Rd)
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Dna topoisomerase type ii (atp-hydrolyzing) activity
- Specific Function
- Topoisomerase IV is essential for chromosome segregation. It relaxes supercoiled DNA. Performs the decatenation events required during the replication of a circular DNA molecule.
- Gene Name
- parC
- Uniprot ID
- P43702
- Uniprot Name
- DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A
- Molecular Weight
- 83366.24 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Ernst EJ, Klepser ME, Petzold CR, Doern GV: Evaluation of survival and pharmacodynamic relationships for five fluoroquinolones in a neutropenic murine model of pneumococcal lung infection. Pharmacotherapy. 2002 Apr;22(4):463-70. [Article]
- Morris JE, Pan XS, Fisher LM: Grepafloxacin, a dimethyl derivative of ciprofloxacin, acts preferentially through gyrase in Streptococcus pneumoniae: role of the C-5 group in target specificity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 Feb;46(2):582-5. [Article]
- Kawamura-Sato K, Hasegawa T, Torii K, Ito H, Ohta M: Prevalence of Ile-460-Val/ParE substitution in clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates that were less susceptible to fluoroquinolones. Curr Microbiol. 2005 Jul;51(1):27-30. Epub 2005 May 31. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58293.76 Da
References
- Rodighiero V: Effects of liver disease on pharmacokinetics. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999 Nov;37(5):399-431. [Article]
- Bril F, Gonzalez CD, Di Girolamo G: Antimicrobial agents-associated with QT interval prolongation. Curr Drug Saf. 2010 Jan;5(1):85-92. [Article]
- Gabriel L, Tod M, Goutelle S: Quantitative Prediction of Drug Interactions Caused by CYP1A2 Inhibitors and Inducers. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2016 Aug;55(8):977-90. doi: 10.1007/s40262-016-0371-x. [Article]
- Efthymiopoulos C, Bramer SL, Maroli A, Blum B: Theophylline and warfarin interaction studies with grepafloxacin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1997;33 Suppl 1:39-46. [Article]
- Liu L, Miao MX, Zhong ZY, Xu P, Chen Y, Liu XD: Chronic administration of caderofloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, increases hepatic CYP2E1 expression and activity in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2016 Apr;37(4):561-70. doi: 10.1038/aps.2015.160. Epub 2016 Feb 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
- Specific Function
- Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug resistance protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Yamaguchi H, Yano I, Hashimoto Y, Inui KI: Secretory mechanisms of grepafloxacin and levofloxacin in the human intestinal cell line caco-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Oct;295(1):360-6. [Article]
- Naruhashi K, Tamai I, Inoue N, Muraoka H, Sai Y, Suzuki N, Tsuji A: Active intestinal secretion of new quinolone antimicrobials and the partial contribution of P-glycoprotein. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2001 May;53(5):699-709. [Article]
- Yamaguchi H, Yano I, Saito H, Inui K: Effect of cisplatin-induced acute renal failure on bioavailability and intestinal secretion of quinolone antibacterial drugs in rats. Pharm Res. 2004 Feb;21(2):330-8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates export of organic anions and drugs from the cytoplasm. Mediates ATP-dependent transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates, leukotriene C4, estradiol-17-beta-o-glucuronide, methotre...
- Gene Name
- ABCC1
- Uniprot ID
- P33527
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 171589.5 Da
References
- Tamai I, Yamashita J, Kido Y, Ohnari A, Sai Y, Shima Y, Naruhashi K, Koizumi S, Tsuji A: Limited distribution of new quinolone antibacterial agents into brain caused by multiple efflux transporters at the blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Oct;295(1):146-52. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one ...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A6
- Uniprot ID
- Q4U2R8
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 6
- Molecular Weight
- 61815.78 Da
References
- Uwai Y, Okuda M, Takami K, Hashimoto Y, Inui K: Functional characterization of the rat multispecific organic anion transporter OAT1 mediating basolateral uptake of anionic drugs in the kidney. FEBS Lett. 1998 Nov 6;438(3):321-4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Quaternary ammonium group transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates tubular uptake of organic compounds from circulation. Mediates the influx of agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamin, creat...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A2
- Uniprot ID
- O15244
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 62579.99 Da
References
- Urakami Y, Akazawa M, Saito H, Okuda M, Inui K: cDNA cloning, functional characterization, and tissue distribution of an alternatively spliced variant of organic cation transporter hOCT2 predominantly expressed in the human kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Jul;13(7):1703-10. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cat...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A5
- Uniprot ID
- O76082
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 5
- Molecular Weight
- 62751.08 Da
References
- Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates hepatobiliary excretion of numerous organic anions. May function as a cellular cisplatin transporter.
- Gene Name
- ABCC2
- Uniprot ID
- Q92887
- Uniprot Name
- Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 174205.64 Da
References
- Sasabe H, Tsuji A, Sugiyama Y: Carrier-mediated mechanism for the biliary excretion of the quinolone antibiotic grepafloxacin and its glucuronide in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Mar;284(3):1033-9. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at December 02, 2023 06:59