Epirubicin

Identification

Summary

Epirubicin is an anthracycline topoisomerase II inhibitor used as an adjuvant to treating axillary node metastases in patients who have undergone surgical resection of primary breast cancer.

Brand Names
Ellence, Pharmorubicin PFS
Generic Name
Epirubicin
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00445
Background

An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 543.5193
Monoisotopic: 543.174060775
Chemical Formula
C27H29NO11
Synonyms
  • (1S,3S)-3-GLYCOLOYL-1,2,3,4,6,11-HEXAHYDRO-3,5,12-TRIHYDROXY-10-METHOXY-6,11-DIOXO-1-NAPHTHACENYL 3-AMINO-2,3,6-TRIDEOXY-.ALPHA.-L-ARABINO-HEXOPYRANOSIDE
  • 4'-EPI-ADRIAMYCIN
  • 4'-Epiadriamycin
  • 5,12-NAPHTHACENEDIONE, 10-((3-AMINO-2,3,6-TRIDEOXY-.ALPHA.-L-ARABINO-HEXOPYRANOSYL)OXY)-7,8,9,10-TETRAHYDRO-6,8,11-TRIHYDROXY-8-(HYDROXYACETYL)-1-METHOXY-, (8S-CIS)-
  • Epiadriamycin
  • Epirubicin
  • epirubicin-conjugated polymer micelles
  • Epirubicina
  • Epirubicine
  • Epirubicinum
  • Pidorubicina
  • Pidorubicine
  • Pidorubicinum
External IDs
  • NSC-256942

Pharmacology

Indication

For use as a component of adjuvant therapy in patients with evidence of axillary node tumor involvement following resection of primary breast cancer.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofBreast cancer•••••••••••••••••••••
Treatment ofColorectal cancers•••••••••••••••••••••
Treatment ofHormone refractory prostate cancer•••••••••••••••••••••
Treatment ofNon-small cell lung carcinoma (nsclc)•••••••••••••••••••••
Treatment ofOvarian cancer•••••••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Epirubicin is an antineoplastic in the anthracycline class. General properties of drugs in this class include: interaction with DNA in a variety of different ways including intercalation (squeezing between the base pairs), DNA strand breakage and inhibition with the enzyme topoisomerase II. Most of these compounds have been isolated from natural sources and antibiotics. However, they lack the specificity of the antimicrobial antibiotics and thus produce significant toxicity. The anthracyclines are among the most important antitumor drugs available. Doxorubicin is widely used for the treatment of several solid tumors while daunorubicin and idarubicin are used exclusively for the treatment of leukemia. Epirubicin may also inhibit polymerase activity, affect regulation of gene expression, and produce free radical damage to DNA. Epirubicin possesses an antitumor effect against a wide spectrum of tumors, either grafted or spontaneous. The anthracyclines are cell cycle-nonspecific.

Mechanism of action

Epirubicin has antimitotic and cytotoxic activity. It inhibits nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) and protein synthesis through a number of proposed mechanisms of action: Epirubicin forms complexes with DNA by intercalation between base pairs, and it inhibits topoisomerase II activity by stabilizing the DNA-topoisomerase II complex, preventing the religation portion of the ligation-religation reaction that topoisomerase II catalyzes. It also interferes with DNA replication and transcription by inhibiting DNA helicase activity.

TargetActionsOrganism
UDNA
intercalation
Humans
UDNA topoisomerase 2-alpha
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

100%

Volume of distribution
  • 21 ± 2 L/kg [60 mg/m2 Dose]
  • 27 ± 11 L/kg [75 mg/m2 Dose]
  • 23 ± 7 L/kg [120 mg/m2 Dose]
  • 21 ± 7 L/kg [150 mg/m2 Dose]
Protein binding

77%

Metabolism

Extensively and rapidly metabolized in the liver. Epirubicin is also metabolized by other organs and cells, including red blood cells. The four main metabolic routes are: (1) reduction of the C-13 keto-group with the formation of the 13(S)-dihydro derivative, epirubicinol; (2) conjugation of both the unchanged drug and epirubicinol with glucuronic acid; (3) loss of the amino sugar moiety through a hydrolytic process with the formation of the doxorubicin and doxorubicinol aglycones; and (4) loss of the amino sugar moiety through a redox process with the formation of the 7-deoxy-doxorubicin aglycone and 7-deoxy-doxorubicinol aglycone. Epirubicinol exhibits in vitro cytoxic activity (~10% that of epirubicin), but it is unlikely to reach sufficient concentrations in vivo to produce cytotoxic effects.

Route of elimination

Epirubicin and its major metabolites are eliminated through biliary excretion and, to a lesser extent, by urinary excretion.

Half-life

Half-lives for the alpha, beta, and gamma phases of about 3 minutes, 2.5 hours and 33 hours, respectively

Clearance
  • 65 +/- 8 L/hour [Patients1 with Solid Tumors Receiving Intravenous Epirubicin 60 mg/m2]
  • 83 +/- 14 L/hour [Patients1 with Solid Tumors Receiving Intravenous Epirubicin 75 mg/m2]
  • 65 +/- 13 L/hour [Patients1 with Solid Tumors Receiving Intravenous Epirubicin 120 mg/m2]
  • 69 +/- 13 L/hour [Patients1 with Solid Tumors Receiving Intravenous Epirubicin 150 mg/m2]
Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

bone marrow aplasia, grade 4 mucositis, and gastrointestinal bleeding

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbataceptThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Epirubicin is combined with Abatacept.
AbciximabThe risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Abciximab is combined with Epirubicin.
AcenocoumarolThe risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Acenocoumarol is combined with Epirubicin.
AcetyldigitoxinAcetyldigitoxin may decrease the cardiotoxic activities of Epirubicin.
Acetylsalicylic acidThe risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Acetylsalicylic acid is combined with Epirubicin.
Food Interactions
  • Drink plenty of fluids. Increased fluid intake increases urine output and the excretion of uric acid.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Epirubicin hydrochloride22966TX7J556390-09-1MWWSFMDVAYGXBV-FGBSZODSSA-N
International/Other Brands
Epirubicin Ebewe / Pharmorubicin
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
EllenceInjection, solution2 mg/1mLIntravenousPharmacia & Upjohn Company LLC1999-09-15Not applicableUS flag
EllenceInjection, solution2 mg/1mLIntravenousPharmacia & Upjohn Company LLC1999-09-15Not applicableUS flag
Epirubicin for InjectionSolution2 mg / mLIntravenousTEVA Canada Limited2009-09-14Not applicableCanada flag
Epirubicin HydrochlorideInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution50 mg/25mLIntravenousHospira Worldwide, Inc.2006-09-152014-08-31US flag
Epirubicin HydrochlorideInjection, solution2 mg/1mLIntravenousOTN Generics Inc.2008-06-11Not applicableUS flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Epirubicin HydrochlorideInjection50 mg/25mLIntravenousAmneal Agila, Llc2013-07-312017-12-31US flag
Epirubicin HydrochlorideInjection, solution200 mg/100mLIntravenousTeva Parenteral Medicines, Inc.2007-08-092017-03-31US flag
Epirubicin hydrochlorideInjection, solution2 mg/1mLIntravenousBedford Pharmaceuticals2007-08-072010-04-30US flag
Epirubicin HydrochlorideInjection, solution2 mg/1mLIntravenousFresenius Kabi USA, LLC2007-10-152013-11-30US flag
Epirubicin HydrochlorideInjection, solution2 mg/1mLIntravenousGreenstone LLC2006-08-112010-05-12US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
L01DB03 — Epirubicin
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as anthracyclines. These are polyketides containing a tetracenequinone ring structure with a sugar attached by glycosidic linkage.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
Class
Anthracyclines
Sub Class
Not Available
Direct Parent
Anthracyclines
Alternative Parents
Tetracenequinones / Aminoglycosides / Anthraquinones / Hexoses / O-glycosyl compounds / Tetralins / Anisoles / Aryl ketones / Alkyl aryl ethers / Oxanes
show 13 more
Substituents
1,2-aminoalcohol / 1,4-anthraquinone / 9,10-anthraquinone / Acetal / Alcohol / Alkyl aryl ether / Alpha-hydroxy ketone / Amine / Amino saccharide / Aminoglycoside core
show 33 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
quinone, monosaccharide derivative, anthracycline antibiotic, aminoglycoside, deoxy hexoside, anthracycline (CHEBI:47898)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
3Z8479ZZ5X
CAS number
56420-45-2
InChI Key
AOJJSUZBOXZQNB-VTZDEGQISA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C27H29NO11/c1-10-22(31)13(28)6-17(38-10)39-15-8-27(36,16(30)9-29)7-12-19(15)26(35)21-20(24(12)33)23(32)11-4-3-5-14(37-2)18(11)25(21)34/h3-5,10,13,15,17,22,29,31,33,35-36H,6-9,28H2,1-2H3/t10-,13-,15-,17-,22-,27-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(8S,10S)-10-{[(2R,4S,5R,6S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-6,8,11-trihydroxy-8-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-1-methoxy-5,7,8,9,10,12-hexahydrotetracene-5,12-dione
SMILES
COC1=CC=CC2=C1C(=O)C1=C(O)C3=C(C[C@](O)(C[C@@H]3O[C@H]3C[C@H](N)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O3)C(=O)CO)C(O)=C1C2=O

References

Synthesis Reference

Marcel van der Rijst, Johan Wilhelm Scheeren, Dick de Vos, "Process for preparing epirubicin or acid addition salts thereof from daunorubicin." U.S. Patent US5874550, issued September, 1996.

US5874550
General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014588
KEGG Compound
C11230
PubChem Compound
41867
PubChem Substance
46507282
ChemSpider
38201
BindingDB
43839
RxNav
3995
ChEBI
47898
ChEMBL
CHEMBL417
ZINC
ZINC000003938704
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000193
PharmGKB
PA449476
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Epirubicin
FDA label
Download (92.7 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4Active Not RecruitingTreatmentDiffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)1
4CompletedPreventionCarcinoma of Urinary Bladder, Superficial1
4CompletedTreatmentBreast Cancer1
4CompletedTreatmentBreast Neoplasms1
4Not Yet RecruitingTreatment0.5-14 Year Old Children With Nephroblastoma1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Pfizer inc
  • Actavis totowa llc
  • Akorn inc
  • App pharmaceuticals llc
  • Bedford laboratories div ben venue laboratories inc
  • Bioniche pharma usa llc
  • Ebewe pharma ges mbh nfg kg
  • Fresenius kabi oncology plc
  • Hospira inc
  • Teva parenteral medicines inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • X gen pharmaceuticals inc
Packagers
  • APP Pharmaceuticals
  • Bedford Labs
  • Ben Venue Laboratories Inc.
  • Cipla Ltd.
  • Ebewe Pharma
  • Ethex Corp.
  • Fresenius Kabi AB
  • Generamedix Inc.
  • Greenstone LLC
  • Hospira Inc.
  • Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
  • Otn Generics Inc.
  • Pfizer Inc.
  • Pharmacia Inc.
  • Sagent Pharmaceuticals
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Injection, powder, for solution10 mg
Injection, powder, for solution50 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous50 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntra-arterial; Intravenous; Intravesical50 mg
SolutionIntravenous10 mg/5ml
SolutionIntravenous50 mg/25ml
Injection, solutionIntravenous2 MG/ML
SolutionIntravenous2.00 mg
Injection2 mg/mL
InjectionIntravenous10 mg/5ml
SolutionIntravenous; Intravesical2 mg/ml
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous10 mg
Solution10.000 mg
SolutionIntravenous; Intravesical10 mg/5ml
SolutionIntravenous; Intravesical200 mg/100ml
Injection, solution, concentrateIntravenous
SolutionIntravenous; Intravesical50 mg/25ml
Injection, powder, for solution; injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution10 mg
Injection, powder, for solution; injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution50 mg
SolutionIntravenous
SolutionIntravenous; Intravesical100 mg/50ml
Injection, solution, concentrateParenteral2 mg/ml
InjectionIntravenous
InjectionIntravenous2 mg/1mL
InjectionIntravenous200 mg/100mL
InjectionIntravenous50 mg/25mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous200 mg/100mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous50 mg/25mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous2 mg/1mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous200 mg/100mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous50 mg/25mL
Powder, for solutionIntravenous50 mg / vial
SolutionIntravenous2 mg / mL
SolutionIntravenous2.0 mg / mL
PowderParenteral10 mg
Injection, solutionIntravenous
Injection, solution
Injection, solutionIntravesical
Injection, solutionParenteral2 MG/ML
Injection, powder, for solution
InjectionParenteral
InjectionParenteral200 mg
InjectionParenteral50 mg
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous10 mg/5mL
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous; Intravesical10 mg/5ml
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous; Intravesical50 mg/5mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous; Intravesical50 mg/100ml
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral50 mg
InjectionParenteral10 mg
SolutionIntravenous50 mg
SolutionParenteral50 mg
Injection
SolutionIntravenous50.00 mg
SolutionIntravenous10.000 mg
SolutionIntravenous50.000 mg
Solution10 mg/5ml
Injection, solutionIntravenous; Intravesical10 MG/5ML
Injection, solutionIntravenous; Intravesical200 MG/100ML
Injection, solutionIntravenous; Intravesical20 MG/10ML
Injection, solutionIntravenous; Intravesical
Powder, for solutionIntravenous10 mg / vial
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous10 mg/5ml
Injection, solution, concentrateParenteral
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntramuscular50 mg/50mg
SolutionParenteral10.00 mg
Injection, solution10 mg/5ml
Injection, solution50 mg/25ml
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Epirubicin hcl 200 mg vial2845.85USD vial
Epirubicin hcl 50 mg vial69.54USD vial
Ellence 2 mg/ml vial5.38USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)344.53 °CNot Available
water solubility0.093 mg/mlNot Available
logP-0.5Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.18 mg/mLALOGPS
logP1.41ALOGPS
logP0.54Chemaxon
logS-2.7ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)8.01Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)10.03Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count12Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count6Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area206.07 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count5Chemaxon
Refractivity134.59 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability54.62 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings5Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption-0.8092
Blood Brain Barrier-0.9951
Caco-2 permeable-0.799
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.7861
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8782
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.8382
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.9053
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8042
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9116
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.5888
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9045
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9209
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9025
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.831
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.8911
Ames testAMES toxic0.9198
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9534
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9672
Rat acute toxicity2.6644 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9752
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.7195
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0a4i-9100210000-2b807cbc2c92b3239ce2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0309010000-24e2012ac5fb139c1f97
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0309010000-24e2012ac5fb139c1f97
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-056v-0205090000-a3af4fb66a78a4f9d0e6
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000w-0009130000-ba265262c021bc27de16
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-002e-1508690000-7c8fae113882b86ccf1e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000t-0009110000-26f3bf456970c7bbd515
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-02cu-1530920000-add2a703b4181a58e17c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-029y-1329650000-6eac9f445f5c4ef373d2
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-234.6833172
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-227.1350172
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-217.42393
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+234.2635172
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+227.7723172
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+219.24883
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+234.0370172
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+226.6174172
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+224.85466
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Nucleotide
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Intercalation
DNA is the molecule of heredity, as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. It is a polynucleic acid that carries genetic information on cell growth, division, and function. DNA consists of two long strands of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds. The sequence of nucleotides determines hereditary characteristics. Each strand serves as the template for subsequent DNA replication and as a template for mRNA production, leading to protein synthesis via ribosomes.
References
  1. Ganzina F: 4'-epi-doxorubicin, a new analogue of doxorubicin: a preliminary overview of preclinical and clinical data. Cancer Treat Rev. 1983 Mar;10(1):1-22. [Article]
  2. Williams LD, Frederick CA, Ughetto G, Rich A: Ternary interactions of spermine with DNA: 4'-epiadriamycin and other DNA: anthracycline complexes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Sep 25;18(18):5533-41. [Article]
  3. Podell ER, Harrington DJ, Taatjes DJ, Koch TH: Crystal structure of epidoxorubicin-formaldehyde virtual crosslink of DNA and evidence for its formation in human breast-cancer cells. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1999 Sep;55(Pt 9):1516-23. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Ubiquitin binding
Specific Function
Control of topological states of DNA by transient breakage and subsequent rejoining of DNA strands. Topoisomerase II makes double-strand breaks. Essential during mitosis and meiosis for proper segr...
Gene Name
TOP2A
Uniprot ID
P11388
Uniprot Name
DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha
Molecular Weight
174383.88 Da
References
  1. Petit T, Wilt M, Velten M, Millon R, Rodier JF, Borel C, Mors R, Haegele P, Eber M, Ghnassia JP: Comparative value of tumour grade, hormonal receptors, Ki-67, HER-2 and topoisomerase II alpha status as predictive markers in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2004 Jan;40(2):205-11. [Article]
  2. Knoop AS, Knudsen H, Balslev E, Rasmussen BB, Overgaard J, Nielsen KV, Schonau A, Gunnarsdottir K, Olsen KE, Mouridsen H, Ejlertsen B: retrospective analysis of topoisomerase IIa amplifications and deletions as predictive markers in primary breast cancer patients randomly assigned to cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil or cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and fluorouracil: Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 20;23(30):7483-90. [Article]
  3. Liang CH, Shiu LY, Chang LC, Sheu HM, Kuo KW: Solamargine upregulation of Fas, downregulation of HER2, and enhancement of cytotoxicity using epirubicin in NSCLC cells. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Aug;51(8):999-1005. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Glucuronosyltransferase activity
Specific Function
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.Its unique specificity for 3,4-catechol estrogens and estriol su...
Gene Name
UGT2B7
Uniprot ID
P16662
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7
Molecular Weight
60694.12 Da
References
  1. Innocenti F, Iyer L, Ramirez J, Green MD, Ratain MJ: Epirubicin glucuronidation is catalyzed by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 May;29(5):686-92. [Article]
  2. Zaya MJ, Hines RN, Stevens JC: Epirubicin glucuronidation and UGT2B7 developmental expression. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Dec;34(12):2097-101. Epub 2006 Sep 19. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Phospholipase a2 activity
Specific Function
Selectively hydrolyzes arachidonyl phospholipids in the sn-2 position releasing arachidonic acid. Together with its lysophospholipid activity, it is implicated in the initiation of the inflammatory...
Gene Name
PLA2G4A
Uniprot ID
P47712
Uniprot Name
Cytosolic phospholipase A2
Molecular Weight
85238.2 Da
References
  1. Grataroli R, Leonardi J, Chautan M, Lafont H, Nalbone G: Effect of anthracyclines on phospholipase A2 activity and prostaglandin E2 production in rat gastric mucosa. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993 Aug 3;46(3):349-55. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates export of organic anions and drugs from the cytoplasm. Mediates ATP-dependent transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates, leukotriene C4, estradiol-17-beta-o-glucuronide, methotre...
Gene Name
ABCC1
Uniprot ID
P33527
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1
Molecular Weight
171589.5 Da
References
  1. Godinot N, Iversen PW, Tabas L, Xia X, Williams DC, Dantzig AH, Perry WL 3rd: Cloning and functional characterization of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1/ABCC1) from the cynomolgus monkey. Mol Cancer Ther. 2003 Mar;2(3):307-16. [Article]
  2. Nunoya K, Grant CE, Zhang D, Cole SP, Deeley RG: Molecular cloning and pharmacological characterization of rat multidrug resistance protein 1 (mrp1). Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Aug;31(8):1016-26. [Article]
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Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:54