Chloramphenicol

Identification

Summary

Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic that is effective against a variety of susceptible and serious bacterial infections but is not frequently used because of its high risk of bone marrow toxicity.

Brand Names
Chloromycetin
Generic Name
Chloramphenicol
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00446
Background

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

The FDA has withdrawn all oral drug products containing chloramphenicol, due to the high risk of fatal aplastic anemia associated with this specific route of administration.6,7

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Vet approved, Withdrawn
Structure
Weight
Average: 323.129
Monoisotopic: 322.012326918
Chemical Formula
C11H12Cl2N2O5
Synonyms
  • Chloramphénicol
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Chloramphenicolum
  • Chlornitromycin
  • Cloramfenicol
  • Cloranfenicol
  • D-(−)-2,2-dichloro-N-(β-hydroxy-α-(hydroxymethyl)-p-nitrophenylethyl)acetamide
  • D-(−)-threo-1-p-nitrophenyl-2-dichloroacetylamino-1,3-propanediol
  • Laevomycetinum
  • Levomicetina
  • Levomycetin
External IDs
  • NSC-3069

Pharmacology

Indication

Used in treatment of cholera, as it destroys the vibrios and decreases the diarrhea. It is effective against tetracycline-resistant vibrios. It is also used in eye drops or ointment to treat bacterial conjunctivitis.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to treatAcneCombination Product in combination with: Allantoin (DB11100), Hydrocortisone acetate (DB14539), Nicoboxil (DB12911), Octasulfur (DB09353)••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatBacterial conjunctivitisCombination Product in combination with: Tetracycline (DB00759), Colistimethate (DB01111)•••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• • •••••
Used in combination to treatBacterial conjunctivitis caused by susceptible bacteriaCombination Product in combination with: Dexamethasone (DB01234)•••••••••••••••••••••• • •••••
Treatment ofBacterial infections••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatBacterial dacryocystitisCombination Product in combination with: Colistimethate (DB01111), Tetracycline (DB00759)•••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• • •••••
Associated Therapies
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that was derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae and is now produced synthetically. Chloramphenicol is effective against a wide variety of microorganisms, but due to serious side-effects (e.g., damage to the bone marrow, including aplastic anemia) in humans, it is usually reserved for the treatment of serious and life-threatening infections (e.g., typhoid fever). Chloramphenicol is bacteriostatic but may be bactericidal in high concentrations or when used against highly susceptible organisms. Chloramphenicol stops bacterial growth by binding to the bacterial ribosome (blocking peptidyl transferase) and inhibiting protein synthesis.

Mechanism of action

Chloramphenicol is lipid-soluble, allowing it to diffuse through the bacterial cell membrane. It then reversibly binds to the L16 protein of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, where transfer of amino acids to growing peptide chains is prevented (perhaps by suppression of peptidyl transferase activity), thus inhibiting peptide bond formation and subsequent protein synthesis.

TargetActionsOrganism
U50S ribosomal protein L16
inhibitor
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
UDr hemagglutinin structural subunit
antagonist
Escherichia coli
UComplement decay-accelerating factor
other
Humans
Absorption

Rapidly and completely absorbed from gastrointestinal tract following oral administration (bioavailability 80%). Well absorbed following intramuscular administration (bioavailability 70%). Intraocular and some systemic absorption also occurs after topical application to the eye.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Plasma protein binding is 50-60% in adults and 32% is premature neonates.

Metabolism

Hepatic, with 90% conjugated to inactive glucuronide.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Half-life in adults with normal hepatic and renal function is 1.5 - 3.5 hours. In patients with impaired renal function half-life is 3 - 4 hours. In patients with severely impaired hepatic function half-life is 4.6 - 11.6 hours. Half-life in children 1 month to 16 years old is 3 - 6.5 hours, while half-life in infants 1 to 2 days old is 24 hours or longer and is highly variable, especially in low birth-weight infants.

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Oral, mouse: LD50 = 1500 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD50 = 2500 mg/kg. Toxic reactions including fatalities have occurred in the premature and newborn; the signs and symptoms associated with these reactions have been referred to as the gray syndrome. Symptoms include (in order of appearance) abdominal distension with or without emesis, progressive pallid cyanosis, vasomotor collapse frequently accompanied by irregular respiration, and death within a few hours of onset of these symptoms.

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Chloramphenicol Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbataceptThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Chloramphenicol is combined with Abatacept.
AbciximabThe risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Abciximab is combined with Chloramphenicol.
AbemaciclibThe serum concentration of Abemaciclib can be increased when it is combined with Chloramphenicol.
AbrocitinibThe metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Chloramphenicol.
AcalabrutinibThe serum concentration of Acalabrutinib can be increased when it is combined with Chloramphenicol.
Food Interactions
  • Take on an empty stomach.

Products

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International/Other Brands
Brochlor (Sanofi-Aventis) / Chloramex (Actavis) / Chlorocid (Egyt) / Chlorocol / Chlorsig (Sigma) / Fenicol (Alcon) / Globenicol / Halomycetin (Wabosan) / Oleomycetin / Sificetina (SIFI)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Cebenicol Oph Liq 0.4%Liquid.4 %OphthalmicChauvin Pharma Inc.1992-12-311997-07-15Canada flag
ChloramphenicolOintment1 % w/wOphthalmic; TopicalPharma Stulln Inc.1994-12-312019-11-23Canada flag
ChloramphenicolSolution0.5 %OphthalmicPharma Stulln Inc.1994-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
ChloromycetinOintment10 mg/1gOphthalmicPARKE-DAVIS2006-10-08Not applicableUS flag
Chloromycetin Oph Ont 1%Ointment1 %OphthalmicParke Davis Division, Warner Lambert Canada Inc.1951-12-311999-04-08Canada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Novo-chlorocap Cap 250mgCapsule250 mg / capOralNovopharm Limited1966-12-312005-08-10Canada flag
Odan-chloramphenicolLiquid0.5 mg / mLOphthalmicOdan Laboratories Ltd1985-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Odan-chloramphenicolOintment10 mg / gOphthalmicOdan Laboratories Ltd1992-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
PMS-chloramphenicol Ophthalmic Soln 0.5%Solution / drops.5 %OphthalmicPharmascience Inc1992-12-312016-10-28Canada flag
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
OPTIVIS OPHTHALMIC OINTMENTOintment1 %w/wOphthalmicบริษัท โรงงานเภสัชกรรมแอตแลนติค จำกัด2004-04-04Not applicableThailand flag
VANAFEN OPTHALMIC OINTMENTOintment1 %w/wOphthalmicบริษัท โรงงานเภสัชกรรมแอตแลนติค จำกัด1986-06-08Not applicableThailand flag
VENAFEN-S EYE DROPLiquid5 mg/1mlOphthalmicบริษัท โรงงานเภสัชกรรมแอตแลนติค จำกัด1985-02-06Not applicableThailand flag
ขี้ผึ้ง ยูนีซันOintment1 %w/wTopicalบริษัท ยูนีซัน จำกัด1985-06-18Not applicableThailand flag
ขี้ผึ้งโคลฟามีน ใส่แผลOintment1 %w/wTopicalบริษัท แลชแมน จำกัด จำกัด1987-03-17Not applicableThailand flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Actinac PwrChloramphenicol (40 mg / g) + Allantoin (24 mg / g) + Hydrocortisone acetate (40 mg / g) + Nicoboxil (24 mg / g) + Octasulfur (320 mg / g)PowderTopicalRoussel Canada Inc.1978-12-311996-09-09Canada flag
Actinac PwsChloramphenicol (40 mg / g) + Allantoin (24 mg / g) + Hydrocortisone acetate (40 mg / g) + Nicoboxil (24 mg / g) + Octasulfur (320 mg / g)Powder, for solutionTopicalHoechst Roussel Canada Inc.1994-12-312001-07-20Canada flag
CLORADEXChloramphenicol (0.5 %) + Dexamethasone (0.2 %)Suspension / dropsOphthalmicBausch & Lomb Iom S.P.A.2014-07-08Not applicableItaly flag
CLORADEXChloramphenicol (0.5 %) + Dexamethasone (0.2 %)Suspension / dropsOphthalmicBausch & Lomb Iom S.P.A.2014-07-08Not applicableItaly flag
COLBIOCINChloramphenicol (4 MG/G) + Colistimethate sodium (180000 IU) + Tetracycline (4.2 MG/G)Solution / dropsOphthalmicSifi S.P.A.2014-07-082022-06-01Italy flag

Categories

ATC Codes
D06AX02 — ChloramphenicolS02AA01 — ChloramphenicolD10AF03 — ChloramphenicolS01AA01 — ChloramphenicolG01AA05 — ChloramphenicolJ01BA01 — ChloramphenicolS03AA08 — Chloramphenicol
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as nitrobenzenes. These are compounds containing a nitrobenzene moiety, which consists of a benzene ring with a carbon bearing a nitro group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class
Nitrobenzenes
Direct Parent
Nitrobenzenes
Alternative Parents
Nitroaromatic compounds / Secondary alcohols / Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds / Organic oxoazanium compounds / Carboximidic acids / Primary alcohols / Organopnictogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Organochlorides / Organic zwitterions
show 4 more
Substituents
Alcohol / Alkyl chloride / Alkyl halide / Allyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound / Aromatic alcohol / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / C-nitro compound / Carboximidic acid / Carboximidic acid derivative / Hydrocarbon derivative
show 17 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
organochlorine compound (CHEBI:17698) / Aromatic compounds (C00918)
Affected organisms
  • Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria
  • Gram negative and gram positive bacteria
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Enterococcus faecium

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
66974FR9Q1
CAS number
56-75-7
InChI Key
WIIZWVCIJKGZOK-RKDXNWHRSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C11H12Cl2N2O5/c12-10(13)11(18)14-8(5-16)9(17)6-1-3-7(4-2-6)15(19)20/h1-4,8-10,16-17H,5H2,(H,14,18)/t8-,9-/m1/s1
IUPAC Name
2,2-dichloro-N-[(1R,2R)-1,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-2-yl]acetamide
SMILES
OC[C@@H](NC(=O)C(Cl)Cl)[C@H](O)C1=CC=C(C=C1)[N+]([O-])=O

References

Synthesis Reference

Guang-Zhong Wu, Wanda I. Tormos, "Asymmetric process for preparing florfenicol, thiamphenicol chloramphenicol and oxazoline intermediates." U.S. Patent US5352832, issued May, 1992.

US5352832
General References
  1. Bhutta ZA, Niazi SK, Suria A: Chloramphenicol clearance in typhoid fever: implications for therapy. Indian J Pediatr. 1992 Mar-Apr;59(2):213-9. [Article]
  2. Wali SS, Macfarlane JT, Weir WR, Cleland PG, Ball PA, Hassan-King M, Whittle HC, Greenwood BM: Single injection treatment of meningococcal meningitis. 2. Long-acting chloramphenicol. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1979;73(6):698-702. [Article]
  3. Puddicombe JB, Wali SS, Greenwood BM: A field trial of a single intramuscular injection of long-acting chloramphenicol in the treatment of meningococcal meningitis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1984;78(3):399-403. [Article]
  4. Pecoul B, Varaine F, Keita M, Soga G, Djibo A, Soula G, Abdou A, Etienne J, Rey M: Long-acting chloramphenicol versus intravenous ampicillin for treatment of bacterial meningitis. Lancet. 1991 Oct 5;338(8771):862-6. [Article]
  5. Nathan N, Borel T, Djibo A, Evans D, Djibo S, Corty JF, Guillerm M, Alberti KP, Pinoges L, Guerin PJ, Legros D: Ceftriaxone as effective as long-acting chloramphenicol in short-course treatment of meningococcal meningitis during epidemics: a randomised non-inferiority study. Lancet. 2005 Jul 23-29;366(9482):308-13. [Article]
  6. Code of Federal Regulations 216.24: Drug products withdrawn or removed from the market for reasons of safety or effectiveness. [Link]
  7. Federal Register: Determination That CHLOROMYCETIN (Chloramphenicol) Capsules, 250 Milligrams, Were Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014589
KEGG Drug
D00104
KEGG Compound
C00918
PubChem Compound
5959
PubChem Substance
46505318
ChemSpider
5744
BindingDB
23447
RxNav
2348
ChEBI
17698
ChEMBL
CHEMBL130
ZINC
ZINC000000113382
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP001356
PharmGKB
PA448927
PDBe Ligand
CLM
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Chloramphenicol
PDB Entries
1cla / 1k01 / 1nji / 1qhs / 1qhy / 1usq / 2jkj / 2jkl / 2uxp / 2xat
show 25 more
FDA label
Download (191 KB)
MSDS
Download (74.1 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentOphthalmopathy , Lacrimal System1
0TerminatedTreatmentOsteomyelitis1
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableAntibiotic Resistant Infection / Bacterial Infections / Surgical Site Infections1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • John j ferrante
  • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Parkedale pharmaceuticals inc
  • Armenpharm ltd
  • Parke davis pharmaceutical research div warner lambert co
  • Altana inc
  • Pharmafair inc
  • Allergan pharmaceutical
  • Alcon laboratories inc
  • Akorn inc
  • Optopics laboratories corp
  • Elkins sinn div ah robins co inc
  • App pharmaceuticals llc
  • Gruppo lepetit spa sub merrell dow pharmaceuticals inc
  • Angus chemical co
Packagers
  • Akorn Inc.
  • APP Pharmaceuticals
  • Darby Dental Supply Co. Inc.
  • General Injectables and Vaccines Inc.
  • Gruppo Lepetit SPA
  • Ivax Pharmaceuticals
  • Medisca Inc.
  • Professional Compounding Centers America LLC
  • Spectrum Pharmaceuticals
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
PowderTopical
Powder, for solutionTopical
SolutionOphthalmic5.0 mg
CapsuleOral250 mg
SyrupOral125 mg/5ml
GelConjunctival
OintmentConjunctival
Solution / dropsConjunctival
Suspension / dropsConjunctival
Suspension / dropsConjunctival0.5 %
LiquidOphthalmic.4 %
OintmentOphthalmic
InsertVaginal250 MG
InsertVaginal500 MG
CapsuleOral
Cream
OintmentOphthalmic; Topical1 % w/w
SolutionOphthalmic0.5 %
OintmentOphthalmic
SolutionAuricular (otic)5 %
SolutionAuricular (otic)5 % w/v
SolutionOphthalmic25 mg/5ml
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous; Parenteral1 G
SuspensionOral
OintmentOphthalmic10 mg/1g
Capsule, liquid filledOral250 mg
OintmentOphthalmic1 %
LiquidOphthalmic.5 %
Solution / dropsAuricular (otic)5 mg/1mL
Solution / dropsOphthalmic.5 %
OintmentOphthalmic10 mg / g
Suspension / dropsOphthalmic
Capsule, coatedOral250 mg
SolutionOphthalmic5.000 mg
OintmentOphthalmic5.000 g
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous1 G/10ML
Ointment
SolutionConjunctival; Ophthalmic5 mg
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral1000 mg
OintmentOphthalmic0.500 g
SolutionOphthalmic
Cream
Solution / dropsAuricular (otic)
OintmentConjunctival; Ophthalmic
SolutionOphthalmic5 mg/1mL
OintmentOphthalmic5.000 mg
SolutionOphthalmic5.00 mg
SuspensionOral100 ml
SuspensionOral50 ml
Solution5.000 mg
CapsuleOral0.25 g
InsertVaginal0.25 g
SuspensionOral125 mg
OintmentOphthalmic10 mg
SolutionAuricular (otic)2.5 mg
OintmentTopical
Injection, solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous1 g
Ointment1 % w/w
Ointment10 mg/g
Solution / dropsOphthalmic; Topical.5 %
SolutionOphthalmic0.5 % w/v
Solution / dropsOphthalmic0.5 %W/V
CapsuleOral250 mg / cap
LiquidOphthalmic0.5 mg / mL
OintmentOphthalmic10 mg/g
SolutionOphthalmic5.0 mg/ml
SolutionOphthalmic2.5 mg / mL
SolutionOphthalmic5 mg / mL
SuspensionAuricular (otic); Ophthalmic
SolutionAuricular (otic)
SolutionIntravenous1.000 g
Solution / dropsAuricular (otic)
Solution / dropsOphthalmic
Tablet, coatedOral250 mg
Suppository125 mg
Suppository250 mg
Solution / dropsOphthalmic
Solution / dropsOphthalmic0.4 %
OintmentOphthalmic.2 %
Solution / dropsAuricular (otic)5 %
Solution / dropsOphthalmic.2 %
OintmentAuricular (otic); Ophthalmic
SolutionConjunctival; Ophthalmic
Solution / dropsOphthalmic0.5 % W/V
Cream; ointment
Solution / drops
SolutionOphthalmic5 MG/ML
OintmentTopical1 %w/w
OintmentTopical2 %w/w
LiquidOphthalmic5 mg/1ml
CapsuleOral100 mg
Solution
LiquidOphthalmic
LiquidAuricular (otic)10 mg/1ml
Tablet, coatedOral100 mg
LiquidAuricular (otic)50 mg/1ml
LiquidAuricular (otic)
Tablet250 mg
OintmentOphthalmic1 %w/w
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Chloramphen na succ 1 gm vial28.74USD vial
Chloramphenicol palm powder2.52USD g
Chloramphenicol crystals1.32USD g
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)171Bartz, Q.R.; U.S. Patent 2,483,871; October 4, 1949; assigned to Parke, Davis & Company Crooks, H.M., Jr., Rebstock, M.C., Controulis, J. and Bartz, Q.R.; U.S. Patent 2,483,884; October 4, 1949; assigned to Parke, Davis & Company. Ehrlich, J., Smith, R.M. and Penner, M.A.; U.S. Patent 2,483,892; October 4, 1949; assigned to Parke, Davis & Company. Carrara, G.; U.S. Patent 2,776,312; January 1, 1957 Slack, R.; U.S. Patent 2,786,870; March 26, 1957; assigned to Parke, Davis & Company.
water solubility2500 mg/L (at 25 °C)MERCK INDEX (2001)
logP1.14HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
logS-2.11ADME Research, USCD
Caco2 permeability-4.69ADME Research, USCD
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.461 mg/mLALOGPS
logP1.15ALOGPS
logP0.88Chemaxon
logS-2.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)8.69Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2.8Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area112.7 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count6Chemaxon
Refractivity72.2 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability28.13 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9157
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9366
Caco-2 permeable+0.7367
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.7305
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.9216
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.8822
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.9477
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7775
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8934
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.5936
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9046
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorInhibitor0.8994
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8309
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.8682
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.9133
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.5483
BiodegradationReady biodegradable0.5053
Rat acute toxicity2.2247 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9658
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8764
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (10.9 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0udi-3900000000-2ba6754ba027027454d1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0920000000-96bfb1c31d89e3f10caf
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0kmi-0945000000-40a09f3f9528bd669823
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-64dbb16119292f4410e2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-5c8fbcad8e93fa9f2906
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0uk9-1900000000-4c6518583a7488591aa3
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-1900000000-00574ed667d64b4a45e9
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-1900000000-d4ac63e9260ab31ac6b1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0zml-0933000000-4ae209b29cb52d4e3844
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-056r-0933000000-74ff5ec451e56526d425
MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4l-0590000000-90d108018a0f99815fb7
MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4l-0690000000-161f2afa43298fd3437a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0uk9-0923000000-86308db0ec59b40b1533
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-05fr-0094000000-ad8da59124745b38a76f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0390000000-06fcf307f2fdb79741ad
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-1940000000-be07d702045f4d3e05ac
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-1910000000-55a74a828c3c9750ee1c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0159-2900000000-bf685c17ab79583133ee
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0159-4900000000-e6f6ccbfffe89c345365
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0191000000-41f70006e2b4e5f8d8aa
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0960000000-d64346c38bebc079f066
MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0f89-0491000000-c7e13efc8c7ed0e68cff
MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0f89-0492000000-4b6f8c10f6acc0f02196
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0920000000-96bfb1c31d89e3f10caf
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0600-0592000000-129db104bb506af06de0
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-170.2835324
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-161.1189213
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-170.4010324
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-162.07011
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+170.8240324
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+170.29197
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+170.7960324
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+164.42812
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+170.9343324
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+180.2667776
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+170.3030324
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+170.52127
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Escherichia coli (strain K12)
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Trna binding
Specific Function
This protein binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA and is located at the A site of the peptidyltransferase center. It contacts the A and P site tRNAs. It has an essential role in subunit assembly, wh...
Gene Name
rplP
Uniprot ID
P0ADY7
Uniprot Name
50S ribosomal protein L16
Molecular Weight
15281.125 Da
References
  1. Murray IA, Cann PA, Day PJ, Derrick JP, Sutcliffe MJ, Shaw WV, Leslie AG: Steroid recognition by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase: engineering and structural analysis of a high affinity fusidic acid binding site. J Mol Biol. 1995 Dec 15;254(5):993-1005. [Article]
  2. Nierhaus D, Nierhaus KH: Identification of the chloramphenicol-binding protein in Escherichia coli ribosomes by partial reconstitution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 Aug;70(8):2224-8. [Article]
  3. Baxter RM, Ganoza MC, Zahid N, Chung DG: Reconstruction of peptidyltransferase activity on 50S and 70S ribosomal particles by peptide fragments of protein L16. Eur J Biochem. 1987 Mar 16;163(3):473-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Escherichia coli
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Not Available
Specific Function
Hemagglutinins of uropathogenic E.coli mediate adherence to the upper urinary tract. These adhesins bind to the Dr blood group antigen and also agglutinate human erythrocytes in the presence of D-m...
Gene Name
draA
Uniprot ID
P24093
Uniprot Name
Dr hemagglutinin structural subunit
Molecular Weight
17058.095 Da
References
  1. Swanson TN, Bilge SS, Nowicki B, Moseley SL: Molecular structure of the Dr adhesin: nucleotide sequence and mapping of receptor-binding domain by use of fusion constructs. Infect Immun. 1991 Jan;59(1):261-8. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Other
General Function
Virus receptor activity
Specific Function
This protein recognizes C4b and C3b fragments that condense with cell-surface hydroxyl or amino groups when nascent C4b and C3b are locally generated during C4 and c3 activation. Interaction of daf...
Gene Name
CD55
Uniprot ID
P08174
Uniprot Name
Complement decay-accelerating factor
Molecular Weight
41399.79 Da
References
  1. Pettigrew D, Anderson KL, Billington J, Cota E, Simpson P, Urvil P, Rabuzin F, Roversi P, Nowicki B, du Merle L, Le Bouguenec C, Matthews S, Lea SM: High resolution studies of the Afa/Dr adhesin DraE and its interaction with chloramphenicol. J Biol Chem. 2004 Nov 5;279(45):46851-7. Epub 2004 Aug 24. [Article]
  2. Korotkova N, Chattopadhyay S, Tabata TA, Beskhlebnaya V, Vigdorovich V, Kaiser BK, Strong RK, Dykhuizen DE, Sokurenko EV, Moseley SL: Selection for functional diversity drives accumulation of point mutations in Dr adhesins of Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 2007 Apr;64(1):180-94. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Escherichia coli
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Chloramphenicol o-acetyltransferase activity
Specific Function
This enzyme is an effector of chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria.
Gene Name
cat3
Uniprot ID
P00484
Uniprot Name
Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase 3
Molecular Weight
24993.32 Da
References
  1. Murray IA, Cann PA, Day PJ, Derrick JP, Sutcliffe MJ, Shaw WV, Leslie AG: Steroid recognition by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase: engineering and structural analysis of a high affinity fusidic acid binding site. J Mol Biol. 1995 Dec 15;254(5):993-1005. [Article]
  2. Derrick JP, Lian LY, Roberts GC, Shaw WV: Analysis of the binding of 1,3-diacetylchloramphenicol to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase by isotope-edited 1H NMR and site-directed mutagenesis. Biochemistry. 1992 Sep 8;31(35):8191-5. [Article]
  3. Murray IA, Lewendon A, Shaw WV: Stabilization of the imidazole ring of His-195 at the active site of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jun 25;266(18):11695-8. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / PAO1 / 1C / PRS 101 / LMG 12228)
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Chloramphenicol o-acetyltransferase activity
Specific Function
This enzyme is an effector of chloramphenicol (Cm) resistance in bacteria. Acetylates Cm but not 1-acetoxy-Cm.
Gene Name
cat
Uniprot ID
P26841
Uniprot Name
Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
Molecular Weight
23524.385 Da
References
  1. Potrykus J, Baranska S, Wegrzyn G: Inactivation of the acrA gene is partially responsible for chloramphenicol sensitivity of Escherichia coli CM2555 strain expressing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Microb Drug Resist. 2002 Fall;8(3):179-85. [Article]
  2. Potrykus J, Wegrzyn G: Chloramphenicol-sensitive Escherichia coli strain expressing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Dec;45(12):3610-2. [Article]
  3. Navia MM, Capitano L, Ruiz J, Vargas M, Urassa H, Schellemberg D, Gascon J, Vila J: Typing and characterization of mechanisms of resistance of Shigella spp. isolated from feces of children under 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania. J Clin Microbiol. 1999 Oct;37(10):3113-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Streptomyces venezuelae (strain ATCC 10712 / CBS 650.69 / DSM 40230 / JCM 4526 / NBRC 13096 / PD 04745)
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Kinase activity
Specific Function
Inactivates chloramphenicol by catalyzing the transfer of the gamma-phosphate of ATP to the antibiotic's C-3' hydroxyl group.
Gene Name
Not Available
Uniprot ID
Q56148
Uniprot Name
Chloramphenicol 3-O phosphotransferase
Molecular Weight
18816.255 Da
References
  1. Ellis J, Campopiano DJ, Izard T: Cubic crystals of chloramphenicol phosphotransferase from Streptomyces venezuelae in complex with chloramphenicol. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1999 May;55(Pt 5):1086-8. [Article]
  2. Izard T, Ellis J: The crystal structures of chloramphenicol phosphotransferase reveal a novel inactivation mechanism. EMBO J. 2000 Jun 1;19(11):2690-700. [Article]
  3. Mosher RH, Camp DJ, Yang K, Brown MP, Shaw WV, Vining LC: Inactivation of chloramphenicol by O-phosphorylation. A novel resistance mechanism in Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230, a chloramphenicol producer. J Biol Chem. 1995 Nov 10;270(45):27000-6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...
Gene Name
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID
P33261
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight
55930.545 Da
References
  1. Park JY, Kim KA, Kim SL: Chloramphenicol is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Nov;47(11):3464-9. [Article]
  2. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Park JY, Kim KA, Kim SL: Chloramphenicol is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Nov;47(11):3464-9. [Article]
  2. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Oxygen binding
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP3A5
Uniprot ID
P20815
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A5
Molecular Weight
57108.065 Da
References
  1. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Oxygen binding
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP3A7
Uniprot ID
P24462
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A7
Molecular Weight
57525.03 Da
References
  1. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one ...
Gene Name
SLC22A6
Uniprot ID
Q4U2R8
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 6
Molecular Weight
61815.78 Da
References
  1. Jariyawat S, Sekine T, Takeda M, Apiwattanakul N, Kanai Y, Sophasan S, Endou H: The interaction and transport of beta-lactam antibiotics with the cloned rat renal organic anion transporter 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Aug;290(2):672-7. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:54