Nabilone

Identification

Summary

Nabilone is a synthetic delta-9-THC used in the treatment of anorexia and weight loss in HIV patients as well as nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy.

Brand Names

Cesamet

Generic Name

Nabilone

DrugBank Accession Number

DB00486

Background

Nabilone (marketed as Cesamet) is a synthetic form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC), the primary psychoactive component of cannabis (marijuana). Although structurally distinct from THC, nabilone mimics THC's structure and pharmacological activity through weak partial agonist activity at Cannabinoid-1 (CB1R) and Cannabinoid-2 (CB2R) receptors, however it is considered to be twice as active as Δ⁹-THC. Nabilone is approved by the FDA for the treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy in patients who have failed to respond adequately to conventional antiemetic treatments ^Label.

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the two most abundant cannabinoids found naturally in the resin of the marijuana plant, both of which are pharmacologically active due to their interaction with cannabinoid receptors that are found throughout the body ⁵. While both CBD and THC are used for medicinal purposes, they have different receptor activity, function, and physiological effects. If not provided in their activated form (such as through synthetic forms like Nabilone or Dronabinol), THC and CBD are obtained through conversion from their precursors, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (THCA-A) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), through decarboxylation reactions. This can be achieved through heating, smoking, vaporization, or baking of dried unfertilized female cannabis flowers.

From a pharmacological perspective, Cannabis' diverse receptor profile explains its potential application for such a wide variety of medical conditions. Cannabis contains more than 400 different chemical compounds, of which 61 are considered cannabinoids, a class of compounds that act upon endogenous cannabinoid receptors of the body ⁶. The endocannabinoid system is widely distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system (via the Cannabinoid Receptors CB1 and CB2) and plays a role in many physiological processes such as inflammation, cardiovascular function, learning, pain, memory, stress and emotional regulation, and the sleep/wake cycle among many others ⁷. CB1 receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous system, and are most abundant in the hippocampus and amygdala, which are the areas of the brain responsible for short-term memory storage and emotional regulation. CB2 receptors are mainly located in the peripheral nervous system and can be found on lymphoid tissue where they are involved in regulation of immune function ⁸.

In Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Mexico, nabilone is marketed as Cesamet. It was approved in 1985 by the United States FDA for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting that has not responded to conventional antiemetics. Though it was approved by the FDA in 1985, the drug only began marketing in the United States in 2006. It is also approved for use in treatment of anorexia and weight loss in patients with AIDS.

Nabilone is a racemate consisting of the (S,S) and the (R,R) isomers.

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved, Investigational

Structure

3D

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MOLSDF3D-SDFPDBSMILESInChI

Similar Structures

Structure for Nabilone (DB00486)

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Weight

Average: 372.5408
Monoisotopic: 372.266445018

Chemical Formula

C₂₄H₃₆O₃

Synonyms

• Nabilon
• Nabilona
• Nabilone
• Nabilonum

External IDs

• Cpd 109514
• LY 109 514

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Pharmacology

Indication

Nabilone is indicated for the treatment of the nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy in patients who have failed to respond adequately to conventional antiemetic treatments. This restriction is required because a substantial proportion of any group of patients treated with Nabilone can be expected to experience disturbing psychotomimetic reactions not observed with other antiemetic agents.

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Associated Conditions

Indication Type	Indication	Combined Product Details	Approval Level	Age Group	Patient Characteristics	Dose Form
Treatment of	Refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (cinv)		••••••••••••			•••••••

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Pharmacodynamics

Nabilone is a cannabinoid with therapeutic uses. It is an analog of dronabinol (also known as tetrahydrocannabinol or THC), the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis. Although structurally distinct from THC, nabilone mimics THC's structure and pharmacological activity through weak partial agonist activity at Cannabinoid-1 (CB1R) and Cannabinoid-2 (CB2R) receptors, however it is considered to be twice as active as Δ⁹-THC.

Mechanism of action

Nabilone is an orally active synthetic cannabinoid which, like other cannabinoids, has complex effects on the central nervous system (CNS). It has been suggested that the antiemetic effect of nabilone is caused by interaction with the cannabinoid receptor system, i.e., the CB (1) receptor, which is a component of the endocannabinoid system of the body.

The endocannabinoid system is widely distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system (via the Cannabinoid Receptors CB1 and CB2) and plays a role in many physiological processes such as inflammation, cardiovascular function, learning, pain, memory, stress and emotional regulation, and the sleep/wake cycle among many others ⁷. CB1 receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous system, and are most abundant in the hippocampus and amygdala, which are the areas of the brain responsible for short-term memory storage and emotional regulation. CB2 receptors are mainly located in the peripheral nervous system and can be found on lymphoid tissue where they are involved in regulation of immune function ⁸.

Target	Actions	Organism
ACannabinoid receptor 2	partial agonist	Humans
ACannabinoid receptor 1	partial agonist	Humans

Absorption

Nabilone appears to be completely absorbed from the human gastrointestinal tract when administered orally. Following oral administration of a 2 mg dose of radiolabeled nabilone, peak plasma concentrations of approximately 2 ng/mL nabilone and 10 ng equivalents/mL total radioactivity are achieved within 2.0 hours.

Volume of distribution

The apparent volume of distribution of nabilone is about 12.5 L/kg.

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Hepatic. Two metabolic pathways have been suggested. The major pathway probably involves the direct oxidation of Nabilone to produce hydroxylic and carboxylic analogues. These compounds are thought to account for the remaining plasma radioactivity when carbinol metabolites have been extracted.

Route of elimination

The route and rate of the elimination of nabilone and its metabolites are similar to those observed with other cannabinoids, including delta-9-THC (dronabinol). When nabilone is administered intravenously, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated mainly in the feces (approximately 67%) and to a lesser extent in the urine (approximately 22%) within 7 days. Of the 67% recovered from the feces, 5% corresponded to the parent compound and 16% to its carbinol metabolite. Following oral administration about 60% of nabilone and its metabolites were recovered in the feces and about 24% in urine. Therefore, it appears that the major excretory pathway is the biliary system.

Half-life

The plasma half-life (T1/2) values for nabilone and total radioactivity of identified and unidentified metabolites are about 2 and 35 hours, respectively.

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

Symptoms of overdose include difficulty in breathing, hallucinations, mental changes (severe), nervousness or anxiety (severe). Monkeys treated with Nabilone at doses as high as 2mg/kg/day for a year experienced no significant adverse events. This result contrasts with the finding in a planned 1-year dog study that was prematurely terminated because of deaths associated with convulsions in dogs receiving as little as 0.5mg/kg/day. The earliest deaths, however, occurred at 56 days in dogs receiving 2mg/kg/day. The unusual vulnerability of the dog is not understood; it is hypothesised, however, that the explanation lies in the fact that the dog differs markedly from other species (including humans) in its metabolism of Nabilone.

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

Not Available

Interactions

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This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

• Approved
• Vet approved
• Nutraceutical
• Illicit
• Withdrawn
• Investigational
• Experimental
• All Drugs

Drug	Interaction
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1,2-Benzodiazepine	Nabilone may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of 1,2-Benzodiazepine.
Abaloparatide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nabilone is combined with Abaloparatide.
Abametapir	The serum concentration of Nabilone can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
Abatacept	The metabolism of Nabilone can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
Abrocitinib	The metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Nabilone.

Food Interactions

• Avoid alcohol.
• Take with or without food. Food does not significantly affect absorption.

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International/Other Brands

Nabilone (Meda)

Brand Name Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Cesamet	Capsule	1 mg/1	Oral	Bausch Health US LLC	2020-03-09	Not applicable
Cesamet	Capsule	1 mg/1	Oral	Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America	2017-11-12	2017-11-13
Cesamet	Capsule	1 mg/1	Oral	MEDA Pharmaceuticals	2010-03-01	2020-03-31
Cesamet	Capsule	1 mg/1	Oral	Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America	2009-11-01	2017-11-13

Categories

ATC Codes

A04AD11 — Nabilone

• A04AD — Other antiemetics
• A04A — ANTIEMETICS AND ANTINAUSEANTS
• A04 — ANTIEMETICS AND ANTINAUSEANTS
• A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM

Drug Categories

• Agents producing tachycardia
• Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
• Antiemetics
• Antiemetics and Antinauseants
• Autonomic Agents
• Cannabinoids and similars
• Central Nervous System Agents
• Central Nervous System Depressants
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors (moderate)
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors (moderate)
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inhibitors
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inhibitors (weak)
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (weak)
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
• Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
• Drugs causing inadvertant photosensitivity
• Gastrointestinal Agents
• Hypotensive Agents
• Miscellaneous Antiemetics
• Peripheral Nervous System Agents
• Photosensitizing Agents
• Psychotropic Drugs
• Terpenes
• Tranquilizing Agents

Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire

Description

This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as naphthopyranones. These are compounds containing a naphthopyran skeleton where a ring carbon bears a carboxylic acid group. Naphthtopyran is made up of the pyran ring fused to a naphthalene ring system.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organoheterocyclic compounds

Class

Naphthopyrans

Sub Class

Naphthopyranones

Direct Parent

Naphthopyranones

Alternative Parents

2,2-dimethyl-1-benzopyrans / Alkyl aryl ethers / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Cyclic ketones / Oxacyclic compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives

Substituents

1-benzopyran / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid / 2,2-dimethyl-1-benzopyran / Alkyl aryl ether / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Benzenoid / Benzopyran / Carbonyl group / Chromane

Molecular Framework

Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds

External Descriptors

Not Available

Affected organisms

• Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII

2N4O9L084N

CAS number

51022-71-0

InChI Key

GECBBEABIDMGGL-RTBURBONSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C24H36O3/c1-6-7-8-9-12-23(2,3)16-13-20(26)22-18-15-17(25)10-11-19(18)24(4,5)27-21(22)14-16/h13-14,18-19,26H,6-12,15H2,1-5H3/t18-,19-/m1/s1

IUPAC Name

(6aR,10aR)-1-hydroxy-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6H,6aH,7H,8H,9H,10H,10aH-benzo[c]isochromen-9-one

SMILES

[H][C@@]12CC(=O)CC[C@@]1([H])C(C)(C)OC1=CC(=CC(O)=C21)C(C)(C)CCCCCC

References

General References

1. Cunningham D, Bradley CJ, Forrest GJ, Hutcheon AW, Adams L, Sneddon M, Harding M, Kerr DJ, Soukop M, Kaye SB: A randomized trial of oral nabilone and prochlorperazine compared to intravenous metoclopramide and dexamethasone in the treatment of nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy regimens containing cisplatin or cisplatin analogues. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1988 Apr;24(4):685-9. [Article]
2. Niiranen A, Mattson K: Antiemetic efficacy of nabilone and dexamethasone: a randomized study of patients with lung cancer receiving chemotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol. 1987 Aug;10(4):325-9. [Article]
3. Herman TS, Einhorn LH, Jones SE, Nagy C, Chester AB, Dean JC, Furnas B, Williams SD, Leigh SA, Dorr RT, Moon TE: Superiority of nabilone over prochlorperazine as an antiemetic in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 1979 Jun 7;300(23):1295-7. [Article]
4. Einhorn LH, Nagy C, Furnas B, Williams SD: Nabilone: an effective antiemetic in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. J Clin Pharmacol. 1981 Aug-Sep;21(8-9 Suppl):64S-69S. [Article]
5. Elsohly MA, Slade D: Chemical constituents of marijuana: the complex mixture of natural cannabinoids. Life Sci. 2005 Dec 22;78(5):539-48. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.011. Epub 2005 Sep 30. [Article]
6. Sharma P, Murthy P, Bharath MM: Chemistry, metabolism, and toxicology of cannabis: clinical implications. Iran J Psychiatry. 2012 Fall;7(4):149-56. [Article]
7. Baron EP: Comprehensive Review of Medicinal Marijuana, Cannabinoids, and Therapeutic Implications in Medicine and Headache: What a Long Strange Trip It's Been .... Headache. 2015 Jun;55(6):885-916. doi: 10.1111/head.12570. Epub 2015 May 25. [Article]
8. Kaur R, Ambwani SR, Singh S: Endocannabinoid System: A Multi-Facet Therapeutic Target. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2016;11(2):110-7. [Article]
9. FDA Approved Drug Products: Cesamet (nabilone) capsules for oral use [Link]

External Links

Human Metabolome Database

HMDB0014629

KEGG Drug

D05099

PubChem Compound

5284592

PubChem Substance

46505171

ChemSpider

4447641

BindingDB

50287941

RxNav

31447

ChEMBL

CHEMBL947

ZINC

ZINC000001542930

Therapeutic Targets Database

DAP000067

PharmGKB

PA164746998

Drugs.com

Drugs.com Drug Page

Wikipedia

Nabilone

FDA label

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Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Completed	Treatment	Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Peripheral neuropathy	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Diabetic Neuropathies	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Multiple Sclerosis	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Multiple Sclerosis / Neuropathic Pain	1
4	Not Yet Recruiting	Basic Science	Healthy Subjects (HS)	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

• Meda pharmaceuticals inc

Packagers

• Meda AB
• Valeant Ltd.

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Capsule	Oral	0.25 mg
Capsule	Oral	0.5 mg
Capsule	Oral	1 mg/1
Capsule	Oral	1 mg
Capsule	Oral	1.0 mg

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Cesamet 1 mg capsule	13.99USD	capsule
Cesamet 0.5 mg Capsule	3.49USD	capsule

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
logP	6.8	Not Available

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.000493 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	7.5	ALOGPS
logP	6.36	Chemaxon
logS	-5.9	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	9.33	Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-4.9	Chemaxon
Physiological Charge	0	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	3	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	1	Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area	46.53 Å2	Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count	6	Chemaxon
Refractivity	110.2 m3·mol-1	Chemaxon
Polarizability	44.91 Å3	Chemaxon
Number of Rings	3	Chemaxon
Bioavailability	1	Chemaxon
Rule of Five	No	Chemaxon
Ghose Filter	No	Chemaxon
Veber's Rule	No	Chemaxon
MDDR-like Rule	Yes	Chemaxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Property	Value	Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption	+	0.9954
Blood Brain Barrier	+	0.9575
Caco-2 permeable	+	0.7787
P-glycoprotein substrate	Substrate	0.8103
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I	Non-inhibitor	0.7926
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II	Inhibitor	0.6054
Renal organic cation transporter	Non-inhibitor	0.836
CYP450 2C9 substrate	Non-substrate	0.7385
CYP450 2D6 substrate	Non-substrate	0.8433
CYP450 3A4 substrate	Substrate	0.6842
CYP450 1A2 substrate	Non-inhibitor	0.6601
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.714
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9059
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.6521
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.8654
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity	Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	0.7642
Ames test	Non AMES toxic	0.8337
Carcinogenicity	Non-carcinogens	0.8598
Biodegradation	Not ready biodegradable	0.9948
Rat acute toxicity	2.5397 LD50, mol/kg	Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)	Weak inhibitor	0.9159
hERG inhibition (predictor II)	Non-inhibitor	0.7654

ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	splash10-0a6s-4059000000-d86f1fa9d2fb7b5aeb43
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-7019000000-1af180004615c75bf98e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-0009000000-9a67fce848ab43c6e760
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-0009000000-6662a9a158936e8d1fee
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-000i-5098000000-e1a2e4e0d120c5eac933
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-05g1-0089000000-ae181a8f3b1e4eb0ce22
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-0536-9021000000-ba8ae26d7564526c5aad
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable

Chromatographic Properties

Collision Cross Sections (CCS)

Adduct	CCS Value (Å2)	Source type	Source
[M-H]-	208.248468	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-	208.497168	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-	199.06223	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+	208.197468	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+	208.504968	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+	201.4578	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+	208.239868	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+	207.37032	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Details1. Cannabinoid receptor 2

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Yes

Actions

Partial agonist

General Function

Cannabinoid receptor activity

Specific Function

Heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptor for endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol mediating inhibition of adenylate cyclase. May function in inflammatory response, nociceptive transmission and b...

Gene Name

CNR2

Uniprot ID

P34972

Uniprot Name

Cannabinoid receptor 2

Molecular Weight

39680.275 Da

References

1. Conti S, Costa B, Colleoni M, Parolaro D, Giagnoni G: Antiinflammatory action of endocannabinoid palmitoylethanolamide and the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone in a model of acute inflammation in the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Jan;135(1):181-7. [Article]
2. Mendizabal VE, Adler-Graschinsky E: Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents in cardiovascular disease: a tale of passions and illusions. Br J Pharmacol. 2007 Jun;151(4):427-40. Epub 2007 Apr 23. [Article]
3. Davis M, Maida V, Daeninck P, Pergolizzi J: The emerging role of cannabinoid neuromodulators in symptom management. Support Care Cancer. 2007 Jan;15(1):63-71. Epub 2006 Dec 1. [Article]
4. Kraft B, Kress HG: [Cannabinoids and the immune system. Of men, mice and cells]. Schmerz. 2004 Jun;18(3):203-10. [Article]
5. Darmani NA: The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716A reverses the antiemetic and motor depressant actions of WIN 55, 212-2. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Oct 26;430(1):49-58. [Article]

Details2. Cannabinoid receptor 1

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Yes

Actions

Partial agonist

General Function

Drug binding

Specific Function

Involved in cannabinoid-induced CNS effects. Acts by inhibiting adenylate cyclase. Could be a receptor for anandamide. Inhibits L-type Ca(2+) channel current. Isoform 2 and isoform 3 have altered l...

Gene Name

CNR1

Uniprot ID

P21554

Uniprot Name

Cannabinoid receptor 1

Molecular Weight

52857.365 Da

References

1. Davis M, Maida V, Daeninck P, Pergolizzi J: The emerging role of cannabinoid neuromodulators in symptom management. Support Care Cancer. 2007 Jan;15(1):63-71. Epub 2006 Dec 1. [Article]
2. Darmani NA: The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716A reverses the antiemetic and motor depressant actions of WIN 55, 212-2. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 Oct 26;430(1):49-58. [Article]
3. Hirst RA, Almond SL, Lambert DG: Characterisation of the rat cerebella CB1 receptor using SR141716A, a central cannabinoid receptor antagonist. Neurosci Lett. 1996 Dec 13;220(2):101-4. [Article]
4. Pertwee RG: Cannabis and cannabinoids: pharmacology and rationale for clinical use. Forsch Komplementarmed. 1999 Oct;6 Suppl 3:12-5. [Article]
5. Pertwee RG, Fernando SR: Evidence for the presence of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in mouse urinary bladder. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Aug;118(8):2053-8. [Article]
6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]

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Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55