Identification
- Summary
Sotalol is a methane sulfonanilide beta adrenergic antagonist used to treat life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and to maintain sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter.
- Brand Names
- Betapace, Sorine, Sotylize
- Generic Name
- Sotalol
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00489
- Background
Sotalol is a methanesulfonanilide developed in 1960.6 It was the first of the class III anti arrhythmic drugs.6 Sotalol was first approved as an oral tablet on 30 October 1992.8 A racemic mixture of sotalol is currently formulated as a tablet, oral solution, and intravenous injection indicated for life threatening ventricular arrhythmias and maintaining normal sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter.Label,9,10
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Sotalol (DB00489)
- Weight
- Average: 272.364
Monoisotopic: 272.119463206 - Chemical Formula
- C12H20N2O3S
- Synonyms
- 4'-(1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl)methane sulfonanilide
- Sotalol
- Sotalolo
- Sotalolum
- β-cardone
- External IDs
- MJ 1999
Pharmacology
- Indication
Sotalol is indicated to treat life threatening ventricular arrhytmias and maintain normal sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter.Label There are also oral solutions and intravenous injections indicated for patients requiring sotalol, but for whom a tablet would not be appropriate.Label,9,10
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Maintenance of Sinus rhythm •••••••••••• •••••• •••••••••••• •• ••••••• •••••••••• ••••••••• •••••• Treatment of Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias •••••••••••• •••••••••• ••••••••• •••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Sotalol is a competitive inhibitor of the rapid potassium channel.2 This inhibition lengthens the duration of action potentials and the refractory period in the atria and ventricles.3,4 The inhibition of rapid potassium channels is increases as heart rate decreases, which is why adverse effects like torsades de points is more likely to be seen at lower heart rates.6 L-sotalol also has beta adrenergic receptor blocking activity seen above plasma concentrations of 800ng/L.6 The beta blocking ability of sotalol further prolongs action potentials.6 D-sotalol does not have beta blocking activity but also reduces a patient's heart rate while standing or exercising.6 These actions combine to produce a negative inotropic effect that reduces the strength of contractility of muscle cells in the heart.2 Extension of the QT interval is also adversely associated with the induction of arrhythmia in patients.4
Hyperglycemia is a greater risk for non insulin dependant diabetics than insulin dependant diabetics.7 Beta blockers inhibit insulin secretion which may cause hyperglycemia in type II diabetes mellitus.7 The risk of hypoglycemia is higher in insulin dependant diabetes than non insulin dependant diabetics.7 Beta blockers decrease secretion of insulin, which may mask hypoglycemia in an insulin dependant patient.7 Beta blockers also increase glucose uptake into cells which may prolong or potentiate hypoglycemia.7
Further information regarding adverse reactions can be found here.11
- Mechanism of action
Sotalol inhibits beta-1 adrenoceptors in the myocardium as well as rapid potassium channels to slow repolarization, lengthen the QT interval, and slow and shorten conduction of action potentials through the atria.2,3,4,5 The action of sotalol on beta adrenergic receptors lengthens the sinus node cycle, conduction time through the atrioventricular node, refractory period, and duration of action potentials.6
Target Actions Organism ABeta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonistHumans ABeta-2 adrenergic receptor antagonistHumans APotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 inhibitorHumans - Absorption
Sotalol is 90-100% bioavailable.Label,1 When taken with a meal, adsorption is lowered by 18%.Label,1 In patients with a creatinine clearance >80mL/min, the maximum concentration is 6.25±2.19.1
- Volume of distribution
- Protein binding
- Metabolism
- Route of elimination
80-90% of a given dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged sotalol.Label,1 A small fraction of the doses is excreted in the feces as unchanged sotalol.Label,1
- Half-life
The terminal elimination half life is 10-20 hours in healthy patients.Label,1 In patients with a creatinine clearance >80mL/min, the half life is 17.5±0.97h.1 In patients with a creatinine clearance 30-80mL/min, the half life is 22.7±6.4h.1 In patients with a creatinine clearance 10-30mL/min, the half life is 64±27.2h.1 In patients with a creatinine clearance <10mL/min, the half life is 97.9±57.3h.1
- Clearance
In patients with a creatinine clearance >80mL/min, the plasma clearance is 6.78±2.72L/h and the renal clearance is 4.99±1.43L/h.1 In patients with a creatinine clearance 30-80mL/min, the plasma clearance is 2.74±0.53L/h and the renal clearance is 2.00±0.67L/h.1 In patients with a creatinine clearance 10-30mL/min, the plasma clearance is 1.56±0.44L/h and the renal clearance is 0.65±0.31L/h.1 In patients with a creatinine clearance <10mL/min, the plasma clearance is 0.65±0.20L/h and the renal clearance is 0.27±0.13L/h.1
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Patients experiencing an overdose may present with bradycardia, congestive heart failure, hypotension, bronchospasm, and hypoglycemia.Label Larger intentional overdoses may present as hypotension, bradycardia, cardiac asystole, prolonged QT interval, torsade de pointes, ventricular tachycardia, and premature ventricular complexes.Label Stop administering sotalol and observe the patient until the QT interval returns to normal and the heart rate rises above 50 beats per minute.Label Hemodialysis may help lower plasma concentrations of sotalol as it is not bound to plasma proteins.Label Bradycardia and cardiac asystole may be treated with atropine, other anticholinergic drugs, beta adrenergic agonists, or transvenous cardiac pacing.Label. Second or third degree heart block may be treated with a transvenous cardiac pacemaker.Label Hypotension may be treated with epinephrine or norepinephrine.Label Bronchospasm may be treated with aminophylline or a beta-2 agonist, possibly at higher than normal doses.Label Torsade de pointes may be treated with DC cardioversion, transvenous cardiac pacing, epinephrine, or magnesium sulfate.Label
The oral LD50 for rats is 3450mg/kg, intraperitoneal LD50 for rats is 680mg/kg, oral LD50 for mice is 2600mg/kg, and intraperitoneal LD50 for mice is 670mg/kg.MSDS
Pregnant rabbits given 6 times the maximum recommended human dose showed an increase in fetal death and maternal toxicity, while rats given 18 times the maximum recommended human dose had an increased number of fetal resorptions.Label Sotalol is present in human breast milk so patients taking sotalol should not breast feed.Label
Sotalol has not been found to be carcinogenic.Label No studies have been performed regarding mutagenicity or clastogenicity.Label In animal studies, sotalol was not associated with a reduction in fertility aside from smaller litter sizes.Label
Further information regarding adverse reactions can be found here.11
- Pathways
Pathway Category Sotalol Action Pathway Drug action - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbaloparatide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sotalol is combined with Abaloparatide. Abatacept The metabolism of Sotalol can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abiraterone The metabolism of Sotalol can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone. Acarbose The risk or severity of hypoglycemia can be increased when Sotalol is combined with Acarbose. Acebutolol Sotalol may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Acebutolol. - Food Interactions
- Take with or without food. Oral sotalol with a meal reduces absorption by 20%.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Sotalol hydrochloride HEC37C70XX 959-24-0 VIDRYROWYFWGSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Biosotal (Sanofi-Aventis) / Cardol (Alphapharm) / Darob (Abbott) / Darob mite (Abbott) / Hipecor (Merck) / Loritmik (Krka) / Rytmobeta (Abbott) / Sotacor (Bristol-Myers Squibb) / Sotagard (GlaxoSmithKline) / Sotalex (Bristol-Myers Squibb) / Sotapor (Bristol-Myers Squibb) / Talozin (Adeka) / Tan Shi (Chia Tai Tianqing) / Xi An Lin (Changzhou Pharmaceutical Factory)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Betapace Tablet 120 mg/1 Oral Bayer 1992-10-30 2017-11-10 US 
Betapace Tablet 120 mg/1 Oral Legacy Pharma USA, Inc. 2016-09-01 Not applicable US Betapace Tablet 80 mg/1 Oral Covis Pharma US, Inc 2016-09-01 Not applicable US Betapace Tablet 80 mg/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 1992-10-30 2000-10-30 US Betapace Tablet 80 mg/1 Oral Legacy Pharma USA, Inc. 2016-09-01 Not applicable US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Apo-sotalol Tablet 160 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 1995-12-31 Not applicable Canada 
Apo-sotalol Tablet 80 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 1996-12-31 Not applicable Canada Ava-sotalol Tablet 80 mg Oral Avanstra Inc 2011-08-11 2014-08-21 Canada Ava-sotalol Tablet 160 mg Oral Avanstra Inc 2011-08-11 2014-08-21 Canada Dom-sotalol Tablet 160 mg Oral Dominion Pharmacal 1998-09-17 Not applicable Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- C07AA07 — Sotalol
- C07AA — Beta blocking agents, non-selective
- C07A — BETA BLOCKING AGENTS
- C07 — BETA BLOCKING AGENTS
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- C07BA — Beta blocking agents, non-selective, and thiazides
- C07B — BETA BLOCKING AGENTS AND THIAZIDES
- C07 — BETA BLOCKING AGENTS
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Adrenergic Agents
- Adrenergic Antagonists
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists
- Agents causing hyperkalemia
- Alcohols
- Amines
- Amino Alcohols
- Antiarrhythmic agents
- Autonomic Agents
- Beta Blocking Agents and Thiazides
- Beta Blocking Agents, Non-Selective
- Beta Blocking Agents, Non-Selective, and Thiazides
- Bradycardia-Causing Agents
- Cardiac Rhythm Alteration
- Cardiovascular Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Ethanolamines
- Highest Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents
- Hypotensive Agents
- Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Sympatholytics
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfanilides. These are organic aromatic compounds containing a sulfanilide moiety, with the general structure RS(=O)(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Sulfanilides
- Direct Parent
- Sulfanilides
- Alternative Parents
- Aralkylamines / Organosulfonamides / Organic sulfonamides / Aminosulfonyl compounds / Secondary alcohols / 1,2-aminoalcohols / Dialkylamines / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives show 1 more
- Substituents
- 1,2-aminoalcohol / Alcohol / Amine / Aminosulfonyl compound / Aralkylamine / Aromatic alcohol / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxide show 14 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- sulfonamide, secondary alcohol, secondary amino compound, ethanolamines (CHEBI:63622)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- A6D97U294I
- CAS number
- 3930-20-9
- InChI Key
- ZBMZVLHSJCTVON-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C12H20N2O3S/c1-9(2)13-8-12(15)10-4-6-11(7-5-10)14-18(3,16)17/h4-7,9,12-15H,8H2,1-3H3
- IUPAC Name
- N-(4-{1-hydroxy-2-[(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}phenyl)methanesulfonamide
- SMILES
- CC(C)NCC(O)C1=CC=C(NS(C)(=O)=O)C=C1
References
- General References
- Hanyok JJ: Clinical pharmacokinetics of sotalol. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Aug 12;72(4):19A-26A. [Article]
- Valdes SO, Miyake CY, Niu MC, de la Uz CM, Asaki SY, Landstrom AP, Schneider AE, Rusin CG, Patel R, Lam WW, Kim JJ: Early experience with intravenous sotalol in children with and without congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm. 2018 Dec;15(12):1862-1869. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.07.010. Epub 2018 Jul 10. [Article]
- Staudacher I, Illg C, Chai S, Deschenes I, Seehausen S, Gramlich D, Muller ME, Wieder T, Rahm AK, Mayer C, Schweizer PA, Katus HA, Thomas D: Cardiovascular pharmacology of K2P17.1 (TASK-4, TALK-2) two-pore-domain K(+) channels. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2018 Oct;391(10):1119-1131. doi: 10.1007/s00210-018-1535-z. Epub 2018 Jul 14. [Article]
- Orvos P, Kohajda Z, Szlovak J, Gazdag P, Arpadffy-Lovas T, Toth D, Geramipour A, Talosi L, Jost N, Varro A, Virag L: Evaluation of Possible Proarrhythmic Potency: Comparison of the Effect of Dofetilide, Cisapride, Sotalol, Terfenadine, and Verapamil on hERG and Native IKr Currents and on Cardiac Action Potential. Toxicol Sci. 2019 Apr 1;168(2):365-380. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy299. [Article]
- Gorre F, Vandekerckhove H: Beta-blockers: focus on mechanism of action. Which beta-blocker, when and why? Acta Cardiol. 2010 Oct;65(5):565-70. doi: 10.2143/AC.65.5.2056244. [Article]
- Kpaeyeh JA Jr, Wharton JM: Sotalol. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2016 Jun;8(2):437-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ccep.2016.02.007. [Article]
- Mills GA, Horn JR: Beta-blockers and glucose control. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1985 Apr;19(4):246-51. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Betapace (sotalol) tablets for oral use [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Sotalol hydrochloride for intravenous injection [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Sotylize (sotalol hydrochloride) solution for oral use [Link]
- Dailymed: Sotalol Tablets [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014632
- KEGG Compound
- C07309
- PubChem Compound
- 5253
- PubChem Substance
- 46505012
- ChemSpider
- 5063
- BindingDB
- 25762
- 9947
- ChEBI
- 63622
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL471
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000372
- PharmGKB
- PA451457
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Sotalol
- FDA label
- Download (93.8 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (24.4 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) 1 4 Completed Not Available Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (PAF) 1 4 Completed Other Cardiac Failure / Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) / Heart Failure / Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) / Heart Failure, Diastolic 2 4 Completed Prevention Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) 1 4 Completed Treatment Atrial Fibrillation 2
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Academic pharmaceuticals inc
- Bayer healthcare pharmaceuticals inc
- Upsher smith laboratories inc
- Amneal pharmaceutical
- Apotex inc
- Apotex inc etobicoke site
- Impax pharmaceuticals
- Mutual pharmaceutical co inc
- Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
- Sandoz inc
- Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
- Vintage pharmaceuticals inc
- Watson laboratories inc
- Packagers
- Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
- Amerisource Health Services Corp.
- Amneal Pharmaceuticals
- Apotex Inc.
- Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
- Bayer Healthcare
- Bioniche Pharma
- Cardinal Health
- Caremark LLC
- Direct Dispensing Inc.
- Dispensing Solutions
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- Eon Labs
- Genpharm LP
- Global Pharmaceuticals
- Golden State Medical Supply Inc.
- Heartland Repack Services LLC
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Mylan
- Novopharm Ltd.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Promex Medical Inc.
- Qualitest
- Rebel Distributors Corp.
- Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- Torpharm Inc.
- Upsher Smith Laboratories
- Vangard Labs Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral Tablet Oral 80 mg Tablet Oral 240 mg Injection, solution Intravenous 40 MG/4ML Tablet Oral 240 mg / tab Tablet Oral 40 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 80 mg Tablet Oral 320 MG Injection Intravenous 15 mg/1mL Tablet Oral 120 mg/1 Tablet Oral 160 mg/1 Tablet Oral 240 mg/1 Tablet Oral 80 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 40 MG Tablet Oral 160 mg / tab Tablet Oral 80 mg / tab Solution Oral 5 mg/1mL Tablet Oral 160 mg Injection, solution Intravenous - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Betapace AF 100 160 mg tablet Box 538.2USD box Betapace AF 60 120 mg tablet Bottle 311.06USD bottle Betapace 240 mg tablet 8.94USD tablet Sotalol hcl 150 mg/10 ml vial 7.8USD ml Betapace 160 mg tablet 6.87USD tablet Betapace af 160 mg tablet 6.24USD tablet Sorine 240 mg tablet 5.6USD tablet Betapace 120 mg tablet 5.5USD tablet Sotalol HCl 240 mg tablet 5.29USD tablet Sotalol 240 mg tablet 5.09USD tablet Betapace af 120 mg tablet 4.99USD tablet Sotalol HCl (AF) 160 mg tablet 4.45USD tablet Sorine 160 mg tablet 4.31USD tablet Sotalol af 160 mg tablet 4.27USD tablet Betapace 80 mg tablet 4.12USD tablet Sotalol HCl 160 mg tablet 4.07USD tablet Sotalol 160 mg tablet 3.92USD tablet Betapace af 80 mg tablet 3.74USD tablet Sotalol HCl (AF) 120 mg tablet 3.56USD tablet Sorine 120 mg tablet 3.46USD tablet Sotalol af 120 mg tablet 3.42USD tablet Sotalol HCl 120 mg tablet 3.26USD tablet Sotalol 120 mg tablet 3.13USD tablet Sotalol HCl 80 mg tablet 2.67USD tablet Sotalol HCl (AF) 80 mg tablet 2.67USD tablet Sorine 80 mg tablet 2.61USD tablet Sotalol af 80 mg tablet 2.56USD tablet Sotalol 80 mg tablet 2.35USD tablet Apo-Sotalol 160 mg Tablet 0.68USD tablet Co Sotalol 160 mg Tablet 0.68USD tablet Mylan-Sotalol 160 mg Tablet 0.68USD tablet Novo-Sotalol 160 mg Tablet 0.68USD tablet Nu-Sotalol 160 mg Tablet 0.68USD tablet Pms-Sotalol 160 mg Tablet 0.68USD tablet Ratio-Sotalol 160 mg Tablet 0.68USD tablet Sandoz Sotalol 160 mg Tablet 0.68USD tablet Apo-Sotalol 80 mg Tablet 0.62USD tablet Co Sotalol 80 mg Tablet 0.62USD tablet Mylan-Sotalol 80 mg Tablet 0.62USD tablet Novo-Sotalol 80 mg Tablet 0.62USD tablet Nu-Sotalol 80 mg Tablet 0.62USD tablet Pms-Sotalol 80 mg Tablet 0.62USD tablet Ratio-Sotalol 80 mg Tablet 0.62USD tablet Sandoz Sotalol 80 mg Tablet 0.62USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US9724297 No 2017-08-08 2035-08-31 US US10206895 No 2019-02-19 2034-04-01 US US10512620 No 2019-12-24 2038-08-18 US US11013703 No 2021-05-25 2034-04-01 US US10799138 No 2020-10-13 2039-04-05 US US11583216 No 2019-08-21 2039-08-21 US US11696902 No 2018-08-14 2038-08-14 US US11850222 No 2014-11-19 2034-11-19 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 206.75 http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5063.html boiling point (°C) 443.3 http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5063.html - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.782 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 0.85 ALOGPS logP -0.4 Chemaxon logS -2.5 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 10.07 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.43 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 78.43 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 5 Chemaxon Refractivity 71.12 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 29.34 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 1 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.995 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9382 Caco-2 permeable - 0.8957 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.6708 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.8881 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9638 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9514 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7392 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8296 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6194 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9046 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.907 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9231 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9026 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8807 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.8276 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9133 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.587 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9949 Rat acute toxicity 2.2873 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.846 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8701
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 177.5494325 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 165.8113 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 177.8432325 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 168.1693 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 177.4933325 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 174.26244 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Receptor signaling protein activity
- Specific Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately e...
- Gene Name
- ADRB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08588
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 51322.1 Da
References
- Lowe MD, Lynham JA, Grace AA, Kaumann AJ: Comparison of the affinity of beta-blockers for two states of the beta 1-adrenoceptor in ferret ventricular myocardium. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Jan;135(2):451-61. [Article]
- Joseph SS, Lynham JA, Colledge WH, Kaumann AJ: Binding of (-)-[3H]-CGP12177 at two sites in recombinant human beta 1-adrenoceptors and interaction with beta-blockers. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 May;369(5):525-32. Epub 2004 Apr 2. [Article]
- Yalcin I, Choucair-Jaafar N, Benbouzid M, Tessier LH, Muller A, Hein L, Freund-Mercier MJ, Barrot M: beta(2)-adrenoceptors are critical for antidepressant treatment of neuropathic pain. Ann Neurol. 2009 Feb;65(2):218-25. doi: 10.1002/ana.21542. [Article]
- Doggrell SA: The effects of (+/-)-, (+)-, and (-)-atenolol, sotalol, and amosulalol on the rat left atria and portal vein. Chirality. 1993;5(1):8-14. [Article]
- Juberg EN, Minneman KP, Abel PW: Beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor binding and functional response in right and left atria of rat heart. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1985 Sep;330(3):193-202. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately ...
- Gene Name
- ADRB2
- Uniprot ID
- P07550
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 46458.32 Da
References
- Lowe MD, Lynham JA, Grace AA, Kaumann AJ: Comparison of the affinity of beta-blockers for two states of the beta 1-adrenoceptor in ferret ventricular myocardium. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Jan;135(2):451-61. [Article]
- Joseph SS, Lynham JA, Colledge WH, Kaumann AJ: Binding of (-)-[3H]-CGP12177 at two sites in recombinant human beta 1-adrenoceptors and interaction with beta-blockers. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 May;369(5):525-32. Epub 2004 Apr 2. [Article]
- Yalcin I, Choucair-Jaafar N, Benbouzid M, Tessier LH, Muller A, Hein L, Freund-Mercier MJ, Barrot M: beta(2)-adrenoceptors are critical for antidepressant treatment of neuropathic pain. Ann Neurol. 2009 Feb;65(2):218-25. doi: 10.1002/ana.21542. [Article]
- Doggrell SA: The effects of (+/-)-, (+)-, and (-)-atenolol, sotalol, and amosulalol on the rat left atria and portal vein. Chirality. 1993;5(1):8-14. [Article]
- Juberg EN, Minneman KP, Abel PW: Beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor binding and functional response in right and left atria of rat heart. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1985 Sep;330(3):193-202. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization
- Specific Function
- Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel. Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly. Mediates the rapidly activating component of the ...
- Gene Name
- KCNH2
- Uniprot ID
- Q12809
- Uniprot Name
- Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 126653.52 Da
References
- Shimizu W, Antzelevitch C: Effects of a K(+) channel opener to reduce transmural dispersion of repolarization and prevent torsade de pointes in LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3 models of the long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2000 Aug 8;102(6):706-12. [Article]
- Numaguchi H, Mullins FM, Johnson JP Jr, Johns DC, Po SS, Yang IC, Tomaselli GF, Balser JR: Probing the interaction between inactivation gating and Dd-sotalol block of HERG. Circ Res. 2000 Nov 24;87(11):1012-8. [Article]
- Wolpert C, Schimpf R, Giustetto C, Antzelevitch C, Cordeiro J, Dumaine R, Brugada R, Hong K, Bauersfeld U, Gaita F, Borggrefe M: Further insights into the effect of quinidine in short QT syndrome caused by a mutation in HERG. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005 Jan;16(1):54-8. [Article]
- Wolpert C, Schimpf R, Veltmann C, Giustetto C, Gaita F, Borggrefe M: Clinical characteristics and treatment of short QT syndrome. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2005 Jul;3(4):611-7. [Article]
- Fedida D, Orth PM, Hesketh JC, Ezrin AM: The role of late I and antiarrhythmic drugs in EAD formation and termination in Purkinje fibers. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006 May;17 Suppl 1:S71-S78. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Iwaki M, Niwa T, Bandoh S, Itoh M, Hirose H, Kawase A, Komura H: Application of substrate depletion assay to evaluation of CYP isoforms responsible for stereoselective metabolism of carvedilol. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2016 Dec;31(6):425-432. doi: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.08.007. Epub 2016 Sep 2. [Article]
- Brodde OE, Kroemer HK: Drug-drug interactions of beta-adrenoceptor blockers. Arzneimittelforschung. 2003;53(12):814-22. [Article]
- Sternieri E, Coccia CP, Pinetti D, Guerzoni S, Ferrari A: Pharmacokinetics and interactions of headache medications, part II: prophylactic treatments. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2006 Dec;2(6):981-1007. doi: 10.1517/17425255.2.6.981 . [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55