Identification
- Summary
Lactulose is a disaccharide derivative of lactose used to treat constipation and portal systemic encephalopathy.
- Brand Names
- Constulose, Enulose, Generlac, Kristalose
- Generic Name
- Lactulose
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00581
- Background
Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide derivative of lactose that is most commonly used as a laxative agent despite also being formally indicated to serve as an adjunct therapy in treating portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE).Label,3,4 Despite being first synthesized in 19291, investigations regarding its possible use as a laxative for the treatment of chronic constipation did not occur until the 1960s and its first clinical use for treating PSE was not until 1966.4
Nevertheless, although lactulose received formal FDA approval in 1977 and has since become a readily available generic and brand-name non-prescription medication listed on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines as one of the most effective and safe medicines employed in a health system5, data regarding its optimal place in therapy is often ambiguous.4
Especially considering the use of lactulose as a laxative is typically only considered after lifestyle and dietary modifications fail and the fact that lactulose therapy cannot be ethically withheld from patients diagnosed with PSE in a placebo study, the substance may just be one of many options available for treating constipation and its efficacy in managing PSE may never be formally confirmed or refuted via clinical investigation.4
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Lactulose (DB00581)
- Weight
- Average: 342.2965
Monoisotopic: 342.116211546 - Chemical Formula
- C12H22O11
- Synonyms
- 4-O-beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose
- 4-O-beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-fructose
- Lactulosa
- Lactulose
- Lactulosum
Pharmacology
- Indication
Lactulose is indicated for use as a laxative in the treatment of chronic constipation in adults and geriatric patients.Label,3,4
Additionally, lactulose is also employed as an adjunct to protein restriction and supportive therapy for the prevention and treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE), including both the hepatic pre-coma and coma variations.Label,3,4 In particular, lactulose solution has been effective at managing PSE resulting from surgical portacaval shunts or from chronic hepatic diseases like cirrhosis.3
Moreover, there have also been studies demonstrating the capacity for lactulose to minimize the formation of gallstones and even some investigations regarding the experimental use of the agent in developing novel anticancer agents owing to its ability to bind galactin carbohydrates involved in various tumor progressions 4.
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Constipation •••••••••••• •••••••• Treatment of Hepatic encephalopathy •••••••••••• •••••••• Prophylaxis of Hepatic encephalopathy •••••••••••• •••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Lactulose formulations are most commonly administered via the oral route or the rectal route.4 Consequently, because the substance experiences minimal absorption by the gut it typically remains localized in the gastrointestinal tract environment and ultimately demonstrates almost all of its pharmacologic effects within the gut.Label,3,4 In particular, as lactulose elicits its laxative effects in enhancing stool amounts and softening stool, such biochemical and physiologic activities can cause increased bowel sounds (borborygmi), a feeling of bloatedness, belching, frequent flatus, and diarrhea.Label,3,4
- Mechanism of action
Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide derivative of lactose that consists of one molecule of galactose and one molecule of fructose.Label,3,4 Saccharolytic bacteria present in the large intestine subsequently break the substance down into organic acids like lactic acid and small amounts of formic and acetic acids.Label,3,4 Such resultant volatile fatty acid metabolites, in combination with hydrogen and methane that is also generated consequently enhance intraluminal gas formation, peristaltic gut motility, and elicit an osmotic effect that facilitates an increase in the water content of stool as well as associated stool softening.Label,3,4 All of these actions ultimately assist in facilitating and increasing the frequency of bowel movements in patients experiencing constipation, although it may take 24 to 48 hours after using the medication for this laxative effect to become evident.Label,3,4
At the same time, the formation of such acids via the metabolism of lactulose by colonic bacteria also acidifies the contents of the colon, thereby contributing to the treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE).Label,3,4 As one of the principal features of PSE involves the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products like ammonia in the systemic circulation, a state in which the colonic contents become more acidic than blood allows ammonia in the circulation to diffuse into the colon.Label,3,4. Furthermore, ammonia that diffuses into the acidic colon is ionized to ammonium ions that are incapable of being absorbed back into the blood.Label,3,4 These effects, combined with the laxative action of lactulose facilitates the excretion of excess ammonia.Label,3,4 And finally, it is also believed that an acidic colonic environment results in the elimination of urease-producing bacteria that contribute to the formation of ammonia while surviving colonic bacteria use up any trapped ammonia in the colon as a source of nitrogen for protein synthesis.4
Target Actions Organism UEvolved beta-galactosidase subunit alpha otherEscherichia coli (strain K12) - Absorption
After administration by the oral route, less than 3% of the given dose of lactulose solution is absorbed by the small intestine.3 The remaining unabsorbed lactulose reaches the large intestine where it is metabolized - but even then, negligible quantities of unchanged lactulose or its metabolites are absorbed across the colon.3,4
- Volume of distribution
Negligible amounts of lactulose - metabolized or non-metabolized - are absorbed into the body.Label,3,4. Most lactulose that is administered subsequently remains predominantly around the gastrointestinal tract area.
- Protein binding
Negligible amounts of lactulose - metabolized or non-metabolized - are absorbed into the body.Label,3,4. Regardless, data regarding the protein binding of lactulose is not readily available or accessible.
- Metabolism
Lactulose is essentially only metabolized in the colon by saccharolytic bacteria that are present there.Label,3,4 In particular, the substance is broken down into lactic acid and small amounts of acetic and formic acid.Label,3,4 Specific examples of bacteria that normally inhabit the large intestine that are capable of lactulose metabolism include Lactobacilli, Bacteroides, Escherichia coli, and Clostridia.3
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
The renal excretion of any lactulose that manages to be absorbed into the circulation has been determined to be 3% or less and is generally complete within 24 hours.Label Any unabsorbed lactulose is largely excreted with stool.Label,3,4
- Half-life
The data regarding the half-life of lactulose is not readily available or accessible.
- Clearance
Negligible amounts of lactulose - metabolized or non-metabolized - are absorbed into the body.Label,3,4. Regardless, data regarding the clearance of lactulose is not readily available or accessible.
- Adverse Effects
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It has been documented that the oral LD50 of lactulose is 48.8 mL/kg in mice and more than 30 mL/ kg in rats.Label,3,4
It is expected that overdosage with lactulose would result in abdominal cramps and diarrhea, both of which should be treated with fluid and electrolyte replacement as required.Label,3,4
Considering the use of lactulose during pregnancy in humans has not been formally investigated, the agent should only be used during pregnancy only when clearly needed.Label,3,4 Similarly, it is unknown whether lactulose is distributed into human breastmilk.Label,3,4 Use of the medication in nursing women should subsequently be undertaken with caution.Label,3,4
Reproduction studies in rats, mice, and rabbits have not revealed any evidence of impaired fertility as a result of administering lactulose.Label,3,4
Data regarding the safety and efficacy of using lactulose in children for the treatment of chronic constipation or portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE) is either very limited or yet to be established.Label,3,4
Information regarding the long-term mutagenic potential of lactulose solution in animals or humans and about the long-term carcinogenic potential in humans are not available.Label,3,4
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAcenocoumarol The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Lactulose is combined with Acenocoumarol. Acetazolamide The risk or severity of dehydration can be increased when Acetazolamide is combined with Lactulose. Acetyl sulfisoxazole The therapeutic efficacy of Lactulose can be decreased when used in combination with Acetyl sulfisoxazole. Aclidinium The therapeutic efficacy of Lactulose can be decreased when used in combination with Aclidinium. Alfentanil The therapeutic efficacy of Lactulose can be decreased when used in combination with Alfentanil. - Food Interactions
- Drink plenty of fluids. This drug may cause fluid loss.
- Take with or without food.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- International/Other Brands
- Bifiteral (Abbott) / Cephulac / Cholac (Alra) / Chronulac / Constilac (Alra) / Laevolac (Roche)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Lactulose Solution 10 g/15mL Oral; Rectal ANI Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2008-12-16 2008-12-16 US 
Lactulose Solution 10 g/15mL Oral ANI Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2009-05-21 2009-05-21 US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Constulose Solution 10 g/15mL Oral Actavis Mid Atlantic LLC, 2007-01-03 2012-02-29 US Constulose Solution 10 g/15mL Oral A-S Medication Solutions 2011-02-28 Not applicable US Constulose Solution 10 g/15mL Oral Actavis Pharma, Inc. 2011-02-28 Not applicable US Enulose Solution 10 g/15mL Oral; Rectal bryant ranch prepack 2011-02-28 Not applicable US Enulose Liquid 10 g/15mL Oral; Rectal Actavis Pharma, LLC 1990-10-31 2012-08-31 US - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image ANPROLAC SOLUTION 670mg/ml Solution Oral MALAYSIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES SDN. BHD. 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia 
AVELAC ORAL SOLUTION 667mg/ml Solution Oral APEX PHARMACY MARKETING SDN. BHD. 2020-09-08 Not applicable Malaysia Cephulac Syr 667mg/ml Syrup 667 mg / mL Oral Hoechst Marion Roussel 1995-12-31 1998-08-12 Canada 
Chronulac Syr Syrup 667 mg Oral Merrell Pharms Inc., Division Of Merrell Dow (Can) 1977-12-31 1996-09-09 Canada Chronulac Syr 667mg/ml Syrup 667 mg / mL Oral Hoechst Marion Roussel 1996-12-31 1998-08-12 Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- A06AD61 — Lactulose, combinations
- A06AD — Osmotically acting laxatives
- A06A — DRUGS FOR CONSTIPATION
- A06 — DRUGS FOR CONSTIPATION
- A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as o-glycosyl compounds. These are glycoside in which a sugar group is bonded through one carbon to another group via a O-glycosidic bond.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic oxygen compounds
- Class
- Organooxygen compounds
- Sub Class
- Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
- Direct Parent
- O-glycosyl compounds
- Alternative Parents
- Disaccharides / C-glycosyl compounds / Oxanes / Tetrahydrofurans / Secondary alcohols / Hemiacetals / Polyols / Oxacyclic compounds / Acetals / Primary alcohols show 1 more
- Substituents
- Acetal / Alcohol / Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound / C-glycosyl compound / Disaccharide / Hemiacetal / Hydrocarbon derivative / O-glycosyl compound / Organoheterocyclic compound / Oxacycle show 5 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- glycosylfructose (CHEBI:6359)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 9XH2P2N8EP
- CAS number
- 4618-18-2
- InChI Key
- JCQLYHFGKNRPGE-FCVZTGTOSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)7(17)8(18)11(21-4)22-9-5(2-14)23-12(20,3-15)10(9)19/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6+,7+,8-,9-,10+,11+,12-/m1/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
- SMILES
- OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O
References
- Synthesis Reference
Renato Carobbi, Franco Innocenti, "Process for preparing high-purity lactulose syrup and the syrup obtained." U.S. Patent US4978397, issued April, 1961.
US4978397- General References
- Schumann C: Medical, nutritional and technological properties of lactulose. An update. Eur J Nutr. 2002 Nov;41 Suppl 1:I17-25. doi: 10.1007/s00394-002-1103-6. [Article]
- Canadian Pharmacists Association (2019). Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties. Canadian Pharmacists Association.
- Lactulose Canadian Product Monograph [Link]
- NCBI StatPearls [Internet]: Lactulose [Link]
- WHO Model List of Essential Medicines 19th List (April 2015 - Amended November 2015) [Link]
- DailyMed: lactulose solution [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000740
- KEGG Drug
- D00352
- KEGG Compound
- C07064
- PubChem Compound
- 11333
- PubChem Substance
- 46506757
- ChemSpider
- 10856
- BindingDB
- 50377984
- 6218
- ChEBI
- 6359
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL296306
- ZINC
- ZINC000003977952
- PharmGKB
- PA164748762
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Lactulose
- PDB Entries
- 3w9t / 6b8k / 6b94 / 6nwm
- FDA label
- Download (151 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (73.6 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Not Available Osteopenia (Disorder) 1 4 Completed Basic Science Motility Disorder of Intestine / Ondansetron / Small Bowel Water 1 4 Completed Basic Science Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1 4 Completed Prevention Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) 1 4 Completed Treatment Cirrhosis of the Liver / Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Inalco spa
- Sanofi aventis us llc
- Alra laboratories inc
- Actavis mid atlantic llc
- Solvay pharmaceuticals
- Teva pharmaceuticals usa
- Ani pharmaceuticals inc
- Hi tech pharmacal co inc
- Morton grove pharmaceuticals inc
- Novex pharma
- Paco pharmaceutical services inc
- Pharmaceutical assoc inc div beach products
- Roxane laboratories inc
- Vintage pharmaceuticals inc
- Vistapharm inc
- Nostrum laboratories inc
- Packagers
- Actavis Group
- Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
- Anip Acquisition Co.
- Apotex Inc.
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- Bay Pharma Inc.
- Cardinal Health
- Cumberland Pharmaceuticals
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- DPT Laboratories Ltd.
- Goldline Laboratories Inc.
- H.J. Harkins Co. Inc.
- Hi Tech Pharmacal Co. Inc.
- Infra SRL
- Innoviant Pharmacy Inc.
- Ivers Lee Division Of Jones Packaging Inc.
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- Merrell Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Moeller Pharma GmbH and Co. KG
- Novex Pharma
- Palmetto Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Pharmaceutical Association
- Pharmaceutical Packaging Center
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Precision Dose Inc.
- Qualitest
- Ratiopharm Inc.
- Resolution Chemicals Ltd.
- Roxane Labs
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals
- United Research Laboratories Inc.
- Vintage Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Vistapharm Inc.
- Watson Pharmaceuticals
- Wockhardt Ltd.
- Xactdose Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Syrup Oral 3.335 g/5mL Powder Parenteral 10 g/10g Solution Oral 667 MG/ML Syrup Oral 667 mg / mL Syrup Oral 667 mg Syrup Oral; Rectal 10 g / 15 mL Solution Oral 66.7 g Syrup Oral Granule Powder Oral 95 g / 100 g Syrup Oral 66.700 g Powder Oral 950 mg / g Syrup Oral 67 g/100ml Liquid Oral; Rectal 10 g/15mL Granule, for solution Oral 3 g Granule, for solution Oral 9 g Syrup 65 % Granule, for solution Oral 12 G Granule, for solution Oral 6 G Powder, for solution Oral 12 g Powder, for solution Oral 3 g Powder, for solution Oral 6 g Powder, for solution Oral 9 g Solution Oral 200 ML Solution Oral 400 ML Syrup Oral 65 % Solution Oral 670 MG/ML Liquid Oral 667 mg / mL Solution Oral 667 mg / mL Powder, for solution Oral 10 g/10g Powder, for solution Oral 20 g/20g Solution Oral 650 mg/ml Syrup Oral 670 mg/ml Syrup Oral 66.66 g Syrup Oral 10 g / 15 mL Solution Oral 10 g/10g Solution Oral 10 g/15mL Solution Oral 20 g/30mL Solution Oral; Rectal 10 g/15mL Syrup Oral 66.7 G/100ML Solution Oral Solution Oral 10 g / 15 mL Syrup Oral 650 mg/ml Syrup Oral 66.7 g Syrup Oral 66 % w/v Powder, for solution Oral Syrup 670 mg/ml Powder, for solution Oral 10 g Powder, for solution Oral 5 g Syrup Oral 180 ML Syrup Oral 370 ML Syrup Oral 66.6 % Syrup Oral 66.7 MG Syrup Oral 66.7 % Syrup Oral 90 ML Syrup 67.0 G/100ML Granule, for solution Rectal 200 G Syrup 66.7 % Syrup 66.7 G/100ML Granule, for solution Oral Granule, for solution Oral 10 G Syrup Powder Oral Syrup 667 mg/ml Syrup Oral 10 g/15ml Syrup Oral 120 ML Syrup Oral 200 ML Syrup Oral 250 ML Syrup Oral 400 ML Syrup Oral 66.660 g Solution Oral 667 mg Syrup Oral 667 mg/ml Syrup 300 ML Syrup Oral 66.666 g Drug delivery system Oral 5.000 g Gel Oral 35.0000 g Solution Oral 3.35 G/5ml Syrup Oral 3.3 g / 5 mL - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Kristalose 30 20 gm Packets Box 83.93USD box Kristalose 30 10 gm Packets Box 57.57USD box Enulose 10 gm/15ml Solution 473ml Bottle 37.83USD bottle Kristalose 20 gm packet 2.04USD each Kristalose 10 gm packet 1.67USD each Constulose 10 gm/15 ml soln 0.09USD ml Enulose 10 gm/15 ml solution 0.08USD ml Lactulose Encephalopathy 10 gm/15ml Solution 0.08USD ml Lactulose 10 gm/15ml Solution 0.07USD ml Generlac 10 gm/15 ml solution 0.05USD ml Apo-Lactulose 667 mg/ml Syrup 0.02USD ml Jamp-Lactulose 667 mg/ml Syrup 0.02USD ml Pms-Lactulose 667 mg/ml Syrup 0.02USD ml Ratio-Lactulose 667 mg/ml Syrup 0.02USD ml DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 169 °C http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000740 water solubility Soluble in cold water, hot water. Solubility in water: 76.4% @ 30 deg. C MSDS logP -4.3 http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000740 - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 792.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -3.3 ALOGPS logP -4.5 Chemaxon logS 0.36 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 10.28 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -3 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 11 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 8 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 189.53 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 5 Chemaxon Refractivity 68.77 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 31.48 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 2 Chemaxon Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption - 0.8407 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.6609 Caco-2 permeable - 0.8957 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.5805 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.8575 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9425 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.849 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8745 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.854 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6605 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9472 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9556 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9386 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9134 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9774 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9619 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9421 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9569 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.6719 Rat acute toxicity 1.2563 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9692 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8684
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 173.2040044 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 170.5131044 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 172.5874044 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 164.92552 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 171.6453044 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 170.8847044 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 173.2331044 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 167.05919 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 171.6539044 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 180.616107 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 172.5380044 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 172.885 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Other
- General Function
- Carbohydrate binding
- Specific Function
- The wild-type enzyme is an ineffective lactase. Two classes of point mutations dramatically improve activity of the enzyme.
- Gene Name
- ebgA
- Uniprot ID
- P06864
- Uniprot Name
- Evolved beta-galactosidase subunit alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 117878.225 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Bjarnason I, Batt R, Catt S, Macpherson A, Maxton D, Menzies IS: Evaluation of differential disaccharide excretion in urine for non-invasive investigation of altered intestinal disaccharidase activity caused by alpha-glucosidase inhibition, primary hypolactasia, and coeliac disease. Gut. 1996 Sep;39(3):374-81. [Article]
- Cook GC: Breath hydrogen concentrations after oral lactose and lactulose in tropical malabsorption and adult hypolactasia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1978;72(3):277-81. [Article]
- Noone C, Menzies IS, Banatvala JE, Scopes JW: Intestinal permeability and lactose hydrolysis in human rotaviral gastroenteritis assessed simultaneously by non-invasive differential sugar permeation. Eur J Clin Invest. 1986 Jun;16(3):217-25. [Article]
- Hall BG, Malik HS: Determining the evolutionary potential of a gene. Mol Biol Evol. 1998 Aug;15(8):1055-61. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55