Clorazepic acid

Identification

Summary

Clorazepic acid is a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety, partial seizures, and alcohol withdrawal.

Generic Name
Clorazepic acid
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00628
Background

Clorazepic acid (clorazepate) is a water-soluble benzodiazepine with muscle-relaxant and anticonvulsant actions effective in the treatment of anxiety.1,8 Following administration, clorazepate is rapidly converted to nordiazepam (N-desmethyldiazepam), its active metabolite, before entering systemic circulation. Similar to other benzodiazepines, the active metabolite of clorazepate enhances the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to the GABA type A (GABA-A) receptor, which promotes channel opening and neuronal hyperpolarization.5,7 The concomitant use of clorazepate and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Also, the use of clorazepate exposes users to users to the risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction, and its continued use may lead to significant physical dependence. In September 2020, a black box warning describing these risks was included on the product label of benzodiazepines as per FDA regulation.9 Clorazepate and its active metabolite, nordiazepam, are present in breast milk.2,8

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Illicit
Structure
Weight
Average: 314.723
Monoisotopic: 314.045819935
Chemical Formula
C16H11ClN2O3
Synonyms
  • 7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2,2-dihydroxy-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic acid
  • Chlorazepate
  • Clorazepate
  • Clorazepic acid
External IDs
  • 4306-CB FREE ACID
  • 4311 CB
  • Abbott 35616
  • AH 3232
  • CB 4306
  • Ro 6-6616
  • TR 19119

Pharmacology

Indication

Clorazepate is indicated for the management of anxiety disorders or the short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety. It is also used as adjunctive therapy in the management of partial seizures and for the symptomatic relief of acute alcohol withdrawal.8

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Symptomatic treatment ofAcute alcohol withdrawal••••••••••••
Management ofGeneralized anxiety disorders••••••••••••
Adjunct therapy in treatment ofPartial seizures••••••••••••
Symptomatic treatment ofAcute anxiety••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacologically, clorazepate has the characteristics of benzodiazepines. Studies in healthy men have shown that clorazepate has depressant effects on the central nervous system. Since orally administered clorazepate dipotassium is rapidly decarboxylated to form nordiazepam, there is essentially no circulating parent drug.8 The use of benzodiazepines, including clorazepate, exposes users to abuse, misuse, and addiction risks, which can lead to overdose and death. Patients treated with clorazepate may also develop suicidal behavior and ideation, and the use of clorazepate may cause interference with psychomotor performance. The concomitant use of clorazepate with opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death.8

Mechanism of action

Clorazepate is a benzodiazepine with depressant effects on the central nervous system.8 Benzodiazepines are able to enhance the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to the GABA type A (GABA-A) receptor by binding to a region in the extracellular domain found at the interface between the alpha (α) and gamma (γ) subunits of the GABA-A receptor. The interaction of GABA and the GABA-A receptor promotes channel opening, leading to an increased chloride influx. Consequently, the use of benzodiazepines, such as clorazepate, leads to neuronal hyperpolarization.5,7

TargetActionsOrganism
AGABA(A) Receptor
positive allosteric modulator
Humans
AGABA(A) Receptor Benzodiazepine Binding Site
ligand
Humans
Absorption

Clorazepate is a prodrug for nordiazepam, and this conversion occurs almost entirely before entering systemic circulation. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic parameters of clorazepate are based on nordiazepam concentrations. In healthy volunteers given a 20 mg oral dose of clorazepate, nordiazepam had a peak plasma level of 356 ng/mL, which was reached approximately 0.9 h after the administration of clorazepate.3 The plasma levels of nordiazepam increase proportionally with the clorazepate dose and show moderate accumulation with repeated administration.8 The oral bioavailability of clorazepate is 91%.6

Volume of distribution

Following a single 20 mg intravenous dose, the volume of distribution of nordiazepam (active metabolite of clorazepate) was 1.24 L/kg.3

Protein binding

The protein binding of nordiazepam (active metabolite of clorazepate) in plasma is high (97-98%).8

Metabolism

Clorazepate is metabolized in the liver and excreted mainly through urine.8 Following oral administration, clorazepate is decarboxylated by the gastric acid of the stomach before absorption.4 The primary metabolite, nordiazepam, is further metabolized by hydroxylation. The major urinary metabolite is conjugated oxazepam (3-hydroxynordiazepam), and smaller amounts of conjugated p-hydroxynordiazepam and nordiazepam are also found in the urine.8

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

Clorazepate is mainly excreted through urine and feces. In two volunteers given 15 mg of [14C]-clorazepate, 62-67% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine and 15-19% was eliminated in the feces within 10 days. On day 10, both subjects were still excreting about 1% of the [14C]-dose in the urine.8

Half-life

The serum half-life of clorazepate is approximately 2 days. Nordiazepam, the primary metabolite, quickly appears in the blood and is eliminated from the plasma with an apparent half-life of about 40 to 50 hours.8

Clearance

Following a single 20 mg intravenous dose, nordiazepam (the active metabolite of clorazepate) had a total clearance of 0.24 mL/min/kg.3

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The overdosage of benzodiazepines, such as clorazepate, is characterized by central nervous system (CNS) depression ranging from drowsiness to coma. In mild to moderate cases, symptoms can include drowsiness, confusion, dysarthria, lethargy, hypnotic state, diminished reflexes, ataxia, and hypotonia. Paradoxical or disinhibitory reactions are rare but may occur. In severe cases, patients experiencing a benzodiazepine overdose may develop respiratory depression and coma. Overdosage of benzodiazepines in combination with other CNS depressants may be fatal. General supportive measures, including intravenous fluids and airway management, should be used to manage a benzodiazepine overdose. The use of flumazenil for the complete or partial reversal of benzodiazepine-sedative effects during an overdose can lead to withdrawal and adverse reactions. Refer to the product label of clorazepate for additional overdosage management recommendations.8

In rats, the oral LD50 of clorazepate is 1320 mg/kg, and in monkeys, it exceeds 1600 mg/kg. In animal reproduction studies, clorazepate did not affect fertility indices or the reproductive capacity of adult animals.8

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
1,2-BenzodiazepineThe risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Clorazepic acid is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine.
AbacavirClorazepic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Clorazepic acid can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AceclofenacAceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Clorazepic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
AcemetacinAcemetacin may decrease the excretion rate of Clorazepic acid which could result in a higher serum level.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol. The concomitant use of clorazepate and alcohol may lead to an increased frequency of serious adverse outcomes.
  • Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Clorazepate dipotassium63FN7G03XY57109-90-7QCHSEDTUUKDTIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Product Images
International/Other Brands
Anksen (Sanovel) / Calner (Medipharm) / Cloranxen (Teva) / Clorazepatum (sanofi-aventis) / Clozene (Weidar) / Dipot (Asian) / Flulium (Pharmasant) / Gen-xene (Alra) / Justum (Sandoz) / Manotran (March) / Medipax (Tecnifar) / Mendon (Abbott Japan) / Polizep (Polipharm) / Tencilan (Finadiet) / Trancap (T P Drug) / Transene (sanofi-aventis) / Tranxen (sanofi-aventis) / Tranxène (sanofi-aventis) / Tranxene (Lundbeck) / Tranxilene (sanofi-aventis) / Tranxilium (sanofi-aventis) / Zetran-5 (Masa Lab)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
ClorazepateCapsule7.5 mgOralAa Pharma Inc1990-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
ClorazepateCapsule3.75 mgOralAa Pharma Inc1990-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
ClorazepateCapsule15 mgOralAa Pharma Inc1990-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Clorazepate Dipotassium T-TabTablet7.5 mg/1OralAbbvie1972-06-232018-04-30US flag
Tranxene Cap 15mgCapsule15 mgOralAbbott1973-12-312003-08-01Canada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Clorazepate dipotassiumTablet15 mg/1OralContract Pharmacy Services Pa2017-09-28Not applicableUS flag
Clorazepate DipotassiumTablet3.75 mg/1OralANI Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2022-06-16Not applicableUS flag
Clorazepate DipotassiumTablet3.75 mg/1OralREMEDYREPACK INC.2016-07-252018-01-03US flag
Clorazepate DipotassiumTablet3.75 mg/1OralAmerincan Health Packaging2014-07-312017-05-31US flag
Clorazepate DipotassiumTablet3.75 mg/1OralPhysicians Total Care, Inc.1996-05-242015-03-31US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
N05BA05 — Potassium clorazepate
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1,4-benzodiazepines. These are organic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to a 1,4-azepine.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Benzodiazepines
Sub Class
1,4-benzodiazepines
Direct Parent
1,4-benzodiazepines
Alternative Parents
Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Aryl chlorides / 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds / Secondary carboxylic acid amides / Lactams / Ketimines / Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids
show 5 more
Substituents
1,3-dicarbonyl compound / 1,4-benzodiazepine / Alpha-amino acid or derivatives / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Carbonyl group / Carboxamide group
show 19 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
1,4-benzodiazepinone (CHEBI:3761)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
D51WO0G0L4
CAS number
23887-31-2
InChI Key
XDDJGVMJFWAHJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C16H11ClN2O3/c17-10-6-7-12-11(8-10)13(9-4-2-1-3-5-9)19-14(16(21)22)15(20)18-12/h1-8,14H,(H,18,20)(H,21,22)
IUPAC Name
7-chloro-2-oxo-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic acid
SMILES
OC(=O)C1N=C(C2=CC=CC=C2)C2=C(NC1=O)C=CC(Cl)=C2

References

Synthesis Reference

Schmitt, J. (1970). 1,4 benzodiazepine-2-ones having a carboxylic acid ester or amide group in the 3-position (U.S. Patent 3,516,988). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/ce/c5/88/de9de70d8e622e/US3516988.pdf

General References
  1. Authors unspecified: Systematic review of the benzodiazepines. Guidelines for data sheets on diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, medazepam, clorazepate, lorazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, triazolam, nitrazepam, and flurazepam. Committee on the Review of Medicines. Br Med J. 1980 Mar 29;280(6218):910-2. [Article]
  2. McElhatton PR: The effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and lactation. Reprod Toxicol. 1994 Nov-Dec;8(6):461-75. [Article]
  3. Ochs HR, Steinhaus E, Locniskar A, Knuchel M, Greenblatt DJ: Desmethyldiazepam kinetics after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration of clorazepate dipotassium. Klin Wochenschr. 1982 Apr 15;60(8):411-5. doi: 10.1007/BF01735933. [Article]
  4. Frey HH, Scherkl R: Clorazepate, correlation between metabolism and anticonvulsant activity. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988 Dec 13;158(3):213-6. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90069-6. [Article]
  5. Goldschen-Ohm MP: Benzodiazepine Modulation of GABA(A) Receptors: A Mechanistic Perspective. Biomolecules. 2022 Nov 30;12(12):1784. doi: 10.3390/biom12121784. [Article]
  6. Davies, JA (2007). Clorazepate. In XPharm: The comprehensive Pharmacology Reference (pp. 1-5). Elsevier.
  7. Trinka, E, Brigo F (2015). Benzodiazepines Used in the Treatment of Epilepsy. In The Treatment of Epilepsy, 4 (pp. 398-417). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ISBN:9781118937006]
  8. FDA Approved Drug Products: Tranxene T-TAB (clorazepate dipotassium) tablets for oral use [Link]
  9. US Food & Drug Administration: FDA requiring Boxed Warning updated to improve safe use of benzodiazepine drug class [Link]
  10. Toronto Research Chemicals: Clorazepic acid dipotassium salt SDS [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014766
KEGG Drug
D00694
KEGG Compound
C06921
PubChem Compound
2809
PubChem Substance
46506595
ChemSpider
2707
RxNav
235408
ChEBI
3761
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1213252
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000240
PharmGKB
PA164749297
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Clorazepate

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4TerminatedPreventionDepression1
4TerminatedTreatmentCutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (CTCL) / Mycosis Fungoides (MF)1
3RecruitingTreatmentHeadache / Migraine / Migraine With Aura / Migraine Without Aura1
Not AvailableCompletedNot AvailableHealthy Subjects (HS)1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Able laboratories inc
  • American therapeutics inc
  • Clonmel healthcare ltd
  • Gd searle llc
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • Purepac pharmaceutical co
  • Quantum pharmics ltd
  • Sandoz inc
  • Usl pharma inc
  • Warner chilcott div warner lambert co
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Lundbeck inc
  • Lederle laboratories div american cyanamid co
  • Ranbaxy laboratories ltd
  • Taro pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Alra laboratories inc
Packagers
  • Abbott Laboratories Ltd.
  • Aidarex Pharmacuticals LLC
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • Bryant Ranch Prepack
  • Corepharma LLC
  • Direct Dispensing Inc.
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
  • Heartland Repack Services LLC
  • Lundbeck Inc.
  • Major Pharmaceuticals
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Mylan
  • Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Ohm Laboratories Inc.
  • PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Pharmedix
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Prepak Systems Inc.
  • Prescript Pharmaceuticals
  • Qualitest
  • Ranbaxy Laboratories
  • Rebel Distributors Corp.
  • Remedy Repack
  • Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
  • Sandhills Packaging Inc.
  • Stat Rx Usa
  • Taro Pharmaceuticals USA
  • Watson Pharmaceuticals
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
CapsuleOral
CapsuleOral3.75 mg
CapsuleOral7.5 mg
TabletOral15 mg/1
TabletOral15 mg/1mg
TabletOral3.75 mg/1
TabletOral3.75 mg/1mg
TabletOral7.5 mg/1
TabletOral7.5 mg/1mg
CapsuleOral10 MG
CapsuleOral15 MG
CapsuleOral5 MG
CapsuleOral7.5 mg / cap
CapsuleOral20 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral20 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Tranxene t-tablet 15 mg5.41USD tablet
Tranxene-T 15 mg tablet5.08USD tablet
Tranxene t-tablet 7.5 mg3.99USD tablet
Tranxene-T 7.5 mg tablet3.6USD tablet
Tranxene t-tablet 3.75 mg3.21USD tablet
Tranxene-T 3.75 mg tablet3.04USD tablet
Clorazepate 15 mg tablet2.17USD tablet
Clorazepate Dipotassium 15 mg tablet1.27USD tablet
Clorazepate Dipotassium 7.5 mg tablet0.93USD tablet
Clorazepate 7.5 mg tablet0.79USD tablet
Clorazepate Dipotassium 3.75 mg tablet0.76USD tablet
Clorazepate 3.75 mg tablet0.73USD tablet
Apo-Clorazepate 15 mg Capsule0.4USD capsule
Apo-Clorazepate 7.5 mg Capsule0.2USD capsule
Apo-Clorazepate 3.75 mg Capsule0.15USD capsule
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)228-235°CSDS
water solubilityVery solubleFDA label
logP3Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0248 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.68ALOGPS
logP3.21Chemaxon
logS-4.1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.32Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-0.64Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area78.76 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count2Chemaxon
Refractivity82.68 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability30.62 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9285
Blood Brain Barrier+0.8373
Caco-2 permeable+0.5909
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.5597
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.9328
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9386
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.9049
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7365
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8745
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.5798
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.7086
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.756
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.819
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7451
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8333
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.8165
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8311
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.659
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable1.0
Rat acute toxicity1.9282 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9987
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.9207
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0006-2090000000-36dc0db4681a42cb62d1
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0039000000-50f797e01d20acf561e5
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03e9-5009000000-529a8532da290e709fbc
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0094000000-ae6bc2088e25504cef36
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-1190000000-50e89d8dec3242cc11a4
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0090000000-b755824623f8593b5546
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9030000000-c57f82f9f0c1a72f1a46
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-176.286604
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-165.12926
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+176.463604
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+167.48738
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+175.655104
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+173.64911
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Positive allosteric modulator
Curator comments
The GABA(A) receptor is pentameric (i.e. comprising 5 subunit proteins) and therefore has a multitude of potential isoforms. The above target is a collection of all possible GABA(A) subunits that may participate in the formation of the pentameric receptor and is not meant to imply direct a drug-protein interaction for each individual subunit.
General Function
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine...

Components:
References
  1. Zhu S, Noviello CM, Teng J, Walsh RM Jr, Kim JJ, Hibbs RE: Structure of a human synaptic GABAA receptor. Nature. 2018 Jul;559(7712):67-72. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0255-3. Epub 2018 Jun 27. [Article]
  2. Sigel E, Steinmann ME: Structure, function, and modulation of GABA(A) receptors. J Biol Chem. 2012 Nov 23;287(48):40224-31. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R112.386664. Epub 2012 Oct 4. [Article]
  3. FDA Approved Drug Products: Tranxene T-TAB (clorazepate dipotassium) tablets for oral use [Link]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Ligand
Curator comments
Benzodiazepines modulate GABA(A) function by binding at the interface between alpha (α) and gamma (γ) subunits. Of the 6 α-subunits, only 4 (α-1, -2, -3, and -5) participate in the formation of this binding site. The above target is a collection of all α- and γ-subunits that are known to participate in the formation of the benzodiazepine binding site.
General Function
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine...

Components:
References
  1. Sigel E, Steinmann ME: Structure, function, and modulation of GABA(A) receptors. J Biol Chem. 2012 Nov 23;287(48):40224-31. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R112.386664. Epub 2012 Oct 4. [Article]
  2. Zhu S, Noviello CM, Teng J, Walsh RM Jr, Kim JJ, Hibbs RE: Structure of a human synaptic GABAA receptor. Nature. 2018 Jul;559(7712):67-72. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0255-3. Epub 2018 Jun 27. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Dresser GK, Spence JD, Bailey DG: Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic consequences and clinical relevance of cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000 Jan;38(1):41-57. [Article]
  2. Sachs B, Erdmann S, Al-Masaoudi T, Merk HF: In vitro drug allergy detection system incorporating human liver microsomes in chlorazepate-induced skin rash: drug-specific proliferation associated with interleukin-5 secretion. Br J Dermatol. 2001 Feb;144(2):316-20. [Article]
  3. Smolders EJ, de Kanter CT, de Knegt RJ, van der Valk M, Drenth JP, Burger DM: Drug-Drug Interactions Between Direct-Acting Antivirals and Psychoactive Medications. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2016 Dec;55(12):1471-1494. doi: 10.1007/s40262-016-0407-2. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55