NAV

Gonadorelin

Identification

Summary

Gonadorelin is a synthetic GnRH used to test the function of gonadotropes and the pituitary.

Brand Names
Lutrepulse
Generic Name
Gonadorelin
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00644
Background

Gonadorelin is another name for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). It is a synthetic decapeptide prepared using solid phase peptide synthesis. GnRH is responsible for the release of follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational, Vet approved
Structure
Similar Structures
Weight
Average: 1182.2901
Monoisotopic: 1181.573025571
Chemical Formula
C55H75N17O13
Synonyms
  • GnRH
  • Gonadorelin
  • Gonadorelina
  • Gonadoréline
  • Gonadorelinum
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
External IDs
  • Abbott 41070
  • AY 24031
  • Hoe 471
  • RU 19847
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Pharmacology

Indication

For evaluating the functional capacity and response of the gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary also for evaluating residual gonadotropic function of the pituitary following removal of a pituitary tumor by surgery and/or irradiation.

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Associated Therapies
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Gonadorelin is responsible for the release of follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone from the anterior pitutitary. In the pituitary GnRH stimulates synthesis and release of FSH and LH, a process that is controlled by the frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses, as well as the feedback of androgens and estrogens. The pulsatility of GnRH secretion has been seen in all vertebrates, and it is necessary to ensure a correct reproductive function. Thus a single hormone, GnRH, controls a complex process of follicular growth, ovulation, and corpus luteum maintenance in the female, and spermatogenesis in the male. Its short half life requires infusion pumps for its clinical use

Mechanism of action

Systemic - Like naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), gonadorelin primarily stimulates the synthesis and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production and release is also increased by gonadorelin, but to a lesser degree. In prepubertal females and some gonadal function disorders, the FSH response may be greater than the LH response. For the treatment of amenorrhea, delayed puberty, and infertility the administration of gonadorelin is used to simulate the physiologic release of GnRH from the hypothalamus in treatment of delayed puberty, treatment of infertility caused by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and induction of ovulation in those women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. This results in increased levels of pituitary gonadotropins LH and FSH, which subsequently stimulate the gonads to produce reproductive steroids.

TargetActionsOrganism
AGonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
agonist
Humans
APutative gonadotropin-releasing hormone II receptor
agonist
Humans
Absorption

Rapidly absorbed when injected

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Rapidly hydrolyzed to inactive peptide components

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Very short, initial, 2 to 10 minutes; terminal, 10 to 40 minutes

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

LD50>3000 mg/kg (rat, oral)

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software
Capromab pendetideGonadorelin may decrease effectiveness of Capromab pendetide as a diagnostic agent.
Choline C 11Gonadorelin may decrease effectiveness of Choline C 11 as a diagnostic agent.
Corifollitropin alfaThe therapeutic efficacy of Corifollitropin alfa can be increased when used in combination with Gonadorelin.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Gonadorelin acetate2RG1XQ1NYJ52699-48-6OOBWZCWPKJOGPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Gonadorelin diacetate tetrahydrateL8CRY8PWF2Not AvailableQZBIKDNLZRFYMZ-KYOBJPNESA-N
Gonadorelin hydrochloride3PFC574ITA51952-41-1CXLJLMYFZCNNQA-HBBGHHHDSA-N
International/Other Brands
Fertagyl / Gonadorelin (Intrapharm) / HRF (Intrapharm) / Hypocrine (Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharma) / Kryptocur (Sanofi-Aventis) / Lutrelef (Ferring) / Relefact (Sanofi-Aventis)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Factrel Inj 0.5mg/vialPowder, for solution.5 mg / vialIntravenous; SubcutaneousAyerst Laboratories1976-12-311996-09-10Canada flag
Factrel Pws 100mcg/vialPowder, for solution100 mcg / vialIntravenous; SubcutaneousWyeth Ayerst Canada Inc.1994-12-311999-10-26Canada flag
Factrel Pws 500mcg/vialPowder, for solution500 mcg / vialIntravenous; SubcutaneousWyeth Ayerst Canada Inc.1995-12-311999-10-26Canada flag
LutrepulsePowder, for solution3.2 mg / vialIntravenous; SubcutaneousFerring Pharmaceuticals1994-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Lutrepulse Pws 0.8mg/vialPowder, for solution0.8 mg / vialIntravenous; SubcutaneousFerring Pharmaceuticals1994-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Relisorm 100 for Inj.-pws Liq-kit Sc IVGonadorelin acetate (100 mcg / vial) + Sodium chloride (0.9 % / vial)Liquid; Powder, for solutionIntravenous; SubcutaneousEmd Serono, A Division Of Emd Inc., Canada1994-12-312019-07-04Canada flag
Relisorm 500 for Inj.-pws Liq-kit IV ScGonadorelin acetate (500 mcg / vial) + Sodium chloride (.9 % / vial)Liquid; Powder, for solutionIntravenous; SubcutaneousEmd Serono, A Division Of Emd Inc., Canada1994-12-312019-07-04Canada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
V04CM01 — GonadorelinH01CA01 — Gonadorelin
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as polypeptides. These are peptides containing ten or more amino acid residues.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic Polymers
Class
Polypeptides
Sub Class
Not Available
Direct Parent
Polypeptides
Alternative Parents
Peptides / Tyrosine and derivatives / Phenylalanine and derivatives / Histidine and derivatives / Leucine and derivatives / N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives / Proline and derivatives / Tryptamines and derivatives / Serine and derivatives / Alpha amino acid amides
show 23 more
Substituents
1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 2-pyrrolidone / 3-alkylindole / Alcohol / Alpha peptide / Alpha-amino acid amide / Alpha-amino acid or derivatives / Amphetamine or derivatives / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle
show 48 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone [KO:K05252] (C07607)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
9O7312W37G
CAS number
33515-09-2
InChI Key
XLXSAKCOAKORKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C55H75N17O13/c1-29(2)19-38(49(80)67-37(9-5-17-60-55(57)58)54(85)72-18-6-10-43(72)53(84)62-25-44(56)75)66-46(77)26-63-47(78)39(20-30-11-13-33(74)14-12-30)68-52(83)42(27-73)71-50(81)40(21-31-23-61-35-8-4-3-7-34(31)35)69-51(82)41(22-32-24-59-28-64-32)70-48(79)36-15-16-45(76)65-36/h3-4,7-8,11-14,23-24,28-29,36-43,61,73-74H,5-6,9-10,15-22,25-27H2,1-2H3,(H2,56,75)(H,59,64)(H,62,84)(H,63,78)(H,65,76)(H,66,77)(H,67,80)(H,68,83)(H,69,82)(H,70,79)(H,71,81)(H4,57,58,60)
IUPAC Name
N-(1-{2-[(carbamoylmethyl)carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl}-5-[(diaminomethylidene)amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-2-{2-[2-(3-hydroxy-2-{2-[3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-2-[(5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl)formamido]propanamido]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanamido}propanamido)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamido]acetamido}-4-methylpentanamide
SMILES
CC(C)CC(NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C12)NC(=O)C(CC1=CN=CN1)NC(=O)C1CCC(=O)N1)C(=O)NC(CCCN=C(N)N)C(=O)N1CCCC1C(=O)NCC(N)=O

References

Synthesis Reference

Rainer Uhmann, Kurt Radscheit, "Process for the low-racemization preparation of peptide intermediates of the synthesis of gonadorelin and gonadorelin analogs, and new intermediates for this process." U.S. Patent US4691008, issued December, 1984.

US4691008
General References
  1. Dungan HM, Clifton DK, Steiner RA: Minireview: kisspeptin neurons as central processors in the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. Endocrinology. 2006 Mar;147(3):1154-8. Epub 2005 Dec 22. [Article]
  2. Franceschini I, Lomet D, Cateau M, Delsol G, Tillet Y, Caraty A: Kisspeptin immunoreactive cells of the ovine preoptic area and arcuate nucleus co-express estrogen receptor alpha. Neurosci Lett. 2006 Jul 3;401(3):225-30. Epub 2006 Apr 18. [Article]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014782
KEGG Compound
C07607
PubChem Compound
36523
PubChem Substance
46506144
ChemSpider
33562
RxNav
6384
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1981292
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP001052
PharmGKB
PA449801
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Gonadorelin
MSDS
Download (32 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedNot AvailableUterine Fibroids (Leiomyomas)1
4CompletedBasic ScienceDepression / Hot Flashes / Menopause1
4CompletedTreatmentAssisted Reproduction1
4CompletedTreatmentControlled ovarian hyperstimulation therapy / Infertility1
4CompletedTreatmentEndometriosis1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Ferring pharmaceuticals inc
  • Baxter healthcare corp anesthesia critical care
Packagers
  • Hospira Inc.
  • Intervet International
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Powder, for solutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous.5 mg / vial
Powder, for solutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous100 mcg / vial
Powder, for solutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous500 mcg / vial
PowderNot applicable1 g/1g
SprayNasal0.2 MG
SprayNasal0.2 mg/0.1ml
Injection, solutionIntravenous0.1 mg/ml
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral3.2 mg
Powder, for solutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous3.2 mg / vial
Powder, for solutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous0.8 mg / vial
Liquid; powder, for solutionIntravenous; Subcutaneous
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Liquid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
water solubility1 mg/mLNot Available
logP-3.6Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0588 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-0.09ALOGPS
logP-6.3Chemaxon
logS-4.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)9.47Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)11.16Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count17Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count16Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area474.63 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count31Chemaxon
Refractivity302.51 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability120.21 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings6Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9695
Blood Brain Barrier-0.9781
Caco-2 permeable-0.8941
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.8607
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8452
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.7859
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.6797
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.769
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.7647
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.5996
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.842
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8493
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9054
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8136
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7529
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9411
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.6992
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.7961
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9933
Rat acute toxicity2.6799 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9038
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.5274
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03n9-1903515400-db412af117a2941ecefd
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-08ml-3801291000-1c52012aa66539ae194f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01ox-6911218500-d03b66eededb05d2f2fd
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0apl-2910800410-910b1a53d222039bb3a9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a5c-4522968220-ecac6d8a97fa6a54d62c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-06ug-2120102590-e4ebf428e62a45491a5d
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-387.3166071
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-335.76492
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+385.7826071
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+337.47076
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+386.6399071
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+343.6276
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Details1. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Peptide binding
Specific Function
Receptor for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) that mediates the action of GnRH to stimulate the secretion of the gonadotropic hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone...
Gene Name
GNRHR
Uniprot ID
P30968
Uniprot Name
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
Molecular Weight
37730.355 Da
References
  1. Lu ZL, Gallagher R, Sellar R, Coetsee M, Millar RP: Mutations remote from the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor-binding sites specifically increase binding affinity for GnRH II but not GnRH I: evidence for ligand-selective, receptor-active conformations. J Biol Chem. 2005 Aug 19;280(33):29796-803. Epub 2005 Jun 20. [Article]
  2. Moles G, Carrillo M, Mananos E, Mylonas CC, Zanuy S: Temporal profile of brain and pituitary GnRHs, GnRH-R and gonadotropin mRNA expression and content during early development in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2007 Jan 1;150(1):75-86. Epub 2006 Sep 8. [Article]
  3. Mamputha S, Lu ZL, Roeske RW, Millar RP, Katz AA, Flanagan CA: Conserved amino acid residues that are important for ligand binding in the type I gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor are required for high potency of GnRH II at the type II GnRH receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 2007 Jan;21(1):281-92. Epub 2006 Sep 14. [Article]
  4. Lee PA, Houk CP: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog therapy for central precocious puberty and other childhood disorders affecting growth and puberty. Treat Endocrinol. 2006;5(5):287-96. [Article]
  5. Bliss SP, Navratil AM, Breed M, Skinner DC, Clay CM, Roberson MS: Signaling complexes associated with the type I gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor: colocalization of extracellularly regulated kinase 2 and GnRH receptor within membrane rafts. Mol Endocrinol. 2007 Feb;21(2):538-49. Epub 2006 Oct 26. [Article]
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
Details2. Putative gonadotropin-releasing hormone II receptor
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity
Specific Function
Putative receptor for gonadotropin releasing hormone II (GnRH II) which is most probably non-functional.
Gene Name
GNRHR2
Uniprot ID
Q96P88
Uniprot Name
Putative gonadotropin-releasing hormone II receptor
Molecular Weight
32536.935 Da
References
  1. Morgan K, Sellar R, Pawson AJ, Lu ZL, Millar RP: Bovine and ovine gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-II ligand precursors and type II GnRH receptor genes are functionally inactivated. Endocrinology. 2006 Nov;147(11):5041-51. Epub 2006 Aug 17. [Article]
  2. Mamputha S, Lu ZL, Roeske RW, Millar RP, Katz AA, Flanagan CA: Conserved amino acid residues that are important for ligand binding in the type I gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor are required for high potency of GnRH II at the type II GnRH receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 2007 Jan;21(1):281-92. Epub 2006 Sep 14. [Article]
  3. Montagnani Marelli M, Moretti RM, Januszkiewicz-Caulier J, Motta M, Limonta P: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in tumors: a new rationale for the therapeutical application of GnRH analogs in cancer patients? Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2006 May;6(3):257-69. [Article]
  4. Li JH, Choe H, Wang AF, Maiti K, Wang C, Salam A, Chun SY, Lee WK, Kim K, Kwon HB, Seong JY: Extracellular loop 3 (EL3) and EL3-proximal transmembrane helix 7 of the mammalian type I and type II gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors determine differential ligand selectivity to GnRH-I and GnRH-II. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;67(4):1099-110. Epub 2005 Jan 5. [Article]
  5. Silver MR, Sower SA: Functional characterization and kinetic studies of an ancestral lamprey GnRH-III selective type II GnRH receptor from the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. J Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Jun;36(3):601-10. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55