Warfarin

Identification

Summary

Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist used to treat venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, thromboembolism with atrial fibrillation, thromboembolism with cardiac valve replacement, and thromboembolic events post myocardial infarction.

Brand Names
Coumadin, Jantoven
Generic Name
Warfarin
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00682
Background

Warfarin is an anticoagulant drug normally used to prevent blood clot formation as well as migration. Although originally marketed as a pesticide (d-Con, Rodex, among others), Warfarin has since become the most frequently prescribed oral anticoagulant in North America. Warfarin has several properties that should be noted when used medicinally, including its ability to cross the placental barrier during pregnancy which can result in fetal bleeding, spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, stillbirth, and neonatal death. Additional adverse effects such as necrosis, purple toe syndrome, osteoporosis, valve and artery calcification, and drug interactions have also been documented with warfarin use. Warfarin does not actually affect blood viscosity, rather, it inhibits vitamin-k dependent synthesis of biologically active forms of various clotting factors in addition to several regulatory factors.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 308.3279
Monoisotopic: 308.104859
Chemical Formula
C19H16O4
Synonyms
  • 4-Hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)coumarin
  • Coumafene
  • Warfarin
  • Warfarina
  • Zoocoumarin

Pharmacology

Indication

Indicated for:Label,17

1) Prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism and related pulmonary embolism.

2) Prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolism associated with atrial fibrillation.

3) Prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolism associated with cardiac valve replacement.

4) Use as adjunct therapy to reduce mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, and thromboembolic events post myocardial infarction.

Off-label uses include:

1) Secondary prevention of stroke and transient ischemic attacks in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease but without atrial fibrillation.10

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Adjunct therapy in prevention ofMi••••••••••••••••••• •• ••
Treatment ofPulmonary embolism••••••••••••
Prophylaxis ofPulmonary embolism••••••••••••
Adjunct therapy in prevention ofStroke••••••••••••••••••• •• ••
Adjunct therapy in prevention ofSystemic embolism••••••••••••••••••• •• ••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Warfarin is an anticoagulant, as such it disrupts the coagulation cascade to reduce frequency and extent of thrombus formation.Label,17 In patients with deep vein thrombosis or atrial fibrillation there is an increased risk of thrombus formation due to the reduced movement of blood.15 For patients with cardiac valve disease or valve replacements this increased coagulability is due to tissue damage. Thrombi due to venous thrombosis can travel to the lungs and become pulmonary emboli, blocking circulation to a portion of lung tissue. Thrombi which form in the heart can travel to the brain and cause ischemic strokes. Prevention of these events is the primary goal of warfarin therapy.

Limitation of thrombus formation is also a source of adverse effects. In patients with atheroscelotic plaques rupture typically results in thrombus formation.11 When these patients are anticoagulated plaque rupture can allow the escape of cholesterol from the lipid core in the form of atheroemboli or cholesterol microemboli. These emboli are smaller than thrombi and block smaller vessels, usually less than 200 μm in diameter. The consequences of this are varied and depend on the location of the blockage. Effects include visual disturbances, acute kidney injury or worsening of chronic kidney disease, central nervous system ischemia, and purple or blue toe syndrome.Label,11 Blue toe syndrome can be reversed if it has not progressed to tissue necrosis but the other effects of microemboli are often permanent.

Antocoagulation appears to mediate warfarin-related nephropathy, a seemingly spontaneous kidney injury or worsening of chronic kidney disease associated with warfarin therapy.12 Nephropathy in this case appears to be due to increased passage of red blood cells through the glomerulus and subsequent blockage of renal tubules with red blood cell casts. This is worsened or possibly triggered by pre-existing kidney damage. Increased risk of warfarin-related nephropathy occurs at INRs over 3.0 but risk does not increase as a function of INR beyond this point.

Warfarin has been linked to the development of calciphylaxis.Label This is thought to be due to warfarin's inhibition of vitamin K recycling as VKA is needed for the carboxylation of matrix Gla protein.13 This protein is an anti-calcification factor and its inhibition through preventing the carboxylation step in its production leads to a shift in calcification balance in favor of calciphylaxis.

Tissue necrosis can occur early on in warfarin therapy.Label This is attributable to half lives of the clotting factors impacted by inhibition of vitamin K recycling.Label,14 Proteins C and S are anticoagulation factors with half lives of 8 and 24 hours respectively. The coagulation factors IX, X, VII, and thrombin (factor II) have half lives of 24, 36, 6, and 50 hours respectively. This means proteins C and S are inactivated sooner than pro-coagulation proteins, with the exception of factor VII, resulting in a pro-thrombotic state for the first few days of therapy. Thrombi which form in this time period can occlude arterioles in various locations, blocking blood flow and causing tissue necrosis due to ischemia.

Mechanism of action

Warfarin is a [vitamin K] antagonist which acts to inhibit the production of vitamin K by vitamin K epoxide reductase.Label,14,16 The reduced form of vitamin K, vitamin KH2 is a cofactor used in the γ-carboxylation of coagulation factors VII, IX, X, and thrombin. Carboxylation induces a conformational change allowing the factors to bind Ca2+ and to phospholipid surfaces. Uncarboxylated factors VII, IX, X, and thrombin are biologically inactive and therefore serve to interrupt the coagulation cascade. The endogenous anticoagulation proteins C and S also require γ-carboxylation to function. This is particularly true in the case of thrombin which must be activated in order to form a thrombus. vitamin KH2 is converted to vitamin K epoxide as part of the γ-carboxylation reaction catalyzed by γ-glutamyl carboxylase. Vitamin K epoxide is then converted to vitamin K1 by vitamin K epoxide reductase then back to vitamin KH2 by vitamin K reductase. Warfarin binds to vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 and irreversibly inhibits the enzyme thereby stopping the recycling of vitamin K by preventing the conversion of vitamin K epoxide to vitamin K1. This process creates a hypercoagulable state for a short time as proteins C and S degrade first with half lives of 8 and 24 hours, with the exception of factor VII which has a half life of 6 hours.14 Factors IX, X, and finally thrombin degrade later with half lives of 24, 36, and 50 hours resulting in a dominant anticoagulation effect.14 In order to reverse this anticoagulation vitamin K must be supplied, either exogenously or by removal of the vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibition, and time allowed for new coagulation factors to be synthesized.Label,14,16 It takes approximately 2 days for new coagulation factors to be synthesized in the liver. Vitamin K2, functionally identical to vitamin K1, is synthesized by gut bacteria leading to interactions with antibiotics as elimination of these bacteria can reduce vitamin K216

TargetActionsOrganism
AVitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1
inhibitor
Humans
UNuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2Not AvailableHumans
Absorption

Completely absorbed from the GI tract. The mean Tmax for warfarin sodium tablets is 4 hours.Label,17,9

Volume of distribution

Vd of 0.14 L/kg.Label,17,9 Warfarin has a distrubution phase lasting 6-12 hours.17 It is known to cross the placenta and achieves fetal serum concentrations similar to maternal concentrations.

Protein binding

99% bound primarily to albumin.Label,17,9

Metabolism

Metabolism of warfarin is both stereo- and regio-selective.9 The major metabolic pathway is oxidation to various hydroxywarfarins, comprising 80-85% of the total metabolites. CYP2C9 is the major enzyme catalyzing the 6- and 7-hydroxylation of S-warfarin while 4'-hydroxylation occurs through CYP2C18 with minor contributions from CYP2C19. R-warfarin is metabolized to 4'-hydroxywarfarin by CYP2C8 with some contirbuting by CYP2C19, 6- and 8-hydroxywarfarin by CYP1A2 and CYP2C19, 7-hydroxywarfarin by CYP1A2 and CYP2C8, and lastly to 10-hydroxywarfarin by CYP3A4. The 10-hydroxywarfarin metabolite as well as a benzylic alcohol metabolite undergo an elimination step to form dehydrowarfarin. The minor pathway of metabolism is the reduction of the ketone group to warfarin alcohols, comprising 20% of the metabolites. Limited conjugation occurs with sulfate and gluronic acid groups but these metabolites have only been confirmed for R-hydroxywarfarins.

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Route of elimination

The elimination of warfarin is almost entirely by metabolism with a small amount excreted unchanged.Label,17,9 80% of the total dose is excreted in the urine with the remaining 20% appearing in the feces.9

Half-life

R-warfarin is cleared more slowly than S-warfarin, at about half the rate.Label T1/2 for R-warfarin is 37-89 hours. T1/2 for S-warfarin is 21-43 hours.

Clearance

Clearance of warfarin varies depending on CYP2C9 genotype.Label,17 The *2 and *3 alleles appear in the Caucasian population at frequencies of 11% and 7% and are known to reduce clearance warfarin. Additional clearance reducing genotypes include the *5, *6, *9 and *11 alleles. Genotypes for which population clearance estimates have been found are listed below.

*1/*1 = 0.065 mL/min/kg

*1/*2, *1/*3 = 0.041 mL/min/kg

*2/*2, *2/*3, *3/*3 = 0.020 mg/min/kg

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

LD50 Values

Mouse: 3 mg/kg (Oral), 165 mg/kg (IV), 750 mg/kg (IP)18

Rat: 1.6 mg/kg (Oral), 320 mg/kg (Inhaled), 1400 mg/kg (Skin)18

Rabbit: 800 mg/kg (Oral)18

Pig: 1 mg/kg (Oral)18

Dog: 3 mg/kg (Oral)18

Cat: 6 mg/kg (Oral)18

Chicken: 942 mg/kg (Oral)18

Guinea Pig: 180 mg/kg (Oral)18

Overdose

Doses of 1-2 mg/kg/day over a period of 15 days have been fatal in humans.19 Warfarin overdose is primarily associated with major bleeding particularly from the mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary system.Label,19 Epistaxis, ecchymoses, as well as renal and hepatic bleeding are also associated. These symptoms become apparent within 2-4 days of overdose although increases in prothrombin time can be observed within 24 hours. Treatment for overdosed patients includes discontinuation of warfarin and administration of [vitamin K]. For more urgent reversal of anticoagulation prothrombin complex concentrate, blood plasma, or coagulation factor VIIa infusion can be used.Label Patients can be safely re-anticoagulated after reversal of the overdose.

Carcinogenicity & Mutagenicity

The carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of warfarin have not been thoroughly investigated.Label

Reproductive Toxicity

Warfarin is known to be a teratogen and its use during pregnancy is contraindicated in the absence of high thrombotic risk.Label,19 Fetal warfarin syndrome, attributed to exposure during the 1st trimester, is characterized by nasal hypoplasia with or without stippled epiphyses, possible failure of nasal septum development, and low birth weight. Either dorsal midline dysplasia or ventral midline dysplasia can occur. Dorsal midline dysplasia includes agenisis of the corpus callosum, Dandy-Walker malformations, midline cerebellar hypoplasia. Ventral midline dysplasia is characterized by eye anomalies which can potentially include optic atrophy, blindness, and microphthalmia. Exposure during the 2nd and 3rd trimester is associated with hypoplasia of the extremities, developmental retardation, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, schizencephaly, seizures, scoliosis, deafness, congenital heart malformations, and fetal death. The critical exposure period is estimated to be week 6-9 based on case reports. Effects noted in the Canadian product monograph include developing a single kidney, asplenia, anencephaly, spina bifida, cranial nerve palsy, polydactyl malformations, corneal leukoma, diaphragm hernia, and cleft palate.17

Lactation

Official product monographs mention a study in 15 women.Label,17 Warfarin was not detected in the breast milk of any woman and 6 infants were documented as having normal prothrombin times. The remaining 9 infants were not tested. Another study in 13 women using doses of 2-12 mg also revealed no detectable warfarin in breast milk.20 A woman who mistakenly took 25 mg of warfarin for 7 days while breastfeeding presented to an emergency room with an INR of 10 and prothrombin time of over 100 s. Her infant had a normal INR of 1.0 and prothrombin time of 10.3. The infant in this case has an increased prothrombin time of 33.8 s three weeks previous but this was judged not to be due to warfarin exposure.

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Warfarin Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Interacting Gene/EnzymeAllele nameGenotype(s)Defining Change(s)Type(s)DescriptionDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*2(T;T) / (C;T)T AlleleEffect Directly StudiedPatients with this genotype have reduced metabolism of warfarin.Details
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1---(A;A) / (A;G)-1639G>AEffect Directly StudiedPatients with this genotype in VKORC1 are associated with reduced metabolism of warfarin and increased risk of serious bleeding thus require lower doses.Details
Phylloquinone omega-hydroxylase CYP4F2---(T;T)T Allele, homozygousEffect Directly StudiedPatients with this genotype in CP4F2 may require higer doses of warfarin to attain therapeutic anticoagulant activity.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*2(T;T) / (C;T)T AlleleEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2C9 is associated with reduction in warfarin metabolism.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*3(C;C) / (A;C)C AlleleEffect Directly StudiedThe presence of this polymorphism in CYP2C9 is associated with reduction in warfarin metabolism.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*4Not Available1076T>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*5Not Available1080C>GEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*8Not Available449G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*11Not Available1003C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*12Not Available1465C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*13Not Available269T>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*14Not Available374G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*16Not Available895A>GEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*18Not Available1075A>C / 1190A>C  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*26Not Available389C>GEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*28Not Available641A>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*30Not Available1429G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*33Not Available395G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*6Not Available818delAEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*15Not Available485C>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*25Not Available353_362delAGAAATGGAAEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*35Not Available374G>T / 430C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose recommended.Details
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*6Not Available818delAEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*15Not Available485C>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*25Not Available353_362delAGAAATGGAAEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*35Not Available374G>T / 430C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*3Not Available1075A>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*4Not Available1076T>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*5Not Available1080C>GEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*8Not Available449G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*11Not Available1003C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*12Not Available1465C>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*13Not Available269T>CEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*14Not Available374G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*16Not Available895A>GEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*18Not Available1075A>C / 1190A>C  … show all Effect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*26Not Available389C>GEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*28Not Available641A>TEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*30Not Available1429G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails
Cytochrome P450 2C9CYP2C9*33Not Available395G>AEffect InferredPoor drug metabolizer, lower dose requirementsDetails

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirAbacavir may decrease the excretion rate of Warfarin which could result in a higher serum level.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Warfarin can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Warfarin can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbciximabThe risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Abciximab is combined with Warfarin.
AbemaciclibThe metabolism of Abemaciclib can be increased when combined with Warfarin.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid drastic dietary changes.
  • Avoid foods rich in vitamin K. Vitamin K in foods such as leafy vegetables can reduce warfarin efficacy.
  • Avoid grapefruit products. They may interfere with warfarin metabolism and increase INR, increasing the risk of bleeding.
  • Avoid herbs and supplements with anticoagulant/antiplatelet activity. Examples include garlic, ginger, bilberry, danshen, piracetam, and ginkgo biloba.
  • Avoid St. John's Wort. This drug may reduce warfarin efficacy.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Warfarin potassiumI47IU4FOCO2610-86-8WSHYKIAQCMIPTB-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Warfarin sodium6153CWM0CL129-06-6KYITYFHKDODNCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Product Images
International/Other Brands
Lawarin / Marevan / Waran / Warfant
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
CoumadinTablet3 mg/1OralAphena Pharma Solutions Tennessee, Inc.2009-01-01Not applicableUS flag
CoumadinTablet5 mg/1OralAphena Pharma Solutions - Tennessee, Inc.2009-01-012019-02-26US flag
CoumadinTablet1 mg/1OralBristol-Myers Squibb Pharma Company2009-01-012020-11-30US flag
CoumadinInjection, powder, lyophilized, for solution2 mg/1mLIntravenousBristol Myers Squibb Holdings Pharma, Ltd. Liability Company2009-01-012016-11-30US flag
CoumadinTablet5 mg/1OralRemedy Repack2012-07-192013-08-27US flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Apo-warfarinTablet5 mgOralApotex Corporation2000-10-16Not applicableCanada flag
Apo-warfarinTablet2 mgOralApotex Corporation2000-10-16Not applicableCanada flag
Apo-warfarinTablet3 mgOralApotex Corporation2002-04-23Not applicableCanada flag
Apo-warfarinTablet4 mgOralApotex Corporation2000-10-16Not applicableCanada flag
Apo-warfarinTablet1 mgOralApotex Corporation2000-10-16Not applicableCanada flag
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
มาฟอแรน 4 มก.Tablet4 mgOralบริษัท เภสัชกรรมศรีประสิทธิ์ จำกัด จำกัด2003-03-17Not applicableThailand flag

Categories

ATC Codes
B01AA03 — Warfarin
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 4-hydroxycoumarins. These are coumarins that contain one or more hydroxyl groups attached to C4-position the coumarin skeleton.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
Class
Coumarins and derivatives
Sub Class
Hydroxycoumarins
Direct Parent
4-hydroxycoumarins
Alternative Parents
1-benzopyrans / Pyranones and derivatives / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Vinylogous acids / Heteroaromatic compounds / Lactones / Ketones / Oxacyclic compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
1-benzopyran / 4-hydroxycoumarin / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Benzenoid / Benzopyran / Carbonyl group / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Ketone / Lactone
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
methyl ketone, hydroxycoumarin (CHEBI:87732) / Coumarin rodenticides (C01541)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
5Q7ZVV76EI
CAS number
81-81-2
InChI Key
PJVWKTKQMONHTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C19H16O4/c1-12(20)11-15(13-7-3-2-4-8-13)17-18(21)14-9-5-6-10-16(14)23-19(17)22/h2-10,15,21H,11H2,1H3
IUPAC Name
4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-chromen-2-one
SMILES
CC(=O)CC(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=C(O)C2=C(OC1=O)C=CC=C2

References

Synthesis Reference

Nasri W. Badran, "Microcrystalline 3-(alpha-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin (warfarin) and methods of making." U.S. Patent US4113744, issued April, 1960.

US4113744
General References
  1. Ansell J, Hirsh J, Poller L, Bussey H, Jacobson A, Hylek E: The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004 Sep;126(3 Suppl):204S-233S. [Article]
  2. Whitlon DS, Sadowski JA, Suttie JW: Mechanism of coumarin action: significance of vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibition. Biochemistry. 1978 Apr 18;17(8):1371-7. [Article]
  3. Li T, Chang CY, Jin DY, Lin PJ, Khvorova A, Stafford DW: Identification of the gene for vitamin K epoxide reductase. Nature. 2004 Feb 5;427(6974):541-4. [Article]
  4. Rost S, Fregin A, Ivaskevicius V, Conzelmann E, Hortnagel K, Pelz HJ, Lappegard K, Seifried E, Scharrer I, Tuddenham EG, Muller CR, Strom TM, Oldenburg J: Mutations in VKORC1 cause warfarin resistance and multiple coagulation factor deficiency type 2. Nature. 2004 Feb 5;427(6974):537-41. [Article]
  5. Hirsh J, Fuster V, Ansell J, Halperin JL: American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation guide to warfarin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 May 7;41(9):1633-52. [Article]
  6. Holbrook AM, Pereira JA, Labiris R, McDonald H, Douketis JD, Crowther M, Wells PS: Systematic overview of warfarin and its drug and food interactions. Arch Intern Med. 2005 May 23;165(10):1095-106. [Article]
  7. Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, Jacobson A, Crowther M, Palareti G: Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6 Suppl):160S-198S. doi: 10.1378/chest.08-0670. [Article]
  8. Freedman MD: Oral anticoagulants: pharmacodynamics, clinical indications and adverse effects. J Clin Pharmacol. 1992 Mar;32(3):196-209. [Article]
  9. Ufer M: Comparative pharmacokinetics of vitamin K antagonists: warfarin, phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(12):1227-46. [Article]
  10. Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, Bravata DM, Chimowitz MI, Ezekowitz MD, Fang MC, Fisher M, Furie KL, Heck DV, Johnston SC, Kasner SE, Kittner SJ, Mitchell PH, Rich MW, Richardson D, Schwamm LH, Wilson JA: Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014 Jul;45(7):2160-236. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000024. Epub 2014 May 1. [Article]
  11. Saric M, Kronzon I: Aortic atherosclerosis and embolic events. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2012 Jun;14(3):342-9. doi: 10.1007/s11886-012-0261-2. [Article]
  12. Brodsky SV: Anticoagulants and acute kidney injury: clinical and pathology considerations. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2014 Dec;33(4):174-80. doi: 10.1016/j.krcp.2014.11.001. Epub 2014 Nov 18. [Article]
  13. Portales-Castillo I, Kroshinsky D, Malhotra CK, Culber-Costley R, Cozzolino MG, Karparis S, Halasz CL, Goverman J, Manley HJ, Malhotra R, Nigwekar SU: Calciphylaxis-as a drug induced adverse event. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2019 Jan;18(1):29-35. doi: 10.1080/14740338.2019.1559813. Epub 2018 Dec 24. [Article]
  14. Fawzy AM, Lip GYH: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral anticoagulants used in atrial fibrillation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2019 May;15(5):381-398. doi: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1604686. Epub 2019 Apr 19. [Article]
  15. Aster JC, Bunn HF (2017). Pathophysiology of Blood Disorders (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  16. Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC. eds (2018). Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. [ISBN:978-1-25-958473-2]
  17. Warfarin DPD Monograph [Link]
  18. ChemIDplus: Warfarin [Link]
  19. HSDB: Warfarin [Link]
  20. LactMed: Warfarin [Link]
  21. FDA Approved Drug Products: COUMADIN (warfarin sodium) [Link]
  22. DailyMed: Warfarin sodium tablets for oral use [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0001935
KEGG Compound
C01541
PubChem Compound
54678486
PubChem Substance
46504711
ChemSpider
10442445
BindingDB
50343352
RxNav
11289
ChEBI
87732
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1464
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000770
PharmGKB
PA451906
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Warfarin
FDA label
Download (641 KB)
MSDS
Download (59.5 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedNot AvailableDrug Therapy, Combination1
4CompletedNot AvailableHealthy Subjects (HS)1
4CompletedOtherCerebral Ischemic Events / Cognitive Dysfunctions / Dementia1
4CompletedOtherCoagulation Disorder1
4CompletedOtherPost-operative Atrial Fibrillation (POAF)1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Pharmaceutical research assoc inc
  • Bristol myers squibb pharma co
  • Usl pharma inc
  • Abbott laboratories pharmaceutical products div
  • Barr laboratories inc
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • Pliva inc
  • Sandoz inc
  • Taro pharmaceuticals inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Zydus pharmaceuticals usa inc
Packagers
  • Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
  • Amerisource Health Services Corp.
  • Apothecon
  • AQ Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
  • Barr Pharmaceuticals
  • Blenheim Pharmacal
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
  • Cadila Healthcare Ltd.
  • Cardinal Health
  • Caremark LLC
  • Coastal Family Health Center Inc.
  • Dept Health Central Pharmacy
  • Direct Dispensing Inc.
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
  • Genpharm LP
  • Heartland Repack Services LLC
  • Ipca Laboratories Ltd.
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
  • Mallinckrodt Inc.
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Mylan
  • Neuman Distributors Inc.
  • Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Palmetto Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • PCA LLC
  • PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
  • Pharmedix
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Pliva Inc.
  • Prepackage Specialists
  • Prepak Systems Inc.
  • Rebel Distributors Corp.
  • Remedy Repack
  • Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
  • Sandhills Packaging Inc.
  • Southwood Pharmaceuticals
  • Spectrum Pharmaceuticals
  • St Mary's Medical Park Pharmacy
  • Stat Scripts LLC
  • Taro Pharmaceuticals USA
  • Tya Pharmaceuticals
  • Upsher Smith Laboratories
  • USL Pharma Inc.
  • Va Cmop Dallas
  • Vangard Labs Inc.
  • Zydus Pharmaceuticals
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous2 mg/1mL
Powder, for solutionIntravenous5 mg / vial
TabletOral10 mg
TabletOral2.5 mg
TabletOral6 mg
TabletOral5.000 mg
TabletOral10.0 mg
TabletOral3.0 mg
TabletOral4.0 mg
TabletOral5.0 mg
TabletOral7.5 mg
TabletOral1 mg/1
TabletOral10 mg/1
TabletOral2 mg/1
TabletOral2.5 mg/1
TabletOral3 mg/1
TabletOral4 mg/1
TabletOral5 mg/1
TabletOral6 mg/1
TabletOral7.5 mg/1
TabletOral7.5 ug/1
TabletOral
Tablet, delayed releaseOral5 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral5 mg
TabletOral5 mg / tab
TabletOral1 mg
TabletOral3 mg
TabletOral4 mg
TabletOral2 mg
TabletOral5 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Warfarin sodium powder54.53USD g
Coumadin 5 mg vial34.07USD vial
Coumadin 10 mg tablet2.01USD tablet
Coumadin 7.5 mg tablet1.97USD tablet
Coumadin 6 mg tablet1.94USD tablet
Coumadin 3 mg tablet1.51USD tablet
Coumadin 5 mg tablet1.51USD tablet
Coumadin 4 mg tablet1.49USD tablet
Coumadin 2.5 mg tablet1.46USD tablet
Coumadin 2 mg tablet1.4USD tablet
Coumadin 1 mg tablet1.37USD tablet
Warfarin sodium 10 mg tablet1.0USD tablet
Warfarin sodium 7.5 mg tablet0.96USD tablet
Jantoven 10 mg tablet0.76USD tablet
Jantoven 7.5 mg tablet0.74USD tablet
Jantoven 6 mg tablet0.72USD tablet
Warfarin sodium 6 mg tablet0.68USD tablet
Warfarin sodium 3 mg tablet0.66USD tablet
Warfarin sodium 4 mg tablet0.66USD tablet
Warfarin sodium 2.5 mg tablet0.65USD tablet
Warfarin sodium 5 mg tablet0.65USD tablet
Warfarin sodium 2 mg tablet0.63USD tablet
Warfarin sodium 1 mg tablet0.61USD tablet
Jantoven 5 mg tablet0.59USD tablet
Jantoven 2 mg tablet0.56USD tablet
Jantoven 4 mg tablet0.56USD tablet
Jantoven 2.5 mg tablet0.53USD tablet
Jantoven 3 mg tablet0.53USD tablet
Coumadin 10 mg Tablet0.5USD tablet
Jantoven 1 mg tablet0.49USD tablet
Coumadin 3 mg Tablet0.43USD tablet
Coumadin 4 mg Tablet0.43USD tablet
Coumadin 2 mg Tablet0.35USD tablet
Coumadin 1 mg Tablet0.33USD tablet
Taro-Warfarin 7.5 mg Tablet0.33USD tablet
Taro-Warfarin 6 mg Tablet0.31USD tablet
Apo-Warfarin 10 mg Tablet0.28USD tablet
Coumadin 2.5 mg Tablet0.28USD tablet
Coumadin 5 mg Tablet0.28USD tablet
Mylan-Warfarin 10 mg Tablet0.28USD tablet
Taro-Warfarin 10 mg Tablet0.28USD tablet
Warfarin 10 mg Tablet0.28USD tablet
Apo-Warfarin 3 mg Tablet0.24USD tablet
Apo-Warfarin 4 mg Tablet0.24USD tablet
Mylan-Warfarin 3 mg Tablet0.24USD tablet
Mylan-Warfarin 4 mg Tablet0.24USD tablet
Novo-Warfarin 3 mg Tablet0.24USD tablet
Novo-Warfarin 4 mg Tablet0.24USD tablet
Taro-Warfarin 3 mg Tablet0.24USD tablet
Taro-Warfarin 4 mg Tablet0.24USD tablet
Warfarin 3 mg Tablet0.24USD tablet
Warfarin 4 mg Tablet0.24USD tablet
Apo-Warfarin 2 mg Tablet0.19USD tablet
Mylan-Warfarin 2 mg Tablet0.19USD tablet
Novo-Warfarin 2 mg Tablet0.19USD tablet
Taro-Warfarin 2 mg Tablet0.19USD tablet
Warfarin 2 mg Tablet0.19USD tablet
Apo-Warfarin 1 mg Tablet0.18USD tablet
Mylan-Warfarin 1 mg Tablet0.18USD tablet
Novo-Warfarin 1 mg Tablet0.18USD tablet
Taro-Warfarin 1 mg Tablet0.18USD tablet
Warfarin 1 mg Tablet0.18USD tablet
Apo-Warfarin 5 mg Tablet0.16USD tablet
Mylan-Warfarin 5 mg Tablet0.16USD tablet
Novo-Warfarin 5 mg Tablet0.16USD tablet
Taro-Warfarin 5 mg Tablet0.16USD tablet
Warfarin 5 mg Tablet0.16USD tablet
Apo-Warfarin 2.5 mg Tablet0.15USD tablet
Mylan-Warfarin 2.5 mg Tablet0.15USD tablet
Novo-Warfarin 2.5 mg Tablet0.15USD tablet
Taro-Warfarin 2.5 mg Tablet0.15USD tablet
Warfarin 2.5 mg Tablet0.15USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)161 °CPhysProp
water solubility17 mg/L (at 20 °C)TOMLIN,C (1997)
logP2.70HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
logS-3.89ADME Research, USCD
Caco2 permeability-4.68ADME Research, USCD
pKa5.0UFER, M (2005)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0472 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.41ALOGPS
logP2.74Chemaxon
logS-3.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)5.56Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-6.9Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area63.6 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity86.86 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability31.9 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9109
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9124
Caco-2 permeable+0.8867
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.5502
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8782
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.8382
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8863
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.678
CYP450 2D6 substrateSubstrate0.5658
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.6007
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.714
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorInhibitor0.7657
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9286
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9161
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8309
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.8785
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.6844
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9352
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.7474
Rat acute toxicity4.1700 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.8768
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.9615
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (8.72 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0udl-3190000000-b963cb54bb6abedefbe3
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-BGC-MSsplash10-014i-0293000000-848341bcbd6a3f0a2c6b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0429000000-1e818b579dc7a0fade2d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0900000000-f568338c06cd9b4762ac
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0900000000-acdd0ed19e403aa73c77
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0bt9-0539000000-5b1c7c6c812ba72325e3
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0009000000-e461e1aca7977a2838ad
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0w29-0960000000-9fa099190280529cd891
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0910000000-d7dbaf6e7b34ee85e1f7
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0920000000-4fb886a5c160afa86df9
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0920000000-ad608fe7680a2adf9d90
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0ik9-0942000000-5864f2d15892753d6a8b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0009000000-87ce9c18c928684ac0b2
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-052e-2913000000-fde782d424423e4bd03d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4l-9387000000-f4b44dac255c3a599d71
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0f6x-0491000000-543528e76fcd5f44199f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0ufu-3920000000-04f21e9c0039079269ab
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-2930000000-fec151ec5964e1e5cff9
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-184.805281
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-170.50896
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+185.111581
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+172.86697
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+184.587381
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+178.96011
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Vitamin-k-epoxide reductase (warfarin-sensitive) activity
Specific Function
Involved in vitamin K metabolism. Catalytic subunit of the vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) complex which reduces inactive vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to active vitamin K. Vitamin K is required for the...
Gene Name
VKORC1
Uniprot ID
Q9BQB6
Uniprot Name
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1
Molecular Weight
18234.3 Da
References
  1. Gebauer M: Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel warfarin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem. 2007 Mar 15;15(6):2414-20. Epub 2007 Jan 17. [Article]
  2. Zhu Y, Shennan M, Reynolds KK, Johnson NA, Herrnberger MR, Valdes R Jr, Linder MW: Estimation of warfarin maintenance dose based on VKORC1 (-1639 G>A) and CYP2C9 genotypes. Clin Chem. 2007 Jul;53(7):1199-205. Epub 2007 May 17. [Article]
  3. Yin T, Miyata T: Warfarin dose and the pharmacogenomics of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 - rationale and perspectives. Thromb Res. 2007;120(1):1-10. Epub 2006 Dec 11. [Article]
  4. Osman A, Enstrom C, Lindahl TL: Plasma S/R ratio of warfarin co-varies with VKORC1 haplotype. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2007 Apr;18(3):293-6. [Article]
  5. Limdi NA, McGwin G, Goldstein JA, Beasley TM, Arnett DK, Adler BK, Baird MF, Acton RT: Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 1173C/T genotype on the risk of hemorrhagic complications in African-American and European-American patients on warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Feb;83(2):312-21. Epub 2007 Jul 25. [Article]
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Curator comments
Only S-enantiomer results in activation.
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism an...
Gene Name
NR1I2
Uniprot ID
O75469
Uniprot Name
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2
Molecular Weight
49761.245 Da
References
  1. Rulcova A, Prokopova I, Krausova L, Bitman M, Vrzal R, Dvorak Z, Blahos J, Pavek P: Stereoselective interactions of warfarin enantiomers with the pregnane X nuclear receptor in gene regulation of major drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes. J Thromb Haemost. 2010 Dec;8(12):2708-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04036.x. [Article]

Enzymes

Details
1. Cytochrome P450 2C9
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inducer
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID
P11712
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C9
Molecular Weight
55627.365 Da
References
  1. Daly AK, Rettie AE, Fowler DM, Miners JO: Pharmacogenomics of CYP2C9: Functional and Clinical Considerations. J Pers Med. 2017 Dec 28;8(1). pii: jpm8010001. doi: 10.3390/jpm8010001. [Article]
  2. Ufer M: Comparative pharmacokinetics of vitamin K antagonists: warfarin, phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(12):1227-46. [Article]
  3. Rulcova A, Prokopova I, Krausova L, Bitman M, Vrzal R, Dvorak Z, Blahos J, Pavek P: Stereoselective interactions of warfarin enantiomers with the pregnane X nuclear receptor in gene regulation of major drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes. J Thromb Haemost. 2010 Dec;8(12):2708-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04036.x. [Article]
  4. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
  5. Warfarin FDA label [File]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID
P05177
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight
58293.76 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
  2. Fulco PP, Zingone MM, Higginson RT: Possible antiretroviral therapy-warfarin drug interaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2008 Jul;28(7):945-9. doi: 10.1592/phco.28.7.945. [Article]
  3. Ufer M: Comparative pharmacokinetics of vitamin K antagonists: warfarin, phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(12):1227-46. [Article]
  4. FDA label warfarin [File]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...
Gene Name
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID
P33261
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight
55930.545 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
  2. Brandon EF, Meijerman I, Klijn JS, den Arend D, Sparidans RW, Lazaro LL, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH: In-vitro cytotoxicity of ET-743 (Trabectedin, Yondelis), a marine anti-cancer drug, in the Hep G2 cell line: influence of cytochrome P450 and phase II inhibition, and cytochrome P450 induction. Anticancer Drugs. 2005 Oct;16(9):935-43. [Article]
  3. Ufer M: Comparative pharmacokinetics of vitamin K antagonists: warfarin, phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(12):1227-46. [Article]
  4. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inducer
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
  2. Ufer M: Comparative pharmacokinetics of vitamin K antagonists: warfarin, phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(12):1227-46. [Article]
  3. Rulcova A, Prokopova I, Krausova L, Bitman M, Vrzal R, Dvorak Z, Blahos J, Pavek P: Stereoselective interactions of warfarin enantiomers with the pregnane X nuclear receptor in gene regulation of major drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes. J Thromb Haemost. 2010 Dec;8(12):2708-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04036.x. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C8
Uniprot ID
P10632
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C8
Molecular Weight
55824.275 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
  2. Backman JT, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ: Role of Cytochrome P450 2C8 in Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Jan;68(1):168-241. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.011411. [Article]
  3. Ufer M: Comparative pharmacokinetics of vitamin K antagonists: warfarin, phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(12):1227-46. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C18
Uniprot ID
P33260
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C18
Molecular Weight
55710.075 Da
References
  1. Ufer M: Comparative pharmacokinetics of vitamin K antagonists: warfarin, phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(12):1227-46. [Article]
  2. Lee MT, Chen CH, Chou CH, Lu LS, Chuang HP, Chen YT, Saleem AN, Wen MS, Chen JJ, Wu JY, Chen YT: Genetic determinants of warfarin dosing in the Han-Chinese population. Pharmacogenomics. 2009 Dec;10(12):1905-13. doi: 10.2217/pgs.09.106. [Article]
  3. Wadelius M, Chen LY, Eriksson N, Bumpstead S, Ghori J, Wadelius C, Bentley D, McGinnis R, Deloukas P: Association of warfarin dose with genes involved in its action and metabolism. Hum Genet. 2007 Mar;121(1):23-34. doi: 10.1007/s00439-006-0260-8. Epub 2006 Oct 18. [Article]

Carriers

Details
1. Serum albumin
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Binder
Regulator
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Yamasaki K, Maruyama T, Kragh-Hansen U, Otagiri M: Characterization of site I on human serum albumin: concept about the structure of a drug binding site. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Jul 18;1295(2):147-57. [Article]
  2. Joseph KS, Hage DS: The effects of glycation on the binding of human serum albumin to warfarin and L-tryptophan. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2010 Nov 2;53(3):811-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.04.035. Epub 2010 May 6. [Article]
  3. Wybranowski T, Cyrankiewicz M, Ziomkowska B, Kruszewski S: The HSA affinity of warfarin and flurbiprofen determined by fluorescence anisotropy measurements of camptothecin. Biosystems. 2008 Dec;94(3):258-62. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2008.05.034. Epub 2008 Jul 31. [Article]
  4. Bertucci C, Wainer IW: Improved chromatographic performance of a modified human albumin based stationary phase. Chirality. 1997;9(4):335-40. [Article]
  5. Watanabe H, Yamasaki K, Kragh-Hansen U, Tanase S, Harada K, Suenaga A, Otagiri M: In vitro and in vivo properties of recombinant human serum albumin from Pichia pastoris purified by a method of short processing time. Pharm Res. 2001 Dec;18(12):1775-81. doi: 10.1023/a:1013391001141. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
General Function
Not Available
Specific Function
Functions as transport protein in the blood stream. Binds various ligands in the interior of its beta-barrel domain. Also binds synthetic drugs and influences their distribution and availability in...
Gene Name
ORM1
Uniprot ID
P02763
Uniprot Name
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1
Molecular Weight
23511.38 Da
References
  1. Hazai E, Visy J, Fitos I, Bikadi Z, Simonyi M: Selective binding of coumarin enantiomers to human alpha1-acid glycoprotein genetic variants. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006 Mar 15;14(6):1959-65. Epub 2005 Nov 15. [Article]
  2. Nakagawa T, Kishino S, Itoh S, Sugawara M, Miyazaki K: Differential binding of disopyramide and warfarin enantiomers to human alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein variants. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Dec;56(6):664-9. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:54