Apomorphine
Identification
- Summary
Apomorphine is a morphine derivative D2 dopamine agonist used to treat hypomobile "off" episodes of advanced Parkinson's disease.
- Brand Names
- Apokyn
- Generic Name
- Apomorphine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00714
- Background
Apomorphine is a non-ergoline dopamine D2 agonist indicated to treat hypomobility associated with Parkinson's. It was first synthesized in 1845 and first used in Parkinson's disease in 1884.10 Apomorphine has also been investigated as an emetic, a sedative, a treatment for alcoholism, and a treatment of other movement disorders.9,10
Apomorphine was granted FDA approval on 20 April 2004.11
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 267.3224
Monoisotopic: 267.125928793 - Chemical Formula
- C17H17NO2
- Synonyms
- (−)-10,11-dihydroxyaporphine
- (6aR)-6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol
- (R)-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-6-methyl-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol
- Apomorfina
- Apomorphin
- Apomorphine
- R-(−)-apomorphine
- External IDs
- APL-130277
- VR-040
- VR-400
- VR040
Pharmacology
- Indication
Apomorphine is indicated to treat acute, intermittent treatment of hypomobility, off episodes associated with advanced Parkinson's disease.11,12
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Hypomobility •••••••••••• ••••• ••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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- Pharmacodynamics
Apomorphine is a dopaminergic agonist that may stimulate regions of the brain involved in motor control.8,11,12 It has a short duration of action and a wide therapeutic index as large overdoses are necessary for significant toxicity.11,12 Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of nausea, vomiting, daytime somnolence, hypotension, oral mucosal irritation, falls, hallucinations, psychotic-like behaviour, impulsive behaviour, withdrawal hyperpyrexia, and prolongation of the QT interval.11,12
Given the incidence of nausea and vomiting in patients taking apomorphine, treatment with trimethobenzamide may be recommended prior to or during therapy. Antiemetic pretreatment may be started three days prior to beginning therapy with apomorphine - it should only be continued as long as is necessary and generally for no longer than two months.15
- Mechanism of action
Apomorphine is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist with high binding affinity to dopamine D2, D3, and D5 receptors.11,12 Stimulation of D2 receptors in the caudate-putamen, a region of the brain responsible for locomotor control, may be responsible for apomorphine's action.8 However, the means by which the cellular effects of apomorphine treat hypomobility of Parkinson's remain unknown.11,12
Target Actions Organism ADopamine D4 receptor agonistHumans ADopamine D2 receptor agonistHumans ADopamine D3 receptor agonistHumans UDopamine D5 receptor agonistHumans UDopamine D1 receptor agonistHumans UAlpha-2C adrenergic receptor agonistHumans UAlpha-2B adrenergic receptor agonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A agonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A agonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B agonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C agonistHumans UAlpha-2A adrenergic receptor agonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D agonistHumans U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B agonistHumans - Absorption
Apomorphine has a plasma Tmax of 10-20 minutes and a cerebrospinal fluid Tmax.4 The Cmax and AUC of apomorphine vary significantly between patients, with 5- to 10-fold differences being reported.4,6
- Volume of distribution
The apparent volume of distribution of subcutaneous apomorphine is 123-404L with an average of 218L.11 The apparent volume of distribution of sublingual apomorphine is 3630L.12
- Protein binding
Apomorphine is expected to be 99.9% bound to human serum albumin, as no unbound apomorphine is detected.3,6
- Metabolism
Apomorphine is N-demethylated by CYP2B6, 2C8, 3A4, and 3A5.11 It can be glucuronidated by various UGTs,11 or sulfated by SULTs 1A1, 1A2, 1A3, 1E1, and 1B1.2 Approximately 60% of sublingual apomorphine is eliminated as a sulfate conjugate, though the structure of these sulfate conjugates are not readily available.2,11 The remainder of an apomorphine dose is eliminated as apomorphine glucuronide and norapomorphine glucuronide.11 Only 0.3% of subcutaneous apomorphine is recovered as the unchanged parent drug.5
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- Route of elimination
Data regarding apomorphine's route of elimination is not readily available.11,12 A study in rats has shown apomorphine is predominantly eliminated in the urine.7
- Half-life
The terminal elimination half life of a 15mg sublingual dose of apomorphine is 1.7h,11 while the terminal elimination half life of an intravenous dose is 50 minutes.12
- Clearance
The clearance of a 15mg sublingual dose of apomorphine is 1440L/h,11 while the clearance of an intravenous dose is 223L/h.12
- Adverse Effects
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- Toxicity
Patients experiencing an overdose of apomorphine may present with nausea, hypotension, and loss of consciousness.11 Treat patients with symptomatic and supportive measures.
The intraperitoneal LD50 in mice is 145µg/kg.13
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Apomorphine is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine. Abaloparatide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Apomorphine is combined with Abaloparatide. Abametapir The serum concentration of Apomorphine can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Abatacept The metabolism of Apomorphine can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abiraterone The metabolism of Apomorphine can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone. - Food Interactions
- Avoid alcohol. Ingesting alcohol may potentiate hypotension caused by apomorphine.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Apomorphine hydrochloride F39049Y068 41372-20-7 CXWQXGNFZLHLHQ-DPFCLETOSA-N - Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Ixense (Takeda (discontinued)) / Spontane / Uprima (Abbott (discontinued))
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Apokyn Injection 30 mg/3mL Subcutaneous Tercica 2004-07-02 2011-10-31 US Apokyn Injection 30 mg/3mL Subcutaneous MDD US Operations, LLC 2004-07-02 Not applicable US Apokyn Liquid 10 mg/1mL Subcutaneous Vernalis Pharmaceuticals Inc 2006-09-19 2006-09-19 US Kynmobi Film, soluble 10 mg/1 Sublingual Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2020-05-21 2023-06-30 US Kynmobi Film, soluble 30 mg / film Sublingual Sunovion 2020-11-17 2023-09-29 Canada - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Apomorphine Hydrocloride Injection 30 mg/3mL Subcutaneous Trupharma, Llc 2022-02-24 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Kynmobi Apomorphine hydrochloride (10 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (15 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (30 mg/1) Kit Sublingual Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2020-05-21 2023-06-30 US Kynmobi Apomorphine hydrochloride (10 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (15 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (30 mg/1) Kit Sublingual Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2020-05-21 2023-06-30 US Kynmobi Apomorphine hydrochloride (10 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (15 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (30 mg/1) Kit Sublingual Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2020-05-21 2023-06-30 US Kynmobi Apomorphine hydrochloride (10 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (15 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (30 mg/1) Kit Sublingual Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2020-05-21 2023-06-30 US Kynmobi Apomorphine hydrochloride (10 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (15 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Apomorphine hydrochloride (30 mg/1) Kit Sublingual Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2020-05-21 2023-06-30 US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- G04BE07 — Apomorphine
- G04BE — Drugs used in erectile dysfunction
- G04B — UROLOGICALS
- G04 — UROLOGICALS
- G — GENITO URINARY SYSTEM AND SEX HORMONES
- Drug Categories
- Alkaloids
- Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist)
- Anti-Parkinson Drugs
- Antidepressive Agents
- Aporphines
- Autonomic Agents
- Benzylisoquinolines
- Central Nervous System Agents
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- COMT Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Dopamine Agents
- Dopamine Agonists
- Drugs Used in Erectile Dysfunction
- Emetics
- Gastrointestinal Agents
- Genito Urinary System and Sex Hormones
- Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring
- Hypotensive Agents
- Isoquinolines
- Nervous System
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- Nonergot-derivative Dopamine Receptor Agonists
- Opiate Agonists
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- Potential QTc-Prolonging Agents
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Serotonergic Drugs Shown to Increase Risk of Serotonin Syndrome
- Serotonin Agents
- Serotonin Receptor Antagonists
- Urologicals
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aporphines. These are quinoline alkaloids containing the dibenzo[de,g]quinoline ring system or a dehydrogenated derivative thereof.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Alkaloids and derivatives
- Class
- Aporphines
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- Aporphines
- Alternative Parents
- Phenanthrenes and derivatives / Benzoquinolines / Naphthols and derivatives / Tetrahydroisoquinolines / Aralkylamines / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Trialkylamines / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds show 2 more
- Substituents
- 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid / 1-naphthol / 2-naphthol / Amine / Aporphine / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid show 14 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- isoquinoline alkaloid, isoquinolines (CHEBI:48538)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- N21FAR7B4S
- CAS number
- 58-00-4
- InChI Key
- VMWNQDUVQKEIOC-CYBMUJFWSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C17H17NO2/c1-18-8-7-10-3-2-4-12-15(10)13(18)9-11-5-6-14(19)17(20)16(11)12/h2-6,13,19-20H,7-9H2,1H3/t13-/m1/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (9R)-10-methyl-10-azatetracyclo[7.7.1.0^{2,7}.0^{13,17}]heptadeca-1(16),2(7),3,5,13(17),14-hexaene-3,4-diol
- SMILES
- [H][C@]12CC3=C(C(O)=C(O)C=C3)C3=CC=CC(CCN1C)=C23
References
- Synthesis Reference
Narayanasamy Gurusamy, "Process for Making Apomorphine and Apocodeine." U.S. Patent US20100228032, issued September 09, 2010.
US20100228032- General References
- Borkar N, Mu H, Holm R: Challenges and trends in apomorphine drug delivery systems for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2018 Nov;13(6):507-517. doi: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.11.004. Epub 2017 Dec 6. [Article]
- Thomas NL, Coughtrie MW: Sulfation of apomorphine by human sulfotransferases: evidence of a major role for the polymorphic phenol sulfotransferase, SULT1A1. Xenobiotica. 2003 Nov;33(11):1139-48. doi: 10.1080/00498250310001609192. [Article]
- Fanali G, Rampoldi V, di Masi A, Bolli A, Lopiano L, Ascenzi P, Fasano M: Binding of anti-Parkinson's disease drugs to human serum albumin is allosterically modulated. IUBMB Life. 2010 May;62(5):371-6. doi: 10.1002/iub.317. [Article]
- Jenner P, Katzenschlager R: Apomorphine - pharmacological properties and clinical trials in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016 Dec;33 Suppl 1:S13-S21. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.12.003. Epub 2016 Dec 13. [Article]
- LeWitt PA: Subcutaneously administered apomorphine: pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Neurology. 2004 Mar 23;62(6 Suppl 4):S8-11. doi: 10.1212/wnl.62.6_suppl_4.s8. [Article]
- van der Geest R, van Laar T, Kruger PP, Gubbens-Stibbe JM, Bodde HE, Roos RA, Danhof M: Pharmacokinetics, enantiomer interconversion, and metabolism of R-apomorphine in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998 May-Jun;21(3):159-68. [Article]
- Haberzettl R, Fink H, Bert B: The murine serotonin syndrome - evaluation of responses to 5-HT-enhancing drugs in NMRI mice. Behav Brain Res. 2015 Jan 15;277:204-10. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.033. Epub 2014 Apr 27. [Article]
- Costall B, Naylor RJ, Nohria V: Hyperactivity response to apomorphine and amphetamine in the mouse: the importance of the nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1979 Apr;31(4):259-61. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1979.tb13494.x. [Article]
- Riegel F, Boehm R: Investigation into the Action of Apomorphin as an Emetic in Its Physiological and Therapeutic Relations. Glasgow Med J. 1872 May;4(3):362-377. [Article]
- Auffret M, Drapier S, Verin M: The Many Faces of Apomorphine: Lessons from the Past and Challenges for the Future. Drugs R D. 2018 Jun;18(2):91-107. doi: 10.1007/s40268-018-0230-3. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Apomorphine Subcutaneous Injection [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Apomorphine Sublingual Film [Link]
- Cayman Chemical: Apomorphine MSDS [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: APOKYN® (apomorphine hydrochloride) injection, for subcutaneous use [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: KYNMOBI® (apomorphine hydrochloride) sublingual film 2022 [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014852
- KEGG Drug
- D07460
- PubChem Compound
- 6005
- PubChem Substance
- 46508653
- ChemSpider
- 5783
- BindingDB
- 50001955
- 1043
- ChEBI
- 48538
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL53
- ZINC
- ZINC000000009073
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000281
- PharmGKB
- PA164781163
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- OR9
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Apomorphine
- PDB Entries
- 7jvq
- FDA label
- Download (513 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (25.8 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Parkinson's Disease (PD) 1 4 Completed Treatment Akinesia / Delayed Levodopa Onset / Mobility decreased / Motor Symptoms / Parkinson's Disease (PD) 1 4 Completed Treatment Chronic Lower Back Pain (CLBP) 1 4 Not Yet Recruiting Treatment Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) 1 4 Recruiting Treatment Parkinson's Disease (PD) 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Ipsen biopharm ltd
- Packagers
- Ipsen Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Tercica Inc.
- Vetter Pharma Fertigung GmbH and Co. KG
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution 10 mg/1ml Solution Subcutaneous 5 mg/ml Injection, solution Parenteral 10 mg/ml Injection Subcutaneous 5 mg/ml Injection, solution Parenteral 50 MG/5ML Injection, solution Parenteral; Subcutaneous 30 MG/3ML Injection, solution Subcutaneous 20 mg/2ml Injection, solution Subcutaneous 50 mg/5ml Solution Subcutaneous 10 mg Injection Subcutaneous 30 mg/3mL Liquid Subcutaneous 10 mg/1mL Tablet Sublingual 2 mg Solution Parenteral Injection, solution 10 MG/ML Injection, solution 5 MG/ML Solution Subcutaneous 50.00 mg Solution Parenteral 5 mg/ml Solution Subcutaneous 5 mg Solution Subcutaneous 1000000 mg Injection, solution Injection, solution 20 mg/2ml Injection, solution 30 mg/3ml Injection, solution 50 mg/5ml Tablet Sublingual Film, soluble Sublingual 10 mg/1 Film, soluble Sublingual 10 mg / film Film, soluble Sublingual 15 mg/1 Film, soluble Sublingual 15 mg / film Film, soluble Sublingual 20 mg/1 Film, soluble Sublingual 20 mg / film Film, soluble Sublingual 25 mg/1 Film, soluble Sublingual 25 mg / film Film, soluble Sublingual 30 mg/1 Film, soluble Sublingual 30 mg / film Kit Sublingual Solution Subcutaneous 10 mg / mL Injection Subcutaneous 20 mg/2ml Injection Subcutaneous 50 mg/5ml - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US8603514 No 2013-12-10 2024-04-03 US US9855221 No 2018-01-02 2022-02-14 US US9931305 No 2018-04-03 2022-02-14 US US8765167 No 2014-07-01 2024-02-20 US US8414922 No 2013-04-09 2031-12-16 US US9669021 No 2017-06-06 2030-06-11 US US9669019 No 2017-06-06 2030-06-11 US US8846074 No 2014-09-30 2031-12-16 US US9283219 No 2016-03-15 2030-06-11 US US10420763 No 2019-09-24 2030-06-11 US US9326981 No 2016-05-03 2030-06-11 US US10449146 No 2019-10-22 2036-04-19 US US8663687 No 2014-03-04 2023-02-02 US US9044475 No 2015-06-02 2030-06-11 US US10821074 No 2020-11-03 2029-08-07 US US10888499 No 2021-01-12 2022-02-14 US US10959943 No 2021-03-30 2036-04-19 US US11077068 No 2021-08-03 2022-02-14 US US11419769 No 2011-12-16 2031-12-16 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source logP 2.0 Borkar et al, 2017 - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.51 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 2.51 ALOGPS logP 2.88 Chemaxon logS -2.7 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 9.26 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 7.72 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 43.7 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 0 Chemaxon Refractivity 79.99 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 29.7 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9816 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9401 Caco-2 permeable + 0.777 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.8501 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.8781 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.964 Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.6477 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7577 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9116 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.7039 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.9107 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9146 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9084 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8718 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9156 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9262 Ames test AMES toxic 0.6775 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9736 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.8928 Rat acute toxicity 2.6446 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.6544 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.7734
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 169.0546528 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 162.9794 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 169.2649528 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 165.33739 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 169.1359528 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 171.72026 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
![](https://go.drugbank.com/assets/locked/DrugTargets2-682eb846d210ae4bf33ca03febccfb57bb1c61318e699b729e5df4dfab2c5b67.png)
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Sh3 domain binding
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor responsible for neuronal signaling in the mesolimbic system of the brain, an area of the brain that regulates emotion and complex behavior. Its activity is mediated by G proteins ...
- Gene Name
- DRD4
- Uniprot ID
- P21917
- Uniprot Name
- D(4) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 48359.86 Da
References
- Boeckler F, Russig H, Zhang W, Lober S, Schetz J, Hubner H, Ferger B, Gmeiner P, Feldon J: FAUC 213, a highly selective dopamine D4 receptor full antagonist, exhibits atypical antipsychotic properties in behavioural and neurochemical models of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Aug;175(1):7-17. Epub 2004 Mar 6. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Mansbach RS, Brooks EW, Sanner MA, Zorn SH: Selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonists reverse apomorphine-induced blockade of prepulse inhibition. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1998 Jan;135(2):194-200. [Article]
- Melis MR, Succu S, Sanna F, Melis T, Mascia MS, Enguehard-Gueiffier C, Hubner H, Gmeiner P, Gueiffier A, Argiolas A: PIP3EA and PD-168077, two selective dopamine D4 receptor agonists, induce penile erection in male rats: site and mechanism of action in the brain. Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Oct;24(7):2021-30. [Article]
- Sanner MA, Chappie TA, Dunaiskis AR, Fliri AF, Desai KA, Zorn SH, Jackson ER, Johnson CG, Morrone JM, Seymour PA, Majchrzak MJ, Faraci WS, Collins JL, Duignan DB, Prete Di CC, Lee JS, Trozzi A: Synthesis, SAR and pharmacology of CP-293,019: a potent, selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1998 Apr 7;8(7):725-30. [Article]
- Succu S, Sanna F, Melis T, Boi A, Argiolas A, Melis MR: Stimulation of dopamine receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of male rats induces penile erection and increases extra-cellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens: Involvement of central oxytocin. Neuropharmacology. 2007 Mar;52(3):1034-43. Epub 2006 Dec 11. [Article]
- LeWitt PA: Subcutaneously administered apomorphine: pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Neurology. 2004 Mar 23;62(6 Suppl 4):S8-11. doi: 10.1212/wnl.62.6_suppl_4.s8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Potassium channel regulator activity
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase.
- Gene Name
- DRD2
- Uniprot ID
- P14416
- Uniprot Name
- D(2) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 50618.91 Da
References
- Berlin I, de Brettes B, Aymard G, Diquet B, Arnulf I, Puech AJ: Dopaminergic drug response and the genotype (Taq IA polymorphism) of the dopamine D2 receptor. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000 Mar;3(1):35-43. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Kim HJ, Koh PO, Kang SS, Paik WY, Choi WS: The localization of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA in the human placenta and the anti-angiogenic effect of apomorphine in the chorioallantoic membrane. Life Sci. 2001 Jan 19;68(9):1031-40. [Article]
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Lam YW: Clinical pharmacology of dopamine agonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Jan;20(1 Pt 2):17S-25S. [Article]
- Lucht MJ, Kuehn KU, Schroeder W, Armbruster J, Abraham G, Schattenberg A, Gaensicke M, Barnow S, Tretzel H, Herrmann FH, Freyberger HJ: Influence of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) exon 8 genotype on efficacy of tiapride and clinical outcome of alcohol withdrawal. Pharmacogenetics. 2001 Nov;11(8):647-53. [Article]
- Yamada S: [Disruption of prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle as an animal model for schizophrenia]. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2000 Oct;20(4):131-9. [Article]
- Yamada S, Harano M, Annoh N, Nakamura K, Tanaka M: Involvement of serotonin 2A receptors in phencyclidine-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle in rats. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Sep 15;46(6):832-8. [Article]
- LeWitt PA: Subcutaneously administered apomorphine: pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Neurology. 2004 Mar 23;62(6 Suppl 4):S8-11. doi: 10.1212/wnl.62.6_suppl_4.s8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Promotes cell proliferation.
- Gene Name
- DRD3
- Uniprot ID
- P35462
- Uniprot Name
- D(3) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 44224.335 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
- Gene Name
- DRD5
- Uniprot ID
- P21918
- Uniprot Name
- D(1B) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 52950.5 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- LeWitt PA: Subcutaneously administered apomorphine: pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Neurology. 2004 Mar 23;62(6 Suppl 4):S8-11. doi: 10.1212/wnl.62.6_suppl_4.s8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
- Gene Name
- DRD1
- Uniprot ID
- P21728
- Uniprot Name
- D(1A) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 49292.765 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Guo H, Tang Z, Yu Y, Xu L, Jin G, Zhou J: Apomorphine induces trophic factors that support fetal rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in cultures. Eur J Neurosci. 2002 Nov;16(10):1861-70. [Article]
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Lam YW: Clinical pharmacology of dopamine agonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2000 Jan;20(1 Pt 2):17S-25S. [Article]
- LeWitt PA: Subcutaneously administered apomorphine: pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Neurology. 2004 Mar 23;62(6 Suppl 4):S8-11. doi: 10.1212/wnl.62.6_suppl_4.s8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins.
- Gene Name
- ADRA2C
- Uniprot ID
- P18825
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 49521.585 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Epinephrine binding
- Specific Function
- Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is clonidine...
- Gene Name
- ADRA2B
- Uniprot ID
- P18089
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 49565.8 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Serotonin receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers...
- Gene Name
- HTR1A
- Uniprot ID
- P08908
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A
- Molecular Weight
- 46106.335 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- LeWitt PA: Subcutaneously administered apomorphine: pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Neurology. 2004 Mar 23;62(6 Suppl 4):S8-11. doi: 10.1212/wnl.62.6_suppl_4.s8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Virus receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances, including mescaline, psilocybin, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodop...
- Gene Name
- HTR2A
- Uniprot ID
- P28223
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A
- Molecular Weight
- 52602.58 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- LeWitt PA: Subcutaneously administered apomorphine: pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Neurology. 2004 Mar 23;62(6 Suppl 4):S8-11. doi: 10.1212/wnl.62.6_suppl_4.s8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Serotonin receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various ergot alkaloid derivatives and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation...
- Gene Name
- HTR2B
- Uniprot ID
- P41595
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B
- Molecular Weight
- 54297.41 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- LeWitt PA: Subcutaneously administered apomorphine: pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Neurology. 2004 Mar 23;62(6 Suppl 4):S8-11. doi: 10.1212/wnl.62.6_suppl_4.s8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Serotonin receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances, including ergot alkaloid derivatives, 1-2,5,-dimethoxy-4-...
- Gene Name
- HTR2C
- Uniprot ID
- P28335
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C
- Molecular Weight
- 51820.705 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- LeWitt PA: Subcutaneously administered apomorphine: pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Neurology. 2004 Mar 23;62(6 Suppl 4):S8-11. doi: 10.1212/wnl.62.6_suppl_4.s8. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Thioesterase binding
- Specific Function
- Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is oxymetazo...
- Gene Name
- ADRA2A
- Uniprot ID
- P08913
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 48956.275 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Serotonin receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for ergot alkaloid derivatives, various anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs and other psychoactive subst...
- Gene Name
- HTR1D
- Uniprot ID
- P28221
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D
- Molecular Weight
- 41906.38 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Serotonin receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for ergot alkaloid derivatives, various anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs and other psychoactive subst...
- Gene Name
- HTR1B
- Uniprot ID
- P28222
- Uniprot Name
- 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B
- Molecular Weight
- 43567.535 Da
References
- Kvernmo T, Houben J, Sylte I: Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists. Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(12):1049-67. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- O-methyltransferase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the O-methylation, and thereby the inactivation, of catecholamine neurotransmitters and catechol hormones. Also shortens the biological half-lives of certain neuroactive drugs, like L-DOP...
- Gene Name
- COMT
- Uniprot ID
- P21964
- Uniprot Name
- Catechol O-methyltransferase
- Molecular Weight
- 30036.77 Da
References
- van der Geest R, van Laar T, Kruger PP, Gubbens-Stibbe JM, Bodde HE, Roos RA, Danhof M: Pharmacokinetics, enantiomer interconversion, and metabolism of R-apomorphine in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998 May-Jun;21(3):159-68. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sulfotransferase activity
- Specific Function
- Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of catecholamines, phenolic drugs and neurotransmitters. Has also estroge...
- Gene Name
- SULT1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P50225
- Uniprot Name
- Sulfotransferase 1A1
- Molecular Weight
- 34165.13 Da
References
- Thomas NL, Coughtrie MW: Sulfation of apomorphine by human sulfotransferases: evidence of a major role for the polymorphic phenol sulfotransferase, SULT1A1. Xenobiotica. 2003 Nov;33(11):1139-48. doi: 10.1080/00498250310001609192. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of catecholamines, phenolic drugs and neurotransmitters. Is also responsible for the sulfonation and activation of minoxidil. Mediates the metabolic activation of carcinogenic N-hydroxyarylamines to DNA binding products and could so participate as modulating factor of cancer risk.
- Specific Function
- Aryl sulfotransferase activity
- Gene Name
- SULT1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P50226
- Uniprot Name
- Sulfotransferase 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 34309.49 Da
References
- Thomas NL, Coughtrie MW: Sulfation of apomorphine by human sulfotransferases: evidence of a major role for the polymorphic phenol sulfotransferase, SULT1A1. Xenobiotica. 2003 Nov;33(11):1139-48. doi: 10.1080/00498250310001609192. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of phenolic monoamines (neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin) and phenolic and catechol drugs.
- Specific Function
- Amine sulfotransferase activity
- Gene Name
- SULT1A3
- Uniprot ID
- P0DMM9
- Uniprot Name
- Sulfotransferase 1A3
- Molecular Weight
- 34195.96 Da
References
- Thomas NL, Coughtrie MW: Sulfation of apomorphine by human sulfotransferases: evidence of a major role for the polymorphic phenol sulfotransferase, SULT1A1. Xenobiotica. 2003 Nov;33(11):1139-48. doi: 10.1080/00498250310001609192. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sulfotransferase activity
- Specific Function
- Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of estradiol and estrone. May play a role in the regulation of estrogen r...
- Gene Name
- SULT1E1
- Uniprot ID
- P49888
- Uniprot Name
- Estrogen sulfotransferase
- Molecular Weight
- 35126.185 Da
References
- Thomas NL, Coughtrie MW: Sulfation of apomorphine by human sulfotransferases: evidence of a major role for the polymorphic phenol sulfotransferase, SULT1A1. Xenobiotica. 2003 Nov;33(11):1139-48. doi: 10.1080/00498250310001609192. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sulfotransferase activity
- Specific Function
- Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs and xenobiotic compounds. Sulf...
- Gene Name
- SULT1B1
- Uniprot ID
- O43704
- Uniprot Name
- Sulfotransferase family cytosolic 1B member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 34898.955 Da
References
- Thomas NL, Coughtrie MW: Sulfation of apomorphine by human sulfotransferases: evidence of a major role for the polymorphic phenol sulfotransferase, SULT1A1. Xenobiotica. 2003 Nov;33(11):1139-48. doi: 10.1080/00498250310001609192. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP2B6
- Uniprot ID
- P20813
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2B6
- Molecular Weight
- 56277.81 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Apomorphine Subcutaneous Injection [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Apomorphine Subcutaneous Injection [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Apomorphine Subcutaneous Injection [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Oxygen binding
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP3A5
- Uniprot ID
- P20815
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A5
- Molecular Weight
- 57108.065 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Apomorphine Subcutaneous Injection [Link]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid binding
- Specific Function
- UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the...
Components:
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Apomorphine Subcutaneous Injection [Link]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Toxic substance binding
- Specific Function
- Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Serum albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Fanali G, Rampoldi V, di Masi A, Bolli A, Lopiano L, Ascenzi P, Fasano M: Binding of anti-Parkinson's disease drugs to human serum albumin is allosterically modulated. IUBMB Life. 2010 May;62(5):371-6. doi: 10.1002/iub.317. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Monoamine transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Involved in the ATP-dependent vesicular transport of biogenic amine neurotransmitters. Pumps cytosolic monoamines including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine into synaptic vesicles...
- Gene Name
- SLC18A2
- Uniprot ID
- Q05940
- Uniprot Name
- Synaptic vesicular amine transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 55712.075 Da
References
- Truong JG, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE: Apomorphine increases vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function: implications for neurodegeneration. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 May 25;492(2-3):143-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.060. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at December 02, 2023 06:54