Norethisterone

Identification

Summary

Norethisterone is a synthetic second-generation progestin used for contraception, prevention of endometrial hyperplasia in hormone replacement therapy, and in the treatment of other hormone-mediated illnesses such as endometriosis.

Brand Names

Activella 1/0.5 28 Day, Activelle, Alyacen 1/35, Alyacen 7/7/7, Amabelz 0.5/0.1 28 Day, Aranelle 28, Aurovela, Aurovela Fe, Aygestin, Balziva 28 Day, Blisovi 21 Fe 1.5/30 28 Day Pack, Blisovi 21 Fe 1/20 28 Day Pack, Blisovi 24 Fe 1/20 28 Day, Brevicon, Briellyn 28 Day, Camila 28 Day, Charlotte 24 Fe Chewable 28 Day, Combipatch, Cyclafem 1/35 28 Day, Cyclafem 7/7/7 28 Day, Cyonanz 28 Day, Dasetta 1/35 28 Day, Dasetta 7/7/7 28 Day, Deblitane 28 Day, Emzahh 28 Day, Errin 28 Day, Estalis, Etyqa 0.5/0.1 28 Day, Femcon Fe 28 Day, Femhrt 0.5/2.5 28 Day, Finzala 24 Fe Chewable 28 Day, Fyavolv, Gemmily 28 Day, Hailey 1.5/30 21 Day, Hailey 24 Fe 28 Day, Hailey Fe 1.5/30 28 Day, Hailey Fe 1/20 28 Day, Heather 28 Day, Incassia, Jencycla 28 Day, Jinteli, Junel 1.5/30 21 Day, Junel 1/20 21 Day, Junel Fe 1.5/30 28 Day, Junel Fe 1/20 28 Day, Junel Fe 24 1/20 28 Day, Kaitlib Fe 28 Day, Larin 1.5/30, Larin 1/20, Larin 24 Fe 1/20, Larin Fe 1.5/30, Larin Fe 1/20, Layolis Fe 28, Leena 28 Day, Lo Loestrin Fe 28 Day, Loestrin 1.5/30 21 Day, Loestrin 24 Fe 28 Day, Loestrin Fe 1/20 28 Day, Lolo, Lomedia 24 Fe, Lopreeza 1/0.5 28 Day, Lupaneta Pack 1-month, Lyleq 28 Day, Lyza, Melodetta 24 Fe Chewable 28 Day, Merzee 28 Day, Mibelas 24 Fe Chewable 28 Day, Microgestin 1.5/30 21 Day, Microgestin 1/20 21 Day, Microgestin 24 Fe 28 Day, Microgestin Fe 1.5/30 28 Day, Microgestin Fe 1/20 28 Day, Mimvey, Minastrin 24 Fe Chewable 28 Day, Myfembree, Necon 0.5/35 28 Day, Necon 1/35 28 Day, Necon 7/7/7 28 Day, Nexesta Fe 28 Day, Nora-BE 28 Day, Norlutate, Norlyda 28 Day, Norlyroc 28 Day, Nortrel 1/35 21 Day, Nortrel 1/35 28 Day, Nortrel 7/7/7 28 Day, Nylia 1/35 28 Day, Nylia 7/7/7 28 Day, Oriahnn 28 Day Kit, Ortho Micronor, Ortho Micronor 28 Day, Ortho-novum 7/7/7 28 Day, Philith 28 Day, Pirmella 1/35 28 Day, Pirmella 7/7/7 28 Day, Rhuzdah 28 Day, Select, Sharobel 28 Day, Synphasic, Tarina 24 Fe 1/20 28 Day, Tarina Fe 1/20 28 Day, Taysofy 28 Day, Taytulla 28 Day, Tilia Fe, Tri-legest 28 Day, Tulana 28 Day, Vyfemla 28 Day, Wera 28 Day, Wymzya Fe 28 Day, Zenchent

Generic Name

Norethisterone

DrugBank Accession Number

DB00717

Background

Norethisterone, also known as norethindrone, is a synthetic progestational hormone belonging to the 19-nortestosterone-derived class of progestins.⁸ It is further classified as a second-generation progestin, along with levonorgestrel and its derivatives, and is the active form of several other progestins including norethynodrel and lynestrenol.⁸ Norethisterone mimics the actions of endogenous progesterone, albeit with a greater potency,⁵ and is used on its own or in combination with estrogen derivatives in a variety of applications including contraception and hormone replacement therapy.^14,15,16,19 First derived in 1951 in Mexico City, norethisterone was originally intended for use as a remedy for irregular menstruation and endometriosis, and was not marketed for use as an oral contraceptive until 1962.²¹

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved

Structure

Similar Structures

Weight: Average: 298.4192
Monoisotopic: 298.193280076
Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₆O₂

Synonyms

(17alpha)-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxyestra-4,8(14),9-trien-3-one
17-hydroxy-19-nor-17-α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one
17-hydroxy-19-nor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one
17-α-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one
17-α-ethynyl-19-norandrost-4-en-17-β-ol-3-one
17-α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone
17-α-ethynyl-4-estren-17-ol-3-one
17-β-hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one
17α-ethinyl-19-nortestosterone
17α-ethinylestra-4-en-17β-ol-3-one
17α-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one
17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxy-19-norandrost-4-en-3-one
17α-ethynyl-19-nor-4-androsten-17β-ol-3-one
17α-ethynyl-19-norandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one
17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone
17α-ethynyl-4-estren-17-ol-3-one
17β-hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one
19-nor-17-α-ethynyl-17-β-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one
19-nor-17-α-ethynylandrosten-17-β-ol-3-one
19-nor-17-α-ethynyltestosterone
19-Nor-17alpha-ethynyl-17beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one
19-nor-17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one
19-nor-17α-ethynylandrosten-17β-ol-3-one
19-nor-17α-ethynyltestosterone
19-nor-ethindrone
19-norethisterone
4-estren-17α-ethynyl-17β-ol-3-one
Norethindrone
Norethisteron
Noréthistérone
Norethisterone
Norethisteronum
Noretisterona

External IDs

NSC-9564
SC-4640

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Pharmacology

Indication

Norethisterone is indicated as an oral contraceptive when given as monotherapy¹⁴ or in combination with an estrogen component, such as ethinylestradiol or estradiol.^18,19 In combination with an estrogen component, oral norethisterone is also indicated as a hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms arising from menopause.¹⁶ When applied via transdermal patch, the combination of norethisterone and estradiol is indicated for the treatment of hypoestrogenism, vulvovaginal atrophy, and moderate-severe vasomotor symptoms.¹⁵

Norethisterone, taken in combination with intramuscular leuprolide, is also indicated for the symptomatic treatment of endometriosis-related pain.¹⁷

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Associated Conditions

Indication Type	Indication	Combined Product Details	Approval Level	Age Group	Patient Characteristics	Dose Form
Used in combination for symptomatic treatment of	Endometriosis related pain	Combination Product in combination with: Ethanol (DB00898), Leuprolide (DB00007)	••••••••••••			•••••••••• ••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••• ••••••
Used in combination to manage	Heavy menstrual bleeding	Combination Product in combination with: Estradiol (DB00783), Relugolix (DB11853)	••••••••••••	•••••••••••••		••••••
Used in combination to treat	Moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms	Combination Product in combination with: Estradiol (DB00783)	••••••••••••			•••••
Used in combination to prevent	Osteoporosis	Combination Product in combination with: Estradiol valerate (DB13956)	••••••••••••	•••••• ••••••••••••••	•••••••••• •• •• •••••••••• •• ••••• •••••••••• •••• •••• •• ••••••••	••••••
Used in combination to prevent	Postmenopausal osteoporosis (pmo)	Combination Product in combination with: Ethinylestradiol (DB00977)	••••••••••••			••••••

Associated Therapies

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

Norethisterone is a synthetic oral progestin used for contraception or to treat other hormone-related conditions such as menopausal symptoms and endometriosis. As a synthetic progestin, norethisterone acts similarly to endogenous progesterone but with a much higher potency - it acts at the pelvic level to alter cervical and endometrial function, as well as via the inhibition of pituitary hormones that play a role in follicular maturation and ovulation.¹⁴ A small increase in the risk of developing breast cancer has been observed in patients using combined oral contraceptives, with some evidence also implicating progestin-only pills - patients starting hormonal contraception should be advised of this risk and should employ routine breast self-examinations to check for evidence of any developing masses.¹⁴

Mechanism of action

On a molecular level, progestins like norethisterone exert their effects on target cells via binding to progesterone receptors that result in downstream changes to target genes.¹⁶ Target cells are found in the reproductive tract, breast, pituitary, hypothalamus, skeletal tissue, and central nervous system.¹⁶ Contraceptive efficacy is derived mainly from changes to the cervical mucus, wherein norethisterone increases the cell content and viscosity of the mucous to impede sperm transport and migration.¹⁴ Norethisterone also induces a variety of changes to the endometrium - including atrophy, irregular secretion, and suppressed proliferation - that make it inhospitable for implantation.^14,12 Working via a negative feedback loop, norethisterone also acts on both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to suppress the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. Suppression of these hormones prevents follicular development, ovulation, and corpus luteum development.¹²

When used as a component of hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women, norethisterone’s value is mainly in suppressing the growth of the endometrium.¹³ As estrogen stimulates endometrial growth, the unopposed use of estrogen in postmenopausal women with an intact uterus can lead to endometrial hyperplasia which can increase the risk of endometrial cancer. The addition of a progestin to a hormone replacement therapy in this population protects against this endometrial hyperplasia and, therefore, lowers the risk associated with the use of hormone replacement therapies.

Norethisterone, along with other progestins and endogenous progesterone, has a low affinity for other steroid receptors, such as the androgen receptor and glucocorticoid receptor.^8,5 While affinity and agonistic activity at these receptors is minimal, it is thought that androgen receptor agonism is responsible for some of the adverse effects observed with progestin use (e.g. acne, serum lipid changes).⁸

Target	Actions	Organism
AProgesterone receptor	agonist	Humans
UAndrogen receptor	agonist	Humans
UGlucocorticoid receptor	agonist	Humans

Absorption

The C_max of norethisterone following oral administration of a single dose ranges from 5.39 to 7.36 ng/mL with a T_max of 1-2 hours.^14,16,19 AUC_0-24 values following single oral doses range from approximately 30 to 37 ng*hr/mL.^14,16,19 The oral bioavailability of norethisterone is approximately 64%.¹⁹ When applied transdermally, norethisterone is well-absorbed through the skin, reaches steady-state concentrations within 24 hours, and has a C_max ranging from 617 to 1060 pg/mL at steady state.¹⁵

Norethisterone is often formulated as norethisterone acetate, which is completely and rapidly deacetylated to norethisterone following oral administration - the disposition of norethisterone acetate is indistinguishable from that of orally administered norethisterone.¹⁹

Volume of distribution

The volume of distribution of norethisterone is approximately 4 L/kg.^4,19 Sulfated metabolites of norethisterone, as well as small quantities of parent drug, have been shown to distribute into breast milk.¹¹

Protein binding

Norethisterone is 38% bound to sex hormone-binding globulin and 61% bound to albumin.^4,19

Metabolism

Norethisterone is extensively metabolized, primarily in the liver, to a number of metabolites via partial and total reduction of its A-ring.⁶ The enzymes predominantly involved are 3α- and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) as well as 5α- and 5β-reductase.^6,5 The 5α-reduced metabolites, including 5α-dihydronorethisterone and its derivatives, appear to carry biological activity while the 5β-reduced metabolites appear inactive.⁵ Norethisterone and its metabolites are also extensively conjugated - most of the plasmatic metabolites are sulfate conjugates, while most of the urinary metabolites are glucuronide conjugates.^4,19 The major metabolites in plasma are a disulfate conjugate of 3α,5α-tetrahydronorethisterone and a monosulfate conjugate of 3α,5β-tetrahydronorethisterone, while the major metabolite(s) in the urine are comprised of glucuronide and/or sulfate conjugates of 3α,5β-tetrahydronorethisterone.¹⁰

Norethisterone has also been observed to undergo some degree of metabolism via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, predominantly by CYP3A4 and, to a much lesser extent, by CYP2C19, CYP1A2, and CYP2A6.⁷ The metabolites generated by these reactions have not been fully characterized.

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Norethisterone

Route of elimination

Following administration of radio-labeled norethisterone, slightly more than 50% of the administered dose was eliminated in the urine and 20-40% was eliminated in the feces.¹

Half-life

The half-life of norethisterone has been variably estimated as 8-10 hours.^4,3,8,14,18

Clearance

The plasma clearance of norethisterone has been estimated as 0.4 L/hr/kg,^4,19 and the intrinsic clearance is approximately 73-81 L/h.⁹

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

The oral LD₅₀ in mice 6 g/kg and the TDLo in human women is 42 mg/kg.²⁰ There have been no reports of serious ill effects following overdose of oral contraceptives, including following ingestion by children.^19,18 Symptoms of overdosage are likely to be consistent with the adverse effect profile of the contraceptive and may, therefore, include significant nausea and/or vomiting.

Pathways

Not Available

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Interactions

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This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

Drug	Interaction
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Abametapir	The serum concentration of Norethisterone can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
Abatacept	The metabolism of Norethisterone can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
Abciximab	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Norethisterone is combined with Abciximab.
Abemaciclib	The metabolism of Abemaciclib can be decreased when combined with Norethisterone.
Acalabrutinib	The metabolism of Acalabrutinib can be decreased when combined with Norethisterone.

Food Interactions

Take with or without food. Co-administration with food slightly alters pharmacokinetics, but not to a clinically significant extent.

Products

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Product Ingredients

Ingredient	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Norethisterone acetate	9S44LIC7OJ	51-98-9	IMONTRJLAWHYGT-ZCPXKWAGSA-N

Product Images

International/Other Brands

Conludag / Micronovum / Mini-PE / Mini-pill / Norcolut / Noriday / Norluten / Norlutin / Primolut-N / Utovlan

Brand Name Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Jencycla	Tablet	0.35 mg	Oral	Lupin Pharma	2015-09-14	Not applicable
Jolivette	Tablet	0.35 mg/1	Oral	Actavis Pharma, Inc.	2003-03-01	2020-12-31
Maeve	Tablet	0.35 mg	Oral	Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Inc	2022-12-16	Not applicable
Micronor	Tablet	0.35 mg/1	Oral	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	2003-09-17	Not applicable
Micronor Tablets 28-day	Tablet	0.35 mg	Oral	Janssen Pharmaceuticals	1972-12-31	2020-07-09

Generic Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Affodel	Tablet	0.35 mg/1	Oral	Naari Pte. Limited	2022-12-31	Not applicable
Aygestin	Tablet	5 mg/1	Oral	Teva Women's Health LLC	2003-06-12	2024-08-31
Camila	Tablet	0.35 mg/1	Oral	Mayne Pharma	2018-06-15	Not applicable
Camila	Tablet	0.35 mg/1	Oral	Mayne Pharma Inc.	2016-08-03	2020-04-30
Camila	Tablet	0.35 mg/1	Oral	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	2003-06-19	Not applicable

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Activella	Norethisterone acetate (0.1 mg/1) + Estradiol (0.5 mg/1)	Tablet, film coated	Oral	Novo Nordisk	2007-04-09	2017-04-30
Activella	Norethisterone acetate (0.1 mg/1) + Estradiol (0.5 mg/1)	Tablet, film coated	Oral	Gemini Laboratories, LLC	2016-05-12	2019-08-31
Activella	Norethisterone acetate (0.5 mg/1) + Estradiol (1 mg/1)	Tablet, film coated	Oral	Novo Nordisk	2003-07-22	2018-10-31
Activella	Norethisterone acetate (0.1 mg/1) + Estradiol (0.5 mg/1)	Tablet, film coated	Oral	Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC	2019-05-01	Not applicable
Activella	Norethisterone acetate (0.5 mg/1) + Estradiol (1 mg/1)	Tablet, film coated	Oral	Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC	2019-05-01	Not applicable

Chemical Identifiers

UNII: T18F433X4S
CAS number: 68-22-4
InChI Key: VIKNJXKGJWUCNN-XGXHKTLJSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C20H26O2/c1-3-20(22)11-9-18-17-6-4-13-12-14(21)5-7-15(13)16(17)8-10-19(18,20)2/h1,12,15-18,22H,4-11H2,2H3/t15-,16+,17+,18-,19-,20-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name: (1R,3aS,3bR,9aR,9bS,11aS)-1-ethynyl-1-hydroxy-11a-methyl-1H,2H,3H,3aH,3bH,4H,5H,7H,8H,9H,9aH,9bH,10H,11H,11aH-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-one
SMILES: [H][C@@]12CC[C@@](O)(C#C)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@]1([H])[C@@]3([H])CCC(=O)C=C3CC[C@@]21[H]

References

Synthesis Reference

Djerassi C, Miramontes L, Rosenkranz G, Sondheimer F: Steroids LIV. Synthesis of 19-nor-17α-ethynyltestosterone and 19-nor-17α-methyltestosterone. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006. 194(1):289.

General References

Stanczyk FZ, Roy S: Metabolism of levonorgestrel, norethindrone, and structurally related contraceptive steroids. Contraception. 1990 Jul;42(1):67-96. [Article]
Frohlich M, Albermann N, Sauer A, Walter-Sack I, Haefeli WE, Weiss J: In vitro and ex vivo evidence for modulation of P-glycoprotein activity by progestins. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Dec 15;68(12):2409-16. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.08.026. [Article]
Stanczyk FZ, Mroszczak EJ, Ling T, Runkel R, Henzl M, Miyakawa I, Goebelsmann U: Plasma levels and pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinylestradiol administered in solution and as tablets to women. Contraception. 1983 Sep;28(3):241-51. doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(83)90065-3. [Article]
Barra F, Scala C, Ferrero S: Current understanding on pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safety of progestins for treating pain associated to endometriosis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2018 Apr;14(4):399-415. doi: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1461840. Epub 2018 Apr 10. [Article]
Schoonen WG, Deckers GH, de Gooijer ME, de Ries R, Kloosterboer HJ: Hormonal properties of norethisterone, 7alpha-methyl-norethisterone and their derivatives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 Nov 15;74(4):213-22. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00125-4. [Article]
Walker CJ, Cowan DA, James VH, Lau JC, Kicman AT: Doping in sport: 3. Metabolic conversion of oral norethisterone to urinary 19-norandrosterone. Steroids. 2009 Mar;74(3):341-9. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.11.008. Epub 2008 Nov 19. [Article]
Korhonen T, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A, Laine K, Pelkonen O: Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro biotransformation of lynestrenol and norethindrone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2008 May;110(1-2):56-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.025. Epub 2008 Feb 15. [Article]
Sitruk-Ware R: Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas. 2004 Apr 15;47(4):277-83. [Article]
Kuhnz W, Gieschen H: Predicting the oral bioavailability of 19-nortestosterone progestins in vivo from their metabolic stability in human liver microsomal preparations in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998 Nov;26(11):1120-7. [Article]
Sahlberg BL, Landgren BM, Axelson M: Metabolic profiles of endogenous and ethynyl steroids in plasma and urine from women during administration of oral contraceptives. J Steroid Biochem. 1987 May;26(5):609-17. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90014-8. [Article]
Sahlberg BL: The characterization of sulphated metabolites of norethindrone in human milk after oral administration of contraceptive steroids. J Steroid Biochem. 1987 Apr;26(4):481-5. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90060-4. [Article]
Rivera R, Yacobson I, Grimes D: The mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Nov;181(5 Pt 1):1263-9. [Article]
Gompel A: Progesterone, progestins and the endometrium in perimenopause and in menopausal hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2018 Aug;21(4):321-325. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1446932. Epub 2018 Mar 27. [Article]
DPD Approved Drugs: Jencycla oral tablets [Link]
FDA Approved Drug Products: CombiPatch® transdermal system [Link]
FDA Approved Drug Products: Femhrt® tablets [Link]
FDA Approved Drug Products: Lupaneta Pack for intramuscular and oral use [Link]
FDA Approved Drug Products: Generess Fe chewable tablets [Link]
FDA Approved Drug Products: Lo Loestrin Fe oral tablets [Link]
CaymanChem: Norethisterone MSDS [Link]
The Embryo Project Encyclopedia: Progestin [Link]

External Links

Human Metabolome Database: HMDB0014855
KEGG Drug: D00182
KEGG Compound: C05028
PubChem Compound: 6230
PubChem Substance: 46504816
ChemSpider: 5994
BindingDB: 50148732
RxNav: 7514
ChEBI: 7627
ChEMBL: CHEMBL1162
ZINC: ZINC000085205451
Therapeutic Targets Database: DAP001212
PharmGKB: PA450651
PDBe Ligand: NDR
RxList: RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com: Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth: PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia: Norethisterone

PDB Entries

1sqn / 2w8y

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Completed	Basic Science	Contraception / Fertility	1
4	Completed	Other	Contraception	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) / Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Breastfeeding / Contraception	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Changes in menstrual flow	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Parke davis div warner lambert co
Barr laboratories inc
Glenmark generics ltd
Ortho mcneil janssen pharmaceuticals inc
Watson laboratories inc
Duramed research inc
Glenmark generics ltd india
Warner Chilcott

Packagers

A-S Medication Solutions LLC
Barr Pharmaceuticals
Breckenridge Pharmaceuticals
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
Dept Health Central Pharmacy
Dispensing Solutions
Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
Duramed
Glenmark Generics Ltd.
Innovative Manufacturing and Distribution Services Inc.
Kaiser Foundation Hospital
Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
Novartis AG
Noven Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Novo Nordisk Inc.
Ortho Mcneil Janssen Pharmaceutical Inc.
Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Patheon Inc.
Pfizer Inc.
Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
Pharmaceutics International Inc.
Pharmacia Inc.
Physician Partners Ltd.
Physicians Total Care Inc.
Qualitest
Quality Care
Redpharm Drug
Southwood Pharmaceuticals
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
Warner Chilcott Co. Inc.
Watson Pharmaceuticals
WC Pharmaceuticals

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Tablet, coated	Oral
Kit; tablet	Oral
Tablet	Oral	0.35 mg/1
Patch, extended release	Transdermal
Kit; tablet, film coated	Oral
Plaster	Transdermal
Patch	Transdermal
Tablet, film coated	Oral
Tablet	Oral
Tablet, chewable	Oral
Kit; tablet, chewable	Oral
Kit; tablet; tablet, chewable	Oral
Kit	Oral
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension; kit; tablet	Intramuscular; Oral; Topical
Tablet	Oral
Tablet	Oral	0.35 mg
Tablet	Oral	5 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	350 mcg
Kit	Oral	0.35 mg/1
Kit; tablet, film coated	Oral	0.35 mg/1
Tablet, film coated	Oral	0.35 mg/1
Capsule; kit	Oral
Tablet	Oral	10 MG
Kit; tablet	Oral	0.35 mg/1
Capsule, liquid filled; kit	Oral
Tablet	Oral	5 mg
Tablet
Tablet, film coated
Oil		200 mg/1ml
Tablet, sugar coated	Oral

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Ovcon-35 (28) 28 0.4-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack	89.09USD	disp
Ovcon-50 28 50-1 mcg-mg tablet Disp Pack	89.09USD	disp
Loestrin 1.5/30 (21) 21 1.5-30 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack	79.32USD	disp
Loestrin 1/20 (21) 21 1-20 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack	79.32USD	disp
Loestrin Fe 1/20 28 1-20 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack	79.32USD	disp
Loestrin Fe 1.5/30 28 1.5-30 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack	77.1USD	disp
Loestrin 24 Fe 28 1-20 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack	75.15USD	disp
Nor-QD 28 0.35 mg tablet Disp Pack	65.87USD	disp
Tri-Norinyl (28) 28 0.5/1/0.5-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack	62.63USD	disp
Ortho-Novum 10/11 (28) 28 35 mcg tablet Disp Pack	60.25USD	disp
Modicon (28) 28 0.5-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack	59.99USD	disp
Norinyl 1+35 (28) 28 1-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack	55.99USD	disp
Ortho-Novum 1/35 (28) 28 1-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack	55.99USD	disp
Brevicon (28) 28 0.5-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack	53.0USD	disp
Norinyl 1+50 (28) 28 1-50 mg-mcg tablet 1 Disp Pack = 28 Pills	52.99USD	disp
Necon 10/11 (28) 28 35 mcg tablet Disp Pack	35.99USD	disp
Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 (28) 28 0.5/0.75/1-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack	33.99USD	disp
Necon 0.5/35 (28) 28 0.5-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack	32.99USD	disp
Necon 1/35 (28) 28 1-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack	31.99USD	disp
Loestrin fe 1-20 tablet	5.23USD	tablet
Loestrin 21 1.5-30 tablet	3.66USD	tablet
Loestrin 21 1-20 tablet	3.66USD	tablet
Aygestin 5 mg tablet	3.27USD	tablet
Ovcon-35 28 tablet	3.06USD	tablet
Loestrin fe 1.5-30 tablet	2.75USD	tablet
Norethindrone Acetate 5 mg tablet	2.75USD	tablet
Norethindrone 5 mg tablet	2.65USD	tablet
Ovcon-50 28 tablet	2.62USD	tablet
Micronor tablet	2.44USD	tablet
Nor-q-d tablet	2.24USD	tablet
Necon 1-35-28 tablet	2.11USD	tablet
Modicon 28 tablet	2.07USD	tablet
Tri-norinyl 28 tablet	2.01USD	tablet
Ortho-novum 1-35-28 tablet	1.9USD	tablet
Brevicon 28 tablet	1.8USD	tablet
Norinyl 1+35-28 tablet	1.73USD	tablet
Norinyl 1+50-28 tablet	1.73USD	tablet
Demulen 1-50-21 tablet	1.67USD	tablet
Ortho-novum 7-7-7-21 tablet	1.4USD	tablet
Errin 0.35 mg tablet	1.34USD	tablet
Ortho-novum 7/7/7-28 tablet	1.33USD	tablet
Camila tablet	1.32USD	tablet
Jolivette tablet	1.32USD	tablet
Nora-be tablet	1.32USD	tablet
Norethindrone 0.35 mg tablet	1.32USD	tablet
Demulen 1-50-28 tablet	1.29USD	tablet
Ortho micronor tablet	1.23USD	tablet
Necon 0.5-35-28 tablet	1.15USD	tablet
Necon 7-7-7-28 tablet	1.15USD	tablet
Necon 1-50-28 tablet	1.05USD	tablet
Ortho-novum 7-7-7-28 tablet	1.02USD	tablet
Micronor (28 Day) 0.35 mg Tablet	0.66USD	tablet

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Patent Number	Pediatric Extension	Approved	Expires (estimated)
US6036976	No	2000-03-14	2016-12-13
US6667050	No	2003-12-23	2019-04-06
US7704984	No	2010-04-27	2029-02-02
US6652880	No	2003-11-25	2020-03-29
US7419983	No	2008-09-02	2024-07-06
US7462625	No	2008-12-09	2021-01-25
US7179815	No	2007-02-20	2021-03-07
US7056927	No	2006-06-06	2024-09-10
US6872728	No	2005-03-29	2021-01-25
US10881659	No	2021-01-05	2034-03-14
US8058280	No	2011-11-15	2024-01-28
US7300935	No	2007-11-27	2024-01-28
US9346822	No	2016-05-24	2024-02-17
US11033551	No	2021-06-15	2037-09-29
US11045470	No	2021-06-29	2034-03-14
US11459305	No	2008-11-07	2028-11-07
US11542239	No	2019-07-23	2039-07-23
US11690845	No	2020-08-27	2040-08-27
US11793812	No	2018-05-03	2038-05-03
US11795178	No	2013-09-27	2033-09-27

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	202-208C	Canadian Jencycla label

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.00668 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	2.72	ALOGPS
logP	3.22	Chemaxon
logS	-4.6	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	17.59	Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-1.7	Chemaxon
Physiological Charge	0	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	2	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	1	Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area	37.3 Å²	Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count	0	Chemaxon
Refractivity	87.42 m³·mol^-1	Chemaxon
Polarizability	34.59 Å³	Chemaxon
Number of Rings	4	Chemaxon
Bioavailability	1	Chemaxon
Rule of Five	Yes	Chemaxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	Chemaxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	Chemaxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	Chemaxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Property	Value	Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption	+	1.0
Blood Brain Barrier	+	0.9413
Caco-2 permeable	+	0.8572
P-glycoprotein substrate	Substrate	0.6346
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I	Inhibitor	0.5079
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II	Non-inhibitor	0.9087
Renal organic cation transporter	Non-inhibitor	0.7603
CYP450 2C9 substrate	Non-substrate	0.7759
CYP450 2D6 substrate	Non-substrate	0.9237
CYP450 3A4 substrate	Substrate	0.7415
CYP450 1A2 substrate	Non-inhibitor	0.844
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.8688
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9386
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor	Inhibitor	0.8994
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.8333
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity	Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	0.7876
Ames test	Non AMES toxic	0.9319
Carcinogenicity	Non-carcinogens	0.9417
Biodegradation	Not ready biodegradable	0.9512
Rat acute toxicity	1.8788 LD50, mol/kg	Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)	Weak inhibitor	0.8777
hERG inhibition (predictor II)	Non-inhibitor	0.7744

ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Download (11.3 KB)

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	splash10-00w9-0690000000-7050c3192b843aecc482
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	MS	splash10-01rt-4950000000-fcbe8bf03b1aa103152b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-0391000000-ae51cc90bb8f2161f149
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0j59-2494000000-76c71f96c07e87ef8962
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0a4i-1910000000-f3f4bbf8cfe62ee9f76d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0a5c-3900000000-4b2a5d95e4b6d50f16fc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00ea-0790000000-60d1a1a37c0ba98d6a4a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00e9-0890000000-5d3b8210450a1c43b119
MS/MS Spectrum - , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-0391000000-ae51cc90bb8f2161f149
MS/MS Spectrum - , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0ar0-3920000000-e31fa7c9e871f2e39846
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-0090000000-4b5cdf64799888e5578a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-0090000000-833867c2579583d501b8
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-0090000000-25ad08ac79cac4b824a2
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-003r-0790000000-a24afa7e0ac75a9c360d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-00xs-0390000000-b7c7c419fa214652fb38
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-052b-0900000000-4329c825378100ff7f1d
1H NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable

Chromatographic Properties

Collision Cross Sections (CCS)

Adduct	CCS Value (Å²)	Source type	Source
[M-H]-	183.9978433	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-	182.9018433	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-	182.9171433	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-	173.74422	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+	184.5141433	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+	183.6266433	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+	183.4477433	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+	175.70131	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+	183.9629433	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+	182.8139433	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+	181.79655	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
EC 50 (nM)	2.2	N/A	N/A	A28045
IC 50 (nM)	3.2	N/A	N/A	A28044
Kd (nM)	0.4	N/A	N/A	A5500
Ki (nM)	1.9	N/A	N/A	A28045

Details1. Progesterone receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Agonist

General Function: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function: The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Progesterone receptor ...
Gene Name: PGR
Uniprot ID: P06401
Uniprot Name: Progesterone receptor
Molecular Weight: 98979.96 Da

References

Garcia-Becerra R, Cooney AJ, Borja-Cacho E, Lemus AE, Perez-Palacios G, Larrea F: Comparative evaluation of androgen and progesterone receptor transcription selectivity indices of 19-nortestosterone-derived progestins. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004 Jun;91(1-2):21-7. [Article]
Sitruk-Ware R: Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas. 2004 Apr 15;47(4):277-83. [Article]

Details2. Androgen receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Agonist

General Function: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function: Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Transcription ...
Gene Name: AR
Uniprot ID: P10275
Uniprot Name: Androgen receptor
Molecular Weight: 98987.9 Da

References

Sitruk-Ware R: Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas. 2004 Apr 15;47(4):277-83. [Article]

Details3. Glucocorticoid receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Agonist

General Function: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function: Receptor for glucocorticoids (GC). Has a dual mode of action: as a transcription factor that binds to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE), both for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and as a modula...
Gene Name: NR3C1
Uniprot ID: P04150
Uniprot Name: Glucocorticoid receptor
Molecular Weight: 85658.57 Da

References

Sitruk-Ware R: Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas. 2004 Apr 15;47(4):277-83. [Article]

Enzymes

Details1. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name: CYP3A4
Uniprot ID: P08684
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight: 57342.67 Da

References

Korhonen T, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A, Laine K, Pelkonen O: Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro biotransformation of lynestrenol and norethindrone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2008 May;110(1-2):56-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.025. Epub 2008 Feb 15. [Article]

Details2. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Retinal dehydrogenase activity
Specific Function: Catalyzes the transformation of the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into the less active form, 5-alpha-androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol). Also has some 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid...
Gene Name: AKR1C4
Uniprot ID: P17516
Uniprot Name: Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4
Molecular Weight: 37066.52 Da

References

Schoonen WG, Deckers GH, de Gooijer ME, de Ries R, Kloosterboer HJ: Hormonal properties of norethisterone, 7alpha-methyl-norethisterone and their derivatives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 Nov 15;74(4):213-22. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00125-4. [Article]

Details3. 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type 2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Steroid delta-isomerase activity
Specific Function: 3-beta-HSD is a bifunctional enzyme, that catalyzes the oxidative conversion of Delta(5)-ene-3-beta-hydroxy steroid, and the oxidative conversion of ketosteroids. The 3-beta-HSD enzymatic system pl...
Gene Name: HSD3B2
Uniprot ID: P26439
Uniprot Name: 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type 2
Molecular Weight: 42051.845 Da

References

Schoonen WG, Deckers GH, de Gooijer ME, de Ries R, Kloosterboer HJ: Hormonal properties of norethisterone, 7alpha-methyl-norethisterone and their derivatives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 Nov 15;74(4):213-22. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00125-4. [Article]

Details4. 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (Protein Group)

Kind: Protein group
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Electron carrier activity
Specific Function: Converts testosterone into 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone and progesterone or corticosterone into their corresponding 5-alpha-3-oxosteroids. It plays a central role in sexual differentiation and andro...

Components:

Name	UniProt ID
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 1	P18405
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2	P31213
Polyprenol reductase	Q9H8P0

References

Schoonen WG, Deckers GH, de Gooijer ME, de Ries R, Kloosterboer HJ: Hormonal properties of norethisterone, 7alpha-methyl-norethisterone and their derivatives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 Nov 15;74(4):213-22. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00125-4. [Article]

Details5. 3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Steroid binding
Specific Function: Efficiently catalyzes the reduction of progesterone, androstenedione, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone to 5-beta-reduced metabolites. The bile acid intermediates 7-alpha,12-alpha-dihyd...
Gene Name: AKR1D1
Uniprot ID: P51857
Uniprot Name: 3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase
Molecular Weight: 37376.615 Da

References

Schoonen WG, Deckers GH, de Gooijer ME, de Ries R, Kloosterboer HJ: Hormonal properties of norethisterone, 7alpha-methyl-norethisterone and their derivatives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 Nov 15;74(4):213-22. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00125-4. [Article]

Details6. Cytochrome P450 2C19

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate
Inducer

General Function: Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...
Gene Name: CYP2C19
Uniprot ID: P33261
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight: 55930.545 Da

References

Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]

Details7. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name: CYP1A2
Uniprot ID: P05177
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight: 58293.76 Da

References

Korhonen T, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A, Laine K, Pelkonen O: Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro biotransformation of lynestrenol and norethindrone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2008 May;110(1-2):56-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.025. Epub 2008 Feb 15. [Article]

Details8. Cytochrome P450 2A6

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Const...
Gene Name: CYP2A6
Uniprot ID: P11509
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 2A6
Molecular Weight: 56501.005 Da

References

Korhonen T, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A, Laine K, Pelkonen O: Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro biotransformation of lynestrenol and norethindrone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2008 May;110(1-2):56-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.025. Epub 2008 Feb 15. [Article]

Carriers

Details1. Serum albumin

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Toxic substance binding
Specific Function: Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name: ALB
Uniprot ID: P02768
Uniprot Name: Serum albumin
Molecular Weight: 69365.94 Da

References

FDA Approved Drug Products: Lo Loestrin Fe oral tablets [Link]

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
Kd (nM)	11	N/A	N/A	A27953

Details2. Sex hormone-binding globulin

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Androgen binding
Specific Function: Functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. Specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone...
Gene Name: SHBG
Uniprot ID: P04278
Uniprot Name: Sex hormone-binding globulin
Molecular Weight: 43778.755 Da

References

Sitruk-Ware R: Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas. 2004 Apr 15;47(4):277-83. [Article]
FDA Approved Drug Products: Lo Loestrin Fe oral tablets [Link]

Transporters

Details1. P-glycoprotein 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function: Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name: ABCB1
Uniprot ID: P08183
Uniprot Name: Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight: 141477.255 Da

References

Frohlich M, Albermann N, Sauer A, Walter-Sack I, Haefeli WE, Weiss J: In vitro and ex vivo evidence for modulation of P-glycoprotein activity by progestins. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Dec 15;68(12):2409-16. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.08.026. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55

Norethisterone

Identification

Structure for Norethisterone (DB00717)

Pharmacology

Interactions

Products

Categories

Chemical Identifiers

References

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Properties

Spectra

Collision Cross Sections (CCS)

Targets

References

References

References

Enzymes

References

References

References

Components:

References

References

References

References

References

Carriers

References

References

Transporters

References