Acyclovir

Identification

Summary

Acyclovir is a guanosine analog used to treat herpes simplex, varicella zoster, herpes zoster.

Brand Names
Sitavig, Xerese, Zovirax
Generic Name
Acyclovir
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00787
Background

Acyclovir is a nucleotide analog antiviral used to treat herpes simplex, Varicella zoster, herpes zoster, herpes labialis, and acute herpetic keratitis10,11,12,13,14,15. Acyclovir is generally used first line in the treatment of these viruses and some products are indicated for patients as young as 6 years old.13

Acyclovir was granted FDA approval on 29 March 1982.12

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 225.2046
Monoisotopic: 225.086189243
Chemical Formula
C8H11N5O3
Synonyms
  • Aciclovir
  • Aciclovirum
  • Acycloguanosine
  • Acyclovir
External IDs
  • NSC-645011

Pharmacology

Indication

An acyclovir topical cream is indicated to treat recurrent herpes labialis in immunocompetent patients 12 years and older.10 Acyclovir oral tablets, capsules, and suspensions are indicated to treat herpes zoster, genital herpes, and chickenpox.11 An acyclovir topical ointment is indicated to treat initial genital herpes and limited non-life-threatening mucocutaneous herpes simplex in immunocompromised patients.12 An acyclovir cream with hydrocortisone is indicated to treat recurrent herpes labialis, and shortening lesion healing time in patients 6 years and older.13 An acyclovir buccal tablet is indicated for the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis.14 An acyclovir ophthalmic ointment is indicated to treat acute herpetic keratitis.15

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofBell palsy••• •••••
Treatment ofChickenpox••••••••••••
Prophylaxis ofCytomegalovirus infection••• •••••
Treatment ofHsv infection•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••• •••••••••••• ••• ••••••••• •••••••••• ••••••••
Prophylaxis ofHsv re-activation••• •••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Acyclovir is a nucleoside analog that inhibits the action of viral DNA polymerase and DNA replication of different herpesvirus.10,11,12,13,14,15 Acyclovir has a wide therapeutic window as overdose is rare in otherwise healthy patients.11

Mechanism of action

Acyclovir is becomes acyclovir monophosphate due to the action of viral thymidine kinase.5 Acyclovir monophosphate is converted to the diphosphate form by guanylate kinase.1 Acyclovir diphosphate is converted to acyclovir triphosphate by nucleoside diphosphate kinase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and adenylosuccinate synthetase.1,7 Acyclovir triphosphate has higher affinity for viral DNA polymerase than cellular DNA polymerase and incorporates into the DNA where the missing 2' and 3' carbons causes DNA chain termination.5 In other cases acyclovir triphosphate competes so strongly for viral DNA polymerase that other bases cannot associate with the enzyme, inactivating it.5

TargetActionsOrganism
ADNA polymerase catalytic subunit
inhibitor
HHV-1
ADNA polymerase catalytic subunit
inhibitor
HHV-3
Absorption

The oral bioavailability of acyclovir is 10-20% but decreases with increasing doses.11 Acyclovir ointment is <0.02-9.4% absorbed.12 Acyclovir buccal tablets and ophthalmic ointment are minimally absorbed.14,15 The bioavailability of acyclovir is not affected by food.11

Acyclovir has a mean Tmax of 1.1±0.4 hours, mean Cmax of 593.7-656.5ng/mL, and mean AUC of 2956.6-3102.5h/*ng/mL.9

Volume of distribution

The volume of distribution of acyclovir is 0.6L/kg.6

Protein binding

Acyclovir is 9-33% protein bound in plasma.6,11

Metabolism

Acyclovir is <15% oxidized to 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase and 1% 8-hydroxylated to 8-hydroxy-acyclovir by aldehyde oxidase.4

Acyclovir is becomes acyclovir monophosphate due to the action of viral thymidine kinase.5 Acyclovir monophosphate is converted to the diphosphate form by guanylate kinase.1 Acyclovir diphosphate is converted to acyclovir triphosphate by nucleoside diphosphate kinase, pyruvate kinase, creatine kinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and adenylosuccinate synthetase.1,7

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

The majority of acyclovir is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug.4,14 90-92% of the drug can be excreted unchanged through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion.5 <2% of the drug is recovered in feces and <0.1% is expired as CO2.8

Half-life

The clearance of acyclovir varies from 2.5-3 hours depending on the creatinine clearance of the patient.5 The plasma half life of acyclovir during hemodialysis is approximately 5 hours.11 The mean half life in patients from 7 months to 7 years old is 2.6 hours.11

Clearance

The renal clearance of acyclovir is 248mL/min/1.73m2.8 The total clearance in neonates if 105-122mL/min/1.73m2.8

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Symptoms of overdose include agitation, coma, seizures, lethargy, and precipitation in renal tubules.11 These symptoms are more common in patients given high doses without monitoring of fluid and electrolyte balance or reduced kidney function.11,4,6 In the case of an overdose, treat with symptomatic and supportive care.13

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

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This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirAcyclovir may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Acyclovir can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Acyclovir can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbemaciclibThe excretion of Abemaciclib can be decreased when combined with Acyclovir.
AbirateroneThe serum concentration of Acyclovir can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone.
Food Interactions
  • Drink plenty of fluids. Dehydration with acyclovir predisposes patients to nephrotoxicity.
  • Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.

Products

Drug product information from 10+ global regions
Our datasets provide approved product information including:
dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Acyclovir sodium927L42J56369657-51-8RMLUKZWYIKEASN-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Product Images
International/Other Brands
Zovir
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AcyclovirCapsule200 mg/1OralBoscogen, Inc.2004-08-01Not applicableUS flag
AcyclovirTablet800 mgOralApotex Corporation1996-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
AcyclovirTablet800 mgOralSanis Health Inc2010-04-052014-08-01Canada flag
AcyclovirTablet400 mgOralApotex Corporation1996-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
AcyclovirTablet400 mgOralSanis Health Inc2010-04-052017-07-31Canada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AcyclovirTablet400.00 mg/1OralRebel Distributors2009-10-22Not applicableUS flag
AcyclovirTablet400 mg/1OralRemedy Repack2011-07-282011-07-29US flag
AcyclovirTablet800 mg/1OralZydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc.2014-09-10Not applicableUS flag
AcyclovirCapsule200 mg/1OralLake Erie Medical DBA Quality Care Products LLC2018-07-062018-11-27US flag
AcyclovirTablet800 mg/1OralNucare Pharmaceuticals,inc.2016-10-15Not applicableUS flag
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AcyclovirOintment50 mg/1gTopicalOASIS TRADING2018-11-15Not applicableUS flag
มาร์เวียร์Cream5 %w/wTopicalบริษัท โรงงานเภสัชกรรมแหลมทองการแพทย์ จำกัด จำกัด1998-03-18Not applicableThailand flag
ไวราซิน 200Tablet200 mgบริษัท ซีฟาม จำกัด จำกัด1998-12-18Not applicableThailand flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Activir Duo 50 mg/g + 10 mg/g CremeAcyclovir (50 mg/g) + Hydrocortisone (10 mg/g)CreamTopicalGsk Gebro Consumer Healthcare Gmb H2010-02-09Not applicableAustria flag
AcyclovixAcyclovir (200 mg/1) + Benzyl alcohol (0.1 g/1g)KitOral; TopicalPrimary Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2020-09-20Not applicableUS flag
HERPAZON % 5 + % 1 KREM, 5 GRAMAcyclovir (5 %) + Hydrocortisone (1 %)CreamTopicalİLKO İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.2018-11-08Not applicableTurkey flag
XereseAcyclovir (50 mg/1g) + Hydrocortisone (10 mg/1g)CreamTopicalBausch Health US LLC2009-07-31Not applicableUS flag
XereseAcyclovir (5 % w/w) + Hydrocortisone (1 % w/w)CreamTopicalBausch Health, Canada Inc.2013-07-26Not applicableCanada flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AcyclovirAcyclovir (50 mg/1g)OintmentTopicalOASIS TRADING2018-11-15Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
J05AB01 — AciclovirD06BB03 — AciclovirS01AD03 — AciclovirD06BB53 — Aciclovir, combinations
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hypoxanthines. These are compounds containing the purine derivative 1H-purin-6(9H)-one. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Imidazopyrimidines
Sub Class
Purines and purine derivatives
Direct Parent
Hypoxanthines
Alternative Parents
6-oxopurines / Pyrimidones / Aminopyrimidines and derivatives / N-substituted imidazoles / Vinylogous amides / Heteroaromatic compounds / Azacyclic compounds / Primary amines / Primary alcohols / Organopnictogen compounds
show 2 more
Substituents
6-oxopurine / Alcohol / Amine / Aminopyrimidine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Azole / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Hypoxanthine
show 13 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
oxopurine, 2-aminopurines (CHEBI:2453)
Affected organisms
  • Human Herpes Virus

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
X4HES1O11F
CAS number
59277-89-3
InChI Key
MKUXAQIIEYXACX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C8H11N5O3/c9-8-11-6-5(7(15)12-8)10-3-13(6)4-16-2-1-14/h3,14H,1-2,4H2,(H3,9,11,12,15)
IUPAC Name
2-amino-9-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6,9-dihydro-3H-purin-6-one
SMILES
NC1=NC(=O)C2=C(N1)N(COCCO)C=N2

References

Synthesis Reference
US4294831
General References
  1. O'Brien JJ, Campoli-Richards DM: Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1989 Mar;37(3):233-309. [Article]
  2. Gunness P, Aleksa K, Bend J, Koren G: Acyclovir-induced nephrotoxicity: the role of the acyclovir aldehyde metabolite. Transl Res. 2011 Nov;158(5):290-301. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.07.002. Epub 2011 Aug 3. [Article]
  3. Morrel EM, Spruance SL, Goldberg DI: Topical iontophoretic administration of acyclovir for the episodic treatment of herpes labialis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinic-initiated trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 15;43(4):460-7. Epub 2006 Jul 3. [Article]
  4. Smith JP, Weller S, Johnson B, Nicotera J, Luther JM, Haas DW: Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir and its metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and systemic circulation after administration of high-dose valacyclovir in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Mar;54(3):1146-51. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00729-09. Epub 2009 Dec 28. [Article]
  5. King DH: History, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacology of acyclovir. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988 Jan;18(1 Pt 2):176-9. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(88)70022-5. [Article]
  6. Sadjadi SA, Regmi S, Chau T: Acyclovir Neurotoxicity in a Peritoneal Dialysis Patient: Report of a Case and Review of the Pharmacokinetics of Acyclovir. Am J Case Rep. 2018 Dec 9;19:1459-1462. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.911520. [Article]
  7. Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
  8. Laskin OL: Clinical pharmacokinetics of acyclovir. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1983 May-Jun;8(3):187-201. doi: 10.2165/00003088-198308030-00001. [Article]
  9. Yuen KH, Peh KK, Billa N, Chan KL, Toh WT: Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of acyclovir tablet preparation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1998 Feb;24(2):193-6. doi: 10.3109/03639049809085607. [Article]
  10. FDA Approved Drug Products: Zovirax Topical Cream [Link]
  11. FDA Drug Approval Package: Zovirax Oral Capsules, Oral Tablets, Oral Suspension [Link]
  12. FDA Approved Drug Products: Zovirax Topical Ointment [Link]
  13. FDA Approved Drug Products: Xerese (Acyclovir and Hydrocortisone) Topical Cream [Link]
  14. FDA Approved Drug Products: Sitavig Buccal Tablets [Link]
  15. FDA Approved Drug Products: Avaclyr Ophthalmic Ointment (Discontinued) [Link]
  16. FDA Approved Drug Products: Zovirax Acyclovir Intravenous Infusion (Discontinued) [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014925
KEGG Drug
D00222
KEGG Compound
C06810
PubChem Compound
2022
PubChem Substance
46506002
ChemSpider
1945
BindingDB
50103518
RxNav
281
ChEBI
2453
ChEMBL
CHEMBL184
ZINC
ZINC000001530555
Therapeutic Targets Database
DNC000157
PharmGKB
PA448045
PDBe Ligand
AC2
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Aciclovir
PDB Entries
1pwy / 2ki5 / 3ix2 / 3mjr / 4da7 / 5i3c / 7vrh / 7vri
MSDS
Download (37 KB)

Clinical Trials

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Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Actavis elizabeth llc
  • Apotex inc etobicoke site
  • Belcher pharmaceuticals inc
  • Dava pharmaceuticals inc
  • Genpharm inc
  • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Lek pharmaceutical and chemical co dd
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • Ranbaxy laboratories ltd
  • Roxane laboratories inc
  • Stason industrial corp
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Glaxosmithkline
  • Actavis mid atlantic llc
  • Hi tech pharmacal co inc
  • Carlsbad technology inc
  • Mylan laboratories inc
  • Abbott laboratories
  • Baxter healthcare corp anesthesia and critical care
  • Apothecon inc div bristol myers squibb
  • App pharmaceuticals llc
  • Bedford laboratories div ben venue laboratories inc
  • Hospira inc
  • Teva parenteral medicines inc
Packagers
  • Actavis Group
  • Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
  • Amerisource Health Services Corp.
  • Amneal Pharmaceuticals
  • Apotex Inc.
  • Apotheca Inc.
  • Apothecary Shop Wholesale
  • APP Pharmaceuticals
  • AQ Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
  • Bedford Labs
  • Ben Venue Laboratories Inc.
  • Bryant Ranch Prepack
  • BTA Pharmaceuticals
  • Cardinal Health
  • Carlsbad Technology Inc.
  • Comprehensive Consultant Services Inc.
  • Corepharma LLC
  • DAVA Pharmaceuticals
  • Direct Dispensing Inc.
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
  • DSM Corp.
  • East Coast Medical Network Inc.
  • Eczacibasi Health Products Co.
  • GlaxoSmithKline Inc.
  • Goldline Laboratories Inc.
  • H.J. Harkins Co. Inc.
  • Heritage Pharmaceuticals
  • Hi Tech Pharmacal Co. Inc.
  • Hospira Inc.
  • Ivax Pharmaceuticals
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
  • Liberty Pharmaceuticals
  • Major Pharmaceuticals
  • Mckesson Corp.
  • Medvantx Inc.
  • Meridian Medical Technologies Inc.
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Mylan
  • Neuman Distributors Inc.
  • Novopharm Ltd.
  • Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Palmetto Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Patheon Inc.
  • PCA LLC
  • PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
  • Pharmedix
  • Pharmpak Inc.
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Prepackage Specialists
  • Prepak Systems Inc.
  • Ranbaxy Laboratories
  • Rebel Distributors Corp.
  • Redpharm Drug
  • Remedy Repack
  • Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
  • Roxane Labs
  • Southwood Pharmaceuticals
  • St Mary's Medical Park Pharmacy
  • Stason Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
  • UDL Laboratories
  • Watson Pharmaceuticals
  • Xactdose Inc.
  • Yung Shin Pharmaceutical Industry Ltd.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
CreamTopical3 G
Granule, for suspensionOral800 MG
Powder, for solution250 MG
CreamTopical
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral
Injection, solutionIntravenous
Powder, for solutionTopical
TabletOral
Tablet, for suspension
Tablet, soluble
TabletOral20000000 mg
TabletOral204 mg
TabletOral80000000 mg
Tablet, coatedOral800 mg
Injection, solution, concentrateIntravenous
CreamCutaneous
CreamTopical5 g
OintmentTopical5 %
SyrupOral8 g/100ml
Powder, for solutionParenteral500 MG
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral250 mg
PowderParenteral250 MG
Injection, powder, for solutionParenteral500 mg
PowderParenteral500 MG
SolutionParenteral25 MG/ML
Powder, for solution500 MG
CreamCutaneous5 %
Powder, for suspensionOral2 g
Powder, for suspensionOral4 g
SuspensionOral2 g
Tablet, film coatedOral200 MG
Powder, for solutionParenteral250 MG
SuspensionOral8 G/100ML
PowderIntravenous250 mg/1vial
PowderIntravenous250 MG
TabletOral800 mg
TabletOral200 mg
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous250 mg
SolutionTopical5 g
OintmentOphthalmic30 MG/G
CreamTopical50 mg
Cream50 mg/g
CapsuleOral200 mg/1
CapsuleOral400 mg/1
Cream
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous1 g/1
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous1000 mg/20mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous1000 mg/1
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous500 mg/10mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous500 mg/1
Injection, solutionIntravenous25 mg/1mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous50 mg/1mL
OintmentCutaneous50 mg/1g
SuspensionOral200 mg/5mL
TabletOral200 mg/1
TabletOral400 mg/1
TabletOral400 MG
TabletOral400.00 mg/1
TabletOral800 mg/1
TabletOral800.00 mg/1
Injection, solutionIntravenous1000 mg/20mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous500 mg/10mL
Powder, for solutionIntravenous500 mg / vial
SolutionIntravenous25 mg / mL
SolutionIntravenous50 mg / mL
Tablet, coatedOral200 mg
TabletOral400 mg / tab
TabletOral800 mg / tab
KitOral; Topical
Tablet200 mg
SuspensionOral
StickTopical
TabletOral200 mg / tab
SolutionIntravenous274.41 mg
TabletOral1 g
CreamCutaneous5.00 g
Cream5 %
TabletOral400.000 mg
CreamTopical50.00 mg
SolutionCutaneous5.00 g
SolutionParenteral250.00 mg
SuspensionOral4.0000 g
OintmentTopical0.05 g
CreamCutaneous
SolutionCutaneous
SuspensionOral8 G/ML
Tablet
CreamTopical0.050 g
SuspensionOral4.000 g
CreamCutaneous5.000 g
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous500 MG
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous250 mg
SuspensionOral400 MG/5ML
InjectionIntravenous250 mg
Injection, solutionIntravenous25 mg/ml
OintmentTopical5000 mg
OintmentOphthalmic3 %
SuspensionOral8 %
Tablet400 mg
Tablet800 mg
OintmentTopical5 % w/w
Tablet50 MG
OintmentOphthalmic30.000 mg
OintmentOphthalmic
CreamCutaneous50.000 mg
TabletOral200.000 mg
CreamCutaneous0.050 g
TabletOral400.00 mg
KitNot applicable
Injection, powder, for suspensionParenteral250 mg
InjectionIntravenous
Tablet, film coatedOral400 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral800 mg
CreamExtracorporeal; Topical
OintmentOphthalmic30.00 mg
Ointment
CreamTopical5 %
OintmentTopical
SolutionIntravenous250.00 mg
Powder, for solution
CreamCutaneous0.05000 g
TabletBuccal50 mg
Tablet, delayed releaseBuccal50 mg/1
TabletTopical200 mg
TabletTopical400 mg
InjectionParenteral250 mg
OintmentConjunctival; Ophthalmic3 g
OintmentOphthalmic3 g
TabletOral200.00 MG
CreamVaginal5 g
OintmentOphthalmic; Topical3 g
Powder, for suspensionOral8 g
CreamTopical50 mg/g
OintmentTopical
Tablet200.00 mg
OintmentTopical5 g
OintmentOphthalmic30 mg
CreamTopical
CreamTopical50 mg/1g
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous50 mg/1mL
OintmentTopical50 mg/1g
Powder, for solutionIntravenous1 g / vial
SuspensionOral200 mg / 5 mL
Tablet, film coatedOral
OintmentOphthalmic4.5 g
SolutionOral
SolutionOral400 mg/5ml
CreamTopical5 % w/w
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionParenteral250 mg
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solutionIntravenous
OintmentOphthalmic3 % w/w
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous250 mg/1vial
Injection, powder, for solutionIntravenous500 mg/1vial
CreamTopical5 %w/w
CapsuleOral200 mg
Powder250 mg/1vial
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Zovirax 200 mg/5ml Suspension 473ml Bottle264.95USD bottle
Zovirax 5% Ointment 15 gm Tube191.56USD tube
Zovirax 5% Cream 5 gm Tube165.07USD tube
Zovirax 5% Cream 2 gm Tube69.44USD tube
Zovirax 5% cream30.22USD g
Zovirax 800 mg tablet11.83USD tablet
Zovirax 400 mg tablet6.09USD tablet
Zovirax 800 mg Tablet5.71USD tablet
Acyclovir 800 mg tablet3.81USD tablet
Zovirax 200 mg capsule3.08USD capsule
Acyclovir 800 mg Tablet2.99USD tablet
Apo-Acyclovir 800 mg Tablet2.99USD tablet
Mylan-Acyclovir 800 mg Tablet2.99USD tablet
Novo-Acyclovir 800 mg Tablet2.99USD tablet
Nu-Acyclovir 800 mg Tablet2.99USD tablet
Ratio-Acyclovir 800 mg Tablet2.99USD tablet
Zovirax 400 mg Tablet2.9USD tablet
Acyclovir 400 mg tablet2.26USD tablet
Acyclovir 400 mg Tablet1.63USD tablet
Apo-Acyclovir 400 mg Tablet1.63USD tablet
Mylan-Acyclovir 400 mg Tablet1.63USD tablet
Novo-Acyclovir 400 mg Tablet1.63USD tablet
Nu-Acyclovir 400 mg Tablet1.63USD tablet
Ratio-Acyclovir 400 mg Tablet1.63USD tablet
Zovirax 200 mg Tablet1.44USD tablet
Acyclovir 200 mg capsule1.01USD capsule
Acyclovir 200 mg Tablet0.81USD tablet
Apo-Acyclovir 200 mg Tablet0.81USD tablet
Mylan-Acyclovir 200 mg Tablet0.81USD tablet
Novo-Acyclovir 200 mg Tablet0.81USD tablet
Ratio-Acyclovir 200 mg Tablet0.81USD tablet
Acyclovir 200 mg/5ml Suspension0.3USD ml
Zovirax 40 mg/ml Suspension0.28USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
CA2098108No2001-07-032012-01-29Canada flag
USRE39264No2006-09-052016-08-02US flag
US6514980No2003-02-042019-01-24US flag
US7223387No2007-05-292021-07-24US flag
US8747896No2014-06-102027-06-03US flag
US8791127No2014-07-292027-03-23US flag
US8592434No2013-11-262030-06-16US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)255 °Chttp://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.1945.html
boiling point (°C)595http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.1945.html
water solubility1.41mg/mL at 25°CAvaclyr Ophthalmic Ointment FDA label
logP-1.76http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.1945.html
Caco2 permeability-6.15ADME Research, USCD
pKa2.52 and 9.35Avaclyr Ophthalmic Ointment FDA label
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility9.08 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-0.95ALOGPS
logP-1Chemaxon
logS-1.4ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)11.98Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)3.02Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count7Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area114.76 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity54.63 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability21.51 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0il4-4900000000-e7f4be9e9211bcd07ea1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-4952000000-c2782962b5849c9d5395
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0090000000-59599385810ae2952ce5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0290000000-9410504409e66bcd08f9
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0uyi-1900000000-0930eb38cecf2a197001
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-05nf-4900000000-10d8c1e33c5d46d6ff80
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-05mo-9600000000-e25ed55283d7d66d80c5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0390000000-079dc309c9ffbbde3375
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-201a17a51960fdc3bcef
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-6c63ec4268a52381191c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0f79-1900000000-20fdfa17569c6b2f479f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-2900000000-4f7a822e6652ec471aee
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-69b23ed6f334f4571ecc
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udr-2910100000-2b1624536b0084ca299c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0190000000-98cf934566cd03e7859b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-d2ba5475072fff9cd92d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4r-0900000000-ac8dfb1f8edb73fc78c3
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0pi0-3970000000-d39aa3210e0d4877528a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0zfr-0900000000-296b5a446d710e891c17
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0abc-3900000000-4ada96da9a7f30636ef7
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0190000000-98cf934566cd03e7859b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-f1f22729b01eaba80956
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0pi0-3970000000-c19dfa9016ba7c60996b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4r-0900000000-575cfcbadb69165fb847
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0zfr-0900000000-1daca3eba118e955d5c9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4l-5900000000-35379d44e6128ad96a33
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-157.4806314
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-158.0267314
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-146.26117
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M-H]-157.4806314
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-158.0267314
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-146.26117
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+158.4536314
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+159.0177314
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+148.61916
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+158.4536314
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+159.0177314
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+148.61916
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+157.7484314
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+158.3637314
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+155.20589
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+157.7484314
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+158.3637314
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+155.20589
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
HHV-1
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Rna-dna hybrid ribonuclease activity
Specific Function
Replicates viral genomic DNA. The replication complex is composed of six viral proteins: the DNA polymerase, processivity factor, primase, primase-associated factor, helicase, and ssDNA-binding pro...
Gene Name
Not Available
Uniprot ID
P04293
Uniprot Name
DNA polymerase catalytic subunit
Molecular Weight
136419.66 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Sergerie Y, Boivin G: Hydroxyurea enhances the activity of acyclovir and cidofovir against herpes simplex virus type 1 resistant strains harboring mutations in the thymidine kinase and/or the DNA polymerase genes. Antiviral Res. 2008 Jan;77(1):77-80. Epub 2007 Sep 17. [Article]
  4. Suzuki M, Okuda T, Shiraki K: Synergistic antiviral activity of acyclovir and vidarabine against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus. Antiviral Res. 2006 Nov;72(2):157-61. Epub 2006 May 30. [Article]
  5. Liu S, Knafels JD, Chang JS, Waszak GA, Baldwin ET, Deibel MR Jr, Thomsen DR, Homa FL, Wells PA, Tory MC, Poorman RA, Gao H, Qiu X, Seddon AP: Crystal structure of the herpes simplex virus 1 DNA polymerase. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 30;281(26):18193-200. Epub 2006 Apr 24. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
HHV-3
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Rna-dna hybrid ribonuclease activity
Specific Function
Replicates viral genomic DNA. The replication complex is composed of six viral proteins: the DNA polymerase, processivity factor, primase, primase-associated factor, helicase, and ssDNA-binding pro...
Gene Name
Not Available
Uniprot ID
P09252
Uniprot Name
DNA polymerase catalytic subunit
Molecular Weight
134046.615 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Sergerie Y, Boivin G: Hydroxyurea enhances the activity of acyclovir and cidofovir against herpes simplex virus type 1 resistant strains harboring mutations in the thymidine kinase and/or the DNA polymerase genes. Antiviral Res. 2008 Jan;77(1):77-80. Epub 2007 Sep 17. [Article]
  4. Suzuki M, Okuda T, Shiraki K: Synergistic antiviral activity of acyclovir and vidarabine against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus. Antiviral Res. 2006 Nov;72(2):157-61. Epub 2006 May 30. [Article]
  5. Liu S, Knafels JD, Chang JS, Waszak GA, Baldwin ET, Deibel MR Jr, Thomsen DR, Homa FL, Wells PA, Tory MC, Poorman RA, Gao H, Qiu X, Seddon AP: Crystal structure of the herpes simplex virus 1 DNA polymerase. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 30;281(26):18193-200. Epub 2006 Apr 24. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
HHV-1
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Thymidine kinase activity
Specific Function
In latent infection, may allow the virus to be reactivated and to grow in cells lacking a high concentration of phosphorylated nucleic acid precursors, such as nerve cells that do not replicate the...
Gene Name
TK
Uniprot ID
Q9QNF7
Uniprot Name
Thymidine kinase
Molecular Weight
40896.475 Da
References
  1. King DH: History, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacology of acyclovir. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988 Jan;18(1 Pt 2):176-9. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(88)70022-5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Guanylate kinase activity
Specific Function
Essential for recycling GMP and indirectly, cGMP.
Gene Name
GUK1
Uniprot ID
Q16774
Uniprot Name
Guanylate kinase
Molecular Weight
21725.41 Da
References
  1. O'Brien JJ, Campoli-Richards DM: Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1989 Mar;37(3):233-309. [Article]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Curator comments
The paper referencing these enzymes does not specify which nucleoside diphosphate kinase is responsible for this action.
General Function
Ribosomal small subunit binding
Specific Function
Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-sit...

Components:
References
  1. Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Curator comments
The papers referencing these enzymes do not specify which pyruvate kinase is responsible for this action.
General Function
Pyruvate kinase activity
Specific Function
Plays a key role in glycolysis.

Components:
References
  1. O'Brien JJ, Campoli-Richards DM: Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1989 Mar;37(3):233-309. [Article]
  2. Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Curator comments
The papers referencing these enzymes do not specify which creatine kinase is responsible for this action.
General Function
Ubiquitin protein ligase binding
Specific Function
Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). Creatine kinase isoenzymes play a central role in energy transduction in tissues with l...

Components:
References
  1. Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Curator comments
The papers referencing these enzymes do not specify which phosphoglycerate kinase is responsible for this action.
General Function
Phosphoglycerate kinase activity
Specific Function
In addition to its role as a glycolytic enzyme, it seems that PGK-1 acts as a polymerase alpha cofactor protein (primer recognition protein).

Components:
References
  1. O'Brien JJ, Campoli-Richards DM: Acyclovir. An updated review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1989 Mar;37(3):233-309. [Article]
  2. Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Curator comments
The paper referencing these enzymes does not specify which Succinyl-CoA synthetase is responsible for this action.
General Function
Succinate-coa ligase (adp-forming) activity
Specific Function
Catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of succinate and CoA to form succinyl-CoA.

Components:
References
  1. Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Curator comments
The paper referencing these enzymes does not specify which Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase is responsible for this action.
General Function
Catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate (OAA) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the rate-limiting step in the metabolic pathway that produces glucose from lactate and other precursors derived from the citric acid cycle.
Specific Function
Gtp binding

Components:
References
  1. Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Curator comments
The paper referencing these enzymes does not specify which Adenylosuccinate Synthetase is responsible for this action.
General Function
Phosphate ion binding
Specific Function
Component of the purine nucleotide cycle (PNC), which interconverts IMP and AMP to regulate the nucleotide levels in various tissues, and which contributes to glycolysis and ammoniagenesis. Catalyz...

Components:
References
  1. Miller WH, Miller RL: Phosphorylation of acyclovir diphosphate by cellular enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Dec 1;31(23):3879-84. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(82)90305-7. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Abdelhameed AS, Bakheit AH, Almutairi FM, AlRabiah H, Kadi AA: Biophysical and In Silico Studies of the Interaction between the Anti-Viral Agents Acyclovir and Penciclovir, and Human Serum Albumin. Molecules. 2017 Nov 5;22(11). pii: molecules22111906. doi: 10.3390/molecules22111906. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Secondary active organic cation transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnico...
Gene Name
SLC22A1
Uniprot ID
O15245
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 1
Molecular Weight
61153.345 Da
References
  1. Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto T, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):918-24. [Article]
  2. Shugarts S, Benet LZ: The role of transporters in the pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs. Pharm Res. 2009 Sep;26(9):2039-54. doi: 10.1007/s11095-009-9924-0. Epub 2009 Jun 30. [Article]
  3. Boxberger KH, Hagenbuch B, Lampe JN: Common drugs inhibit human organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1)-mediated neurotransmitter uptake. Drug Metab Dispos. 2014 Jun;42(6):990-5. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.055095. Epub 2014 Mar 31. [Article]
  4. Wagner DJ, Hu T, Wang J: Polyspecific organic cation transporters and their impact on drug intracellular levels and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacol Res. 2016 Sep;111:237-246. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.002. Epub 2016 Jun 16. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one ...
Gene Name
SLC22A6
Uniprot ID
Q4U2R8
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 6
Molecular Weight
61815.78 Da
References
  1. Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto T, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):918-24. [Article]
  2. Wada S, Tsuda M, Sekine T, Cha SH, Kimura M, Kanai Y, Endou H: Rat multispecific organic anion transporter 1 (rOAT1) transports zidovudine, acyclovir, and other antiviral nucleoside analogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Sep;294(3):844-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenad...
Gene Name
SLC22A8
Uniprot ID
Q8TCC7
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 8
Molecular Weight
59855.585 Da
References
  1. Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Kobayashi Y, Yamamoto T, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):918-24. [Article]
  2. Ohtsuki S, Asaba H, Takanaga H, Deguchi T, Hosoya K, Otagiri M, Terasaki T: Role of blood-brain barrier organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in the efflux of indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin: its involvement in neurotransmitter metabolite clearance from the brain. J Neurochem. 2002 Oct;83(1):57-66. [Article]
  3. Cha SH, Sekine T, Fukushima JI, Kanai Y, Kobayashi Y, Goya T, Endou H: Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1277-86. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Bile acid:sodium symporter activity
Specific Function
Plays a critical role in the sodium-dependent reabsorption of bile acids from the lumen of the small intestine. Plays a key role in cholesterol metabolism.
Gene Name
SLC10A2
Uniprot ID
Q12908
Uniprot Name
Ileal sodium/bile acid cotransporter
Molecular Weight
37713.405 Da
References
  1. Tolle-Sander S, Lentz KA, Maeda DY, Coop A, Polli JE: Increased acyclovir oral bioavailability via a bile acid conjugate. Mol Pharm. 2004 Jan 12;1(1):40-8. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Monovalent cation:proton antiporter activity
Specific Function
Solute transporter for tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, N-methylnicotinamide (NMN), metformin, creatinine, guanidine, procainamide, topotecan, estrone sulfat...
Gene Name
SLC47A1
Uniprot ID
Q96FL8
Uniprot Name
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1
Molecular Weight
61921.585 Da
References
  1. Nies AT, Damme K, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M: Multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins as transporters of antimicrobial drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012 Dec;8(12):1565-77. doi: 10.1517/17425255.2012.722996. Epub 2012 Sep 13. [Article]
  2. Xu Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhou N, Peng J, Gong L, Ren J, Luo C, Luo X, Jiang H, Chen K, Zheng M: Combinatorial Pharmacophore Modeling of Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion Transporter 1 Inhibitors: a Theoretical Perspective for Understanding Multiple Inhibitory Mechanisms. Sci Rep. 2015 Sep 2;5:13684. doi: 10.1038/srep13684. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Drug transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Solute transporter for tetraethylammonium (TEA), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), cimetidine, N-methylnicotinamide, metformin, creatinine, guanidine, procainamide, topotecan, estrone sulfate, acy...
Gene Name
SLC47A2
Uniprot ID
Q86VL8
Uniprot Name
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2
Molecular Weight
65083.915 Da
References
  1. Nies AT, Damme K, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M: Multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins as transporters of antimicrobial drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012 Dec;8(12):1565-77. doi: 10.1517/17425255.2012.722996. Epub 2012 Sep 13. [Article]
  2. Yonezawa A, Inui K: Importance of the multidrug and toxin extrusion MATE/SLC47A family to pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics/toxicodynamics and pharmacogenomics. Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Dec;164(7):1817-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01394.x. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:54