Identification
- Summary
Sulfasalazine is a salicylate used to treat Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Brand Names
- Azulfidine, Salazopyrin, Salazopyrin En-tabs
- Generic Name
- Sulfasalazine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00795
- Background
Sulfasalazine is an anti-inflammatory drug structurally related to salicylates and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It is indicated for managing inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).16,10 Metabolized by intestinal bacteria, sulfasalazine is broken down into mesalazine and sulfapyridine, 2 compounds that carry out the main pharmacological activity of sulfasalazine.10
Sulfasalazine was first used in 1940 for rheumatic polyarthritis, and has been firmly established itself as one fo the most useful disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD).10 Compared to the first line treatment of RA like methotrexate, sulfasalazine is almost as efficacious as methotrexate although with slightly less tolerability. However, sulfasalazine has less teratogenic side effects and faster onset of action compared to conventional DMARD.10 Sulfasalazine fell out of favor as the drug of choice for RA due to poorly designed clinical trials in 1950 but regained interest from the clinical community in the late 1970.10
Although sulfasalazine is only approved by the FDA for ulcerative colitis, research have shown that sulfasalazine is also beneficial for patients with Crohn's disease.11 Meta-analysis of 19 randomized controlled trials indicated that sulfasalazine is superior to placebo in inducing remission; however, with no supported evidence of mucosal healing, sulfasalazine is not FDA-recommmended for treatment of Crohn's disease.12,13,14
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Sulfasalazine (DB00795)
- Weight
- Average: 398.393
Monoisotopic: 398.068490268 - Chemical Formula
- C18H14N4O5S
- Synonyms
- 2-Hydroxy-5-((4-((2-pyridinylamino)sulfonyl)phenyl)azo)benzoic acid
- 2-Hydroxy-5-[4-(pyridin-2-ylsulfamoyl)-phenylazo]-benzoic acid
- 4-(Pyridyl-2-amidosulfonyl)-3'-carboxy-4'-hydroxyazobenzene
- 5-((p-(2-Pyridylsulfamoyl)phenyl)azo)salicylic acid
- 5-(4-(2-Pyridylsulfamoyl)phenylazo)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
- 5-(p-(2-Pyridylsulfamyl)phenylazo)salicylic acid
- Azopyrin
- Salazosulfapiridina
- Salazosulfapyridine
- Salazosulfapyridinum
- Salicylazosulfapyridine
- Sulfasalazin
- Sulfasalazina
- Sulfasalazine
- Sulfasalazinum
- External IDs
- NSC-203730
- NSC-667219
- SSZ
Pharmacology
- Indication
In the US, sulfasalazine is indicated to treat mild to moderate ulcerative colitis and to prolong the remission period between acute attacks of ulcerative colitis.16 Sulfasalazine is also indicated as an adjunct therapy in severe ulcerative colitis.16For the delayed-release tablet formulation, sulfasalazine is also indicated to treat rheumatoid arthritis in pediatric patients who have responded inadequately to salicylates or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with the same patients' characteristics.16
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Adjunct therapy in management of Crohn's disease •••••••••••• •••••• Adjunct therapy in management of Distal ulcerative colitis •••••••••••• •••••• Management of Mild to moderate ulcerative colitis •••••••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• Management of Polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis •••••••••••• ••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• •• •••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• Adjunct therapy in management of Proctitis •••••••••••• •••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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The mode of action of sulfasalazine or its metabolites, 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulfapyridine, is still under investigation but may be related to the anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory properties that have been observed in animal and in vitro models, to its affinity for connective tissue, and/or to the relatively high concentration it reaches in serous fluids, the liver, and intestinal walls, as demonstrated in autoradiographic studies in animals. In ulcerative colitis, clinical studies utilizing rectal administration of sulfasalazine, sulfapyridine, and 5-aminosalicylic acid have indicated that the major therapeutic action may reside in the 5-aminosalicylic acid moiety. The relative contribution of the parent drug and the major metabolites in rheumatoid arthritis is unknown.16
- Mechanism of action
Although the exact mechanism of action of sulfasalazine is not fully understood, it is thought to be mediated through the inhibition of various inflammatory molecules.19 Research have found that sulfasalazine and its metabolites, mesalazine and sulfapyridine, can inhibit leukotrienes and prostaglandins by blocking the cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase pathway.1 Specific enzymes that were investigated include phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.6,3,4,5 Inhibitory activities on other non-arachidonic acid derivatives have also been observed, including PPAR gamma, NF-Kb, and IkappaB kinases alpha and beta.2,7,8,9
Target Actions Organism AArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase inhibitorHumans AProstaglandin G/H synthase 2 inhibitorHumans AProstaglandin G/H synthase 1 inhibitorHumans AAcetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial inhibitorHumans APhospholipase A2 antagonistHumans UCystine/glutamate transporter inhibitorHumans UNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit inhibitorHumans UNuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit inhibitorHumans AInhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta inhibitorHumans UInhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha Not Available Humans UPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonistHumans - Absorption
Following oral administration of 1 g of sulfasalazine to 9 healthy males, less than 15% of a dose of sulfasalazine is absorbed as the parent drug. Detectable serum concentrations of sulfasalazine have been found in healthy subjects within 90 minutes after ingestion. Maximum concentrations of sulfasalazine occur between 3 and 12 hours post-ingestion, with the mean peak concentration (6 μg/mL) occurring at 6 hours.16
- Volume of distribution
Following intravenous injection, the calculated volume of distribution for sulfasalazine was 7.5 ± 1.6 L.16
- Protein binding
Sulfasalazine is highly bound to albumin (>99.3%) while sulfapyridine is only about 70% bound to albumin. Acetylsulfapyridine, the principal metabolite of sulfapyridine, is approximately 90% bound to plasma proteins.16
- Metabolism
In the intestine, sulfasalazine is metabolized by intestinal bacteria to sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylic acid. Of the two species, sulfapyridine is relatively well absorbed from the intestine and highly metabolized, while 5-aminosalicylic acid is much less well absorbed.16Approximately 15% of a dose of sulfasalazine is absorbed as the parent drug and is metabolized to some extent in the liver to the same two species.16Sulfapyridine can also be metabolized to 5-hydroxysulfapyridine and N-acetyl-5-hydroxy sulfapyridine. 5-aminosalicylic acid is primarily metabolized in both the liver and intestine to N-acetyl-5 aminosalicylic acid via a non-acetylation phenotype-dependent route.16
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- Route of elimination
Absorbed sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylic acid and their metabolites are primarily eliminated in the urine either as free metabolites or as glucuronide conjugates. The majority of 5-ASA stays within the colonic lumen and is excreted as 5-aminosalicylic acid and acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid in the feces.16
- Half-life
The observed plasma half-life for intravenous sulfasalazine is 7.6 ± 3.4 hours.16In fast acetylators, the mean plasma half-life of sulfapyridine is 10.4 hours while in slow acetylators, it is 14.8 hours.16Due to low plasma levels produced by 5-aminosalicylic acid after oral administration, reliable estimates of plasma half-life are not possible.16
- Clearance
The calculated clearance of sulfasalazine following intravenous administration was 1 L/hr. Renal clearance was estimated to account for 37% of total clearance.16
- Adverse Effects
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Two-year oral carcinogenicity studies were conducted in male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Sulfasalazine was tested at 84 (496 mg/m2), 168 (991 mg/m2), and 337.5 (1991 mg/m2) mg/kg/day doses in rats. A statistically significant increase in the incidence of urinary bladder transitional cell papillomas was observed in male rats. In female rats, two (4%) of the 337.5 mg/kg rats had transitional cell papilloma of the kidney. The increased incidence of neoplasms in the urinary bladder and kidney of rats was also associated with an increase in renal calculi formation and hyperplasia of transitional cell epithelium. For the mouse study, sulfasalazine was tested at 675 (2025 mg/m2), 1350 (4050 mg/m2), and 2700 (8100 mg/m2) mg/kg/day. The incidence of hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma in male and female mice was significantly greater than the control at all doses tested.16
Sulfasalazine did not show mutagenicity in the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) and in L51784 mouse lymphoma cell assay at the HGPRT gene. However, sulfasalazine showed an equivocal mutagenic response in the micronucleus assay of mouse and rat bone marrow and mouse peripheral RBC and in the sister chromatid exchange, chromosomal aberration, and micronucleus assays in lymphocytes obtained from humans.16
Impairment of male fertility was observed in reproductive studies performed in rats at a dose of 800 mg/kg/day (4800 mg/m2). Oligospermia and infertility have been described in men treated with sulfasalazine. Withdrawal of the drug appears to reverse these effects.16
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of sulfasalazine in pregnant women. Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at doses up to 6 times the human maintenance dose of 2 g/day based on body surface area and have revealed no evidence of impaired female fertility or harm to the fetus due to sulfasalazine. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.16
There have been case reports of neural tube defects (NTDs) in infants born to mothers who were exposed to sulfasalazine during pregnancy, but the role of sulfasalazine in these defects has not been established. However, oral sulfasalazine inhibits the absorption and metabolism of folic acid which may interfere with folic acid supplementation (see Drug Interactions) and diminish the effect of periconceptional folic acid supplementation that has been shown to decrease the risk of NTDs.16
A national survey evaluated the outcome of pregnancies associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In a group of 186 women treated with sulfasalazine alone or sulfasalazine and concomitant steroid therapy, the incidence of fetal morbidity and mortality was comparable to that for 245 untreated IBD pregnancies as well as to pregnancies in the general population. A study of 1,455 pregnancies associated with exposure to sulfonamides indicated that this group of drugs, including sulfasalazine, did not appear to be associated with fetal malformation. A review of the medical literature covering 1,155 pregnancies in women with ulcerative colitis suggested that the outcome was similar to that expected in the general population.16
No clinical studies have been performed to evaluate the effect of sulfasalazine on the growth development and functional maturation of children whose mothers received the drug during pregnancy.16
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Interacting Gene/Enzyme Allele name Genotype(s) Defining Change(s) Type(s) Description Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 NAT1*14A Not Available G > A | T > A | C > A ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 NAT1*14B Not Available G > A ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 NAT1*15 Not Available C > T ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 NAT1*17 Not Available C > T ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 NAT1*19A Not Available C > T ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 NAT1*19B Not Available C > T | C > T ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 NAT1*22 Not Available A > T ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*5A Not Available T > C | C > T ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*5B Not Available T > C | C > T | A > G ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*5C Not Available T > C | A > G ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*5D Not Available T > C ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*5E Not Available T > C | G > A ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*5F Not Available T > C | C > T | C > T | A > G ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*5G Not Available T > C | C > T | C > T | A > G ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*5H Not Available T > C | C > T | A > G | S287 Frameshift ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*5I Not Available T > C | C > T | A > T | A > G ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*5J Not Available T > C | C > T | G > A ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*6A Not Available G > A | C > T ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*6B Not Available G > A ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*6C Not Available G > A | C > T | A > G ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*6D Not Available G > A | C > T | T > C ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*6E Not Available G > A | C > T ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*7A Not Available G > A ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*7B Not Available G > A | C > T ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*10 Not Available G > A ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*12D Not Available G > A | A > G ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*14A Not Available G > A ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*14B Not Available G > A | C > T ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*14C Not Available G > A | T > C | C > T | A > G ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*14D Not Available G > A | C > T | G > A ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*14E Not Available G > A | A > G ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*14F Not Available G > A | T > C | A > G ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*14G Not Available G > A | C > T | A > G ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*17 Not Available A > C ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 NAT2*19 Not Available C > T ADR Inferred Increased risk of Sulfapyridine dose related adverse effects, including skin rash. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Villeurbanne Not Available 1000_1002delACC ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Torun Not Available 1006A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Sunderland Not Available 105_107delCAT ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Iwatsuki Not Available 1081G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Serres Not Available 1082C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Tondela Not Available 1084_1101delCTGAACGAGCGCAAGGCC ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Loma Linda Not Available 1089C->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Aachen Not Available 1089C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Tenri Not Available 1096A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Montpellier Not Available 1132G>A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Calvo Mackenna Not Available 1138A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Riley Not Available 1139T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Olomouc Not Available 1141T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Tomah Not Available 1153T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Lynwood Not Available 1154G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Madrid Not Available 1155C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Iowa, Walter Reed, Springfield Not Available 1156A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Beverly Hills, Genova, Iwate, Niigata, Yamaguchi Not Available 1160G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Hartford Not Available 1162A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Praha Not Available 1166A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Krakow Not Available 1175T>C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Wisconsin Not Available 1177C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Nashville, Anaheim, Portici Not Available 1178G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Alhambra Not Available 1180G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Bari Not Available 1187C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Puerto Limon Not Available 1192G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Covao do Lobo Not Available 1205C>A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Clinic Not Available 1215G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Utrecht Not Available 1225C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Suwalki Not Available 1226C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Riverside Not Available 1228G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Japan, Shinagawa Not Available 1229G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Kawasaki Not Available 1229G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Munich Not Available 1231A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Georgia Not Available 1284C->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Sumare Not Available 1292T->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Telti/Kobe Not Available 1318C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Santiago de Cuba, Morioka Not Available 1339G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Harima Not Available 1358T->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Figuera da Foz Not Available 1366G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Amiens Not Available 1367A>T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Bangkok Noi Not Available 1376G->T, 1502T->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Fukaya Not Available 1462G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Campinas Not Available 1463G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Buenos Aires Not Available 1465C>T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Arakawa Not Available 1466C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Brighton Not Available 1488_1490delGAA ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Kozukata Not Available 159G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Amsterdam Not Available 180_182delTCT ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase No name Not Available 202G->A, 376A->G, 1264C>G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Swansea Not Available 224T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Urayasu Not Available 281_283delAGA ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Vancouver Not Available 317C->G544C->T592C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Mt Sinai Not Available 376A->G, 1159C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Plymouth Not Available 488G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Volendam Not Available 514C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Shinshu Not Available 527A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Chikugo Not Available 535A->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Tsukui Not Available 561_563delCTC ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Pedoplis-Ckaro Not Available 573C>G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Santiago Not Available 593G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Minnesota, Marion, Gastonia, LeJeune Not Available 637G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Cincinnati Not Available 637G->T, 1037A->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Harilaou Not Available 648T->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase North Dallas Not Available 683_685delACA ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Asahikawa Not Available 695G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Durham Not Available 713A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Stonybrook Not Available 724_729delGGCACT ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Wayne Not Available 769C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Aveiro Not Available 806G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Cleveland Corum Not Available 820G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Lille Not Available 821A>T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Bangkok Not Available 825G>C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Sugao Not Available 826C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase La Jolla Not Available 832T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Wexham Not Available 833C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Piotrkow Not Available 851T>C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase West Virginia Not Available 910G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Omiya Not Available 921G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Nara Not Available 953_976delCCACCAAAGGGTACCTGGAC GACC ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Manhattan Not Available 962G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Rehevot Not Available 964T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Honiara Not Available 99A->G / 1360C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Tokyo, Fukushima Not Available 1246G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Chatham Not Available 1003G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Fushan Not Available 1004C->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Partenope Not Available 1052G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Ierapetra Not Available 1057C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Anadia Not Available 1193A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Abeno Not Available 1220A->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Surabaya Not Available 1291G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Pawnee Not Available 1316G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase S. Antioco Not Available 1342A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Cassano Not Available 1347G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Hermoupolis Not Available 1347G->C / 1360C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Union,Maewo, Chinese-2, Kalo Not Available 1360C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Andalus Not Available 1361G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Cosenza Not Available 1376G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Canton, Taiwan- Hakka, Gifu-like, Agrigento-like Not Available 1376G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Flores Not Available 1387C->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Kaiping, Anant, Dhon, Sapporo-like, Wosera Not Available 1388G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Kamogawa Not Available 169C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Costanzo Not Available 179T>C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Amazonia Not Available 185C->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Songklanagarind Not Available 196T->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Hechi Not Available 202G->A / 871G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Namouru Not Available 208T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Bao Loc Not Available 352T>C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Crispim Not Available 375G->T, 379G->T383T->C384C>T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Acrokorinthos Not Available 376A->G / 463C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Santa Maria Not Available 376A->G / 542A->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Ananindeua Not Available 376A->G / 871G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Vanua Lava Not Available 383T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Valladolid Not Available 406C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Belem Not Available 409C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Liuzhou Not Available 442G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Shenzen Not Available 473G>A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Taipei ‚ÄúChinese- 3‚Äù Not Available 493A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Toledo Not Available 496C>T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Naone Not Available 497G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Nankang Not Available 517T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Miaoli Not Available 519C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Mediterranean, Dallas, Panama‚ Sassari, Cagliari, Birmingham Not Available 563C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Coimbra Shunde Not Available 592C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Nilgiri Not Available 593G>A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Radlowo Not Available 679C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Roubaix Not Available 811G>C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Haikou Not Available 835A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Chinese-1 Not Available 835A->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Mizushima Not Available 848A>G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Osaka Not Available 853C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Viangchan, Jammu Not Available 871G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Seoul Not Available 916G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Ludhiana Not Available 929G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Farroupilha Not Available 977C->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Chinese-5 Not Available 1024C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Rignano Not Available 130G>A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Orissa Not Available 131C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase G6PDNice Not Available 1380G>C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Kamiube, Keelung Not Available 1387C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Neapolis Not Available 1400C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Aures Not Available 143T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Split Not Available 1442C->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Kambos Not Available 148C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Palestrina Not Available 170G>A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Metaponto Not Available 172G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Musashino Not Available 185C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Asahi Not Available 202G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase A- (202), Ferrara I Not Available 202G->A / 376A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Murcia Oristano Not Available 209A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Ube Konan Not Available 241C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Lagosanto Not Available 242G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Guangzhou Not Available 274C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Hammersmith Not Available 323T->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Sinnai Not Available 34G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase A- (680) Not Available 376A->G / 680G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase A- (968), Betica,Selma, Guantanamo Not Available 376A->G / 968T->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Salerno Pyrgos Not Available 383T>G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Quing Yan Not Available 392G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Lages Not Available 40G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Ilesha Not Available 466G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Mahidol Not Available 487G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Malaga Not Available 542A->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Sibari Not Available 634A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Mexico City Not Available 680G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Nanning Not Available 703C->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Seattle, Lodi, Modena, Ferrara II, Athens-like Not Available 844G->C ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Bajo Maumere Not Available 844G->T ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Montalbano Not Available 854G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Kalyan-Kerala, Jamnaga, Rohini Not Available 949G->A ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase Gaohe Not Available 95A->G ADR Inferred Increased risk of dose-related hemolytic anemia. Details
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbacavir Sulfasalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level. Abatacept The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulfasalazine is combined with Abatacept. Abciximab The risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Sulfasalazine is combined with Abciximab. Abemaciclib Sulfasalazine may decrease the excretion rate of Abemaciclib which could result in a higher serum level. Acarbose Sulfasalazine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Acarbose. - Food Interactions
- Drink plenty of fluids. Inadequate fluid intake is associated with crystalluria and stone formation.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Asasurfan (Choseido Pharmaceutical) / Azulfdidina (Pfizer) / Azulfin (Apsen) / Bomecon (Fu Seng) / Colo-Pleon (Sanofi-Aventis) / Disalazin (AC Farma) / Eminapyrin (Taiyo Pharmaceutical) / Flogostop (Ivax) / Iwata (Cadila) / Lanofen (Taisho Yakuhin) / Lazafin (Novell) / Pleon (Sanofi-Aventis) / Pyralin EN (Pfizer) / Reumazin (Aristopharma) / Saaz (Ipca) / Saaz-DS (Ipca) / Salasopyrine (Upjohn) / Salazar (Cadila) / Salazidin (Helcor) / Salazine (Opsonin) / Salazopirina (Jaba Recordati) / Salazoprin (Cazi) / Salazopyrin (Pfizer) / Salazopyrin EN (Pfizer) / Salazopyrin EN-Tabs (Pharmacia) / Sulcolon (Bernofarm) / Sulfacol (Drug International) / Weiliufen (Sunve) / Zopyrin (Han Lim)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Azulfidine Tablet 500 mg/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 1995-11-06 2011-06-30 US 
Azulfidine Tablet 500 mg/1 Oral Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc 1950-06-20 Not applicable US Azulfidine EN-tabs Tablet, delayed release 500 mg/1 Oral Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc 1950-06-20 Not applicable US S.A.S. Enteric 500mg Tablet, delayed release 500 mg Oral Icn Pharmaceuticals 1979-12-31 2005-04-26 Canada 
Salazopyrin En-tabs 500 mg Tablet, delayed release 500 mg Oral Pfizer Canada Ulc 1995-12-31 Not applicable Canada - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Apo Sulfasalazine Tab 500mg Tablet 500 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 1978-12-31 Not applicable Canada Orb-sulfasalazine EC Tablet, delayed release 500 mg Oral Orbus Pharma Inc Not applicable Not applicable Canada PMS-sulfasalazine 500mg/tab USP Tablet 500 mg Oral Pharmascience Inc 1984-12-31 Not applicable Canada PMS-sulfasalazine-E.C. Tab 500mg Tablet, delayed release 500 mg Oral Pharmascience Inc 1984-12-31 Not applicable Canada Ratio-sulfasalazine En Tablet, delayed release 500 mg Oral Ratiopharm Inc Division Of Teva Canada Limited 1986-12-31 2008-08-01 Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- G01AE10 — Combinations of sulfonamides
- G01AE — Sulfonamides
- G01A — ANTIINFECTIVES AND ANTISEPTICS, EXCL. COMBINATIONS WITH CORTICOSTEROIDS
- G01 — GYNECOLOGICAL ANTIINFECTIVES AND ANTISEPTICS
- G — GENITO URINARY SYSTEM AND SEX HORMONES
- Drug Categories
- Agents causing hyperkalemia
- Agents that produce hypertension
- Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
- Amides
- Aminosalicylate
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal (Non-Selective)
- Antidiarrheals, Intestinal Antiinflammatory/antiinfective Agents
- Antirheumatic Agents
- BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors
- BCRP/ABCG2 Substrates
- Gastrointestinal Agents
- Immunosuppressive Agents
- Intestinal Antiinflammatory Agents
- Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents
- Nephrotoxic agents
- Non COX-2 selective NSAIDS
- NTCP Inhibitors
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Inhibitors
- OATP1B3 inhibitors
- Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2B1 Inhibitors
- Salicylates
- Sulfonamides
- Sulfones
- Sulfur Compounds
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as azobenzenes. These are organonitrogen aromatic compounds that contain a central azo group, where each nitrogen atom is conjugated to a benzene ring.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organoheterocyclic compounds
- Class
- Azobenzenes
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- Azobenzenes
- Alternative Parents
- Salicylic acids / Benzenesulfonamides / Benzenesulfonyl compounds / Benzoic acids / Benzoyl derivatives / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Pyridines and derivatives / Organosulfonamides / Imidolactams / Vinylogous acids show 11 more
- Substituents
- 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / Aminosulfonyl compound / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Azo compound / Azobenzene / Benzenesulfonamide / Benzenesulfonyl group / Benzenoid / Benzoic acid show 28 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- sulfonamide, azobenzenes, pyridines (CHEBI:9334)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 3XC8GUZ6CB
- CAS number
- 599-79-1
- InChI Key
- NCEXYHBECQHGNR-QZQOTICOSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C18H14N4O5S/c23-16-9-6-13(11-15(16)18(24)25)21-20-12-4-7-14(8-5-12)28(26,27)22-17-3-1-2-10-19-17/h1-11,23H,(H,19,22)(H,24,25)/b21-20+
- IUPAC Name
- 2-hydroxy-5-[(E)-2-{4-[(pyridin-2-yl)sulfamoyl]phenyl}diazen-1-yl]benzoic acid
- SMILES
- OC(=O)C1=CC(=CC=C1O)\N=N\C1=CC=C(C=C1)S(=O)(=O)NC1=NC=CC=C1
References
- General References
- Hoult JR: Pharmacological and biochemical actions of sulphasalazine. Drugs. 1986;32 Suppl 1:18-26. doi: 10.2165/00003495-198600321-00005. [Article]
- Weber CK, Liptay S, Wirth T, Adler G, Schmid RM: Suppression of NF-kappaB activity by sulfasalazine is mediated by direct inhibition of IkappaB kinases alpha and beta. Gastroenterology. 2000 Nov;119(5):1209-18. [Article]
- Generini S, Fiori G, Matucci Cerinic M: Therapy of spondylarthropathy in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 Nov-Dec;20(6 Suppl 28):S88-94. [Article]
- Allgayer H: Review article: mechanisms of action of mesalazine in preventing colorectal carcinoma in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Sep;18 Suppl 2:10-4. [Article]
- Pruzanski W, Stefanski E, Vadas P, Ramamurthy NS: Inhibition of extracellular release of proinflammatory secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) by sulfasalazine: a novel mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997 Jun 15;53(12):1901-7. [Article]
- Nielsen OH, Bukhave K, Elmgreen J, Ahnfelt-Ronne I: Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in human neutrophils by sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic acid. Dig Dis Sci. 1987 Jun;32(6):577-82. [Article]
- Rousseaux C, Lefebvre B, Dubuquoy L, Lefebvre P, Romano O, Auwerx J, Metzger D, Wahli W, Desvergne B, Naccari GC, Chavatte P, Farce A, Bulois P, Cortot A, Colombel JF, Desreumaux P: Intestinal antiinflammatory effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid is dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. J Exp Med. 2005 Apr 18;201(8):1205-15. Epub 2005 Apr 11. [Article]
- Cevallos SA, Lee JY, Velazquez EM, Foegeding NJ, Shelton CD, Tiffany CR, Parry BH, Stull-Lane AR, Olsan EE, Savage HP, Nguyen H, Ghanaat SS, Byndloss AJ, Agu IO, Tsolis RM, Byndloss MX, Baumler AJ: 5-Aminosalicylic Acid Ameliorates Colitis and Checks Dysbiotic Escherichia coli Expansion by Activating PPAR-gamma Signaling in the Intestinal Epithelium. mBio. 2021 Jan 19;12(1):e03227-20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.03227-20. [Article]
- Wahl C, Liptay S, Adler G, Schmid RM: Sulfasalazine: a potent and specific inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B. J Clin Invest. 1998 Mar 1;101(5):1163-74. doi: 10.1172/JCI992. [Article]
- Rains CP, Noble S, Faulds D: Sulfasalazine. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs. 1995 Jul;50(1):137-56. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199550010-00009. [Article]
- Peppercorn MA: Sulfasalazine. Pharmacology, clinical use, toxicity, and related new drug development. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Sep;101(3):377-86. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-101-3-377. [Article]
- Lim WC, Wang Y, MacDonald JK, Hanauer S: Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jul 3;7(7):CD008870. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008870.pub2. [Article]
- Croke L: Crohn's Disease: ACG Releases Updated Management Guidelines. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Dec 15;98(12):756-757. [Article]
- Lichtenstein GR: Highlights From the New ACG Guideline on Crohn's Disease Management. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2018 Aug;14(8):482-484. [Article]
- William M. Haynes (2014). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (95th ed., pp. 3-490). CRC Press. [ISBN:978-1482208672]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Azulfidine (sulfasalazine) tablets for oral use [Link]
- Health Canada Approved Drug Proucts: SALAZOPYRIN (Sulfasalazine) and SALAZOPYRIN EN (Sulfasalazine) tablet for oral use [Link]
- Sulfasalazine MSDS [Link]
- Sulfasalazine [Link]
- Sulfasalazine [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Azulfidine (sulfasalazine) tablets for oral use 2022 [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014933
- KEGG Drug
- D00448
- KEGG Compound
- C07316
- PubChem Compound
- 5359476
- PubChem Substance
- 46505451
- ChemSpider
- 10605946
- BindingDB
- 50103596
- 9524
- ChEBI
- 9334
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL421
- ZINC
- ZINC000003831490
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000153
- PharmGKB
- PA451547
- PDBe Ligand
- SAS
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Sulfasalazine
- PDB Entries
- 13gs / 4j7x / 5acl / 6g0g / 6r7s / 7er8
- MSDS
- Download (72.8 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Basic Science Rheumatoid Arthritis 1 4 Completed Treatment Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) 1 4 Completed Treatment Psoriatic Arthritis 1 4 Completed Treatment Rheumatoid Arthritis 7 4 Not Yet Recruiting Treatment Rheumatoid Arthritis 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Pharmacia and upjohn co
- Vintage pharmaceuticals inc
- Watson laboratories inc
- Solvay pharmaceuticals
- Heritage pharmaceuticals inc
- Mutual pharmaceutical co inc
- Sandoz inc
- Superpharm corp
- Packagers
- Amerisource Health Services Corp.
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- Carlisle Laboratories Inc.
- Darby Dental Supply Co. Inc.
- Direct Dispensing Inc.
- Dispensing Solutions
- Greenstone LLC
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital
- Kemwell AB
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- Medisca Inc.
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Mutual Pharmaceutical Co.
- Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Patheon Inc.
- PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Pfizer Inc.
- Pharmacia Inc.
- Pharmedix
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Prepak Systems Inc.
- Qualitest
- Remedy Repack
- Tya Pharmaceuticals
- United Research Laboratories Inc.
- Vintage Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Watson Pharmaceuticals
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral 500.000 mg Tablet, coated Oral 500 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 500 mg Tablet, delayed release Oral 500 mg Suspension Rectal 3 g / 100 mL Enema Rectal 3 g / 100 mL Tablet Oral 500 mg Tablet Oral Tablet, delayed release Oral Powder Not applicable 1 g/1g Tablet Oral 500 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 500 mg/1 Tablet, delayed release Oral 500 mg/1 - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Sulfasalazine powder 2.14USD g Azulfidine EN-tabs 500 mg Enteric Coated Tabs 0.73USD tab Azulfidine entab 500 mg 0.69USD tablet Azulfidine 500 mg tablet 0.59USD tablet Salazopyrin En-Tabs 500 mg Enteric-Coated Tablet 0.45USD tablet Sulfasalazine 500 mg Enteric Coated Tabs 0.4USD tab Pms-Sulfasalazine 500 mg Enteric-Coated Tablet 0.34USD tablet Salazopyrin 500 mg Tablet 0.28USD tablet Sulfasalazine 500 mg tablet 0.25USD tablet Sulfazine 500 mg tablet 0.25USD tablet Pms-Sulfasalazine 500 mg Tablet 0.22USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 220 dec °C T867 water solubility Practically insoluble in water L44567 Caco2 permeability -6.33 ADME Research, USCD pKa 0.6 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0464 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 2.92 ALOGPS logP 4.25 Chemaxon logS -3.9 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 3.23 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 0.55 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 8 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 141.31 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 5 Chemaxon Refractivity 104.6 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 39.69 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 3 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9156 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.7294 Caco-2 permeable - 0.6893 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.8405 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9096 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.853 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8956 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.6445 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9116 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7557 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9046 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8948 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9231 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.923 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8309 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.8895 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9133 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.6468 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9472 Rat acute toxicity 1.4383 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.939 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.821
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 205.1585302 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 210.8954433 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 205.9914302 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 187.9142 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 204.6314302 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 149.6212698 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 204.1491302 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 190.2722 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 204.9800302 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 200.9776832 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 204.7020302 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 196.93782 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Iron ion binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the first step in leukotriene biosynthesis, and thereby plays a role in inflammatory processes.
- Gene Name
- ALOX5
- Uniprot ID
- P09917
- Uniprot Name
- Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase
- Molecular Weight
- 77982.595 Da
References
- Nielsen OH, Bukhave K, Elmgreen J, Ahnfelt-Ronne I: Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in human neutrophils by sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic acid. Dig Dis Sci. 1987 Jun;32(6):577-82. [Article]
- Allgayer H, Eisenburg J, Paumgartner G: Soybean lipoxygenase inhibition: studies with the sulphasalazine metabolites N-acetylaminosalicylic acid, 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulphapyridine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1984;26(4):449-51. [Article]
- Sircar JC, Schwender CF, Carethers ME: Inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase by sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic acid: a possible mode of action in ulcerative colitis. Biochem Pharmacol. 1983 Jan 1;32(1):170-2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
- Specific Function
- Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Constitutively expressed in some tissues in physiological conditions, such as the endothelium, kidney and...
- Gene Name
- PTGS2
- Uniprot ID
- P35354
- Uniprot Name
- Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 68995.625 Da
References
- Mifflin RC, Saada JI, Di Mari JF, Valentich JD, Adegboyega PA, Powell DW: Aspirin-mediated COX-2 transcript stabilization via sustained p38 activation in human intestinal myofibroblasts. Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;65(2):470-8. [Article]
- Generini S, Fiori G, Matucci Cerinic M: Therapy of spondylarthropathy in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 Nov-Dec;20(6 Suppl 28):S88-94. [Article]
- Distrutti E, Sediari L, Mencarelli A, Renga B, Orlandi S, Russo G, Caliendo G, Santagada V, Cirino G, Wallace JL, Fiorucci S: 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1,2]dithiol-3yl)-phenyl ester (ATB-429), a hydrogen sulfide-releasing derivative of mesalamine, exerts antinociceptive effects in a model of postinflammatory hypersensitivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Oct;319(1):447-58. Epub 2006 Jul 19. [Article]
- Cipolla G, Crema F, Sacco S, Moro E, de Ponti F, Frigo G: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and inflammatory bowel disease: current perspectives. Pharmacol Res. 2002 Jul;46(1):1-6. [Article]
- Pruzanski W, Stefanski E, Vadas P, Ramamurthy NS: Inhibition of extracellular release of proinflammatory secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) by sulfasalazine: a novel mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997 Jun 15;53(12):1901-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
- Specific Function
- Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Involved in the constitutive production of prostanoids in particular in the stomach and platelets. In gas...
- Gene Name
- PTGS1
- Uniprot ID
- P23219
- Uniprot Name
- Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 68685.82 Da
References
- Allgayer H: Review article: mechanisms of action of mesalazine in preventing colorectal carcinoma in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Sep;18 Suppl 2:10-4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function
- Plays a major role in ketone body metabolism.
- Gene Name
- ACAT1
- Uniprot ID
- P24752
- Uniprot Name
- Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 45199.2 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Faison LD, White HL: Sulfasalazine inhibits lyso-PAF: acetyl-COA acetyltransferase. Prostaglandins. 1992 Sep;44(3):245-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Receptor binding
- Specific Function
- PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides, this releases glycerophospholipids and arachidonic acid that serve as the precursors of signal molecules.
- Gene Name
- PLA2G1B
- Uniprot ID
- P04054
- Uniprot Name
- Phospholipase A2
- Molecular Weight
- 16359.535 Da
References
- Pruzanski W, Stefanski E, Vadas P, Ramamurthy NS: Inhibition of extracellular release of proinflammatory secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) by sulfasalazine: a novel mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997 Jun 15;53(12):1901-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Cystine:glutamate antiporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-independent, high-affinity exchange of anionic amino acids with high specificity for anionic form of cystine and glutamate.
- Gene Name
- SLC7A11
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UPY5
- Uniprot Name
- Cystine/glutamate transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 55422.44 Da
References
- Gout PW, Buckley AR, Simms CR, Bruchovsky N: Sulfasalazine, a potent suppressor of lymphoma growth by inhibition of the x(c)- cystine transporter: a new action for an old drug. Leukemia. 2001 Oct;15(10):1633-40. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Transcriptional repressor activity, rna polymerase ii transcription regulatory region sequence-specific binding
- Specific Function
- NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related...
- Gene Name
- NFKB1
- Uniprot ID
- P19838
- Uniprot Name
- Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 105355.175 Da
References
- Wahl C, Liptay S, Adler G, Schmid RM: Sulfasalazine: a potent and specific inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B. J Clin Invest. 1998 Mar 1;101(5):1163-74. doi: 10.1172/JCI992. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Transcriptional activator activity, rna polymerase ii core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
- Specific Function
- NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related...
- Gene Name
- NFKB2
- Uniprot ID
- Q00653
- Uniprot Name
- Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 96748.355 Da
References
- Wahl C, Liptay S, Adler G, Schmid RM: Sulfasalazine: a potent and specific inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B. J Clin Invest. 1998 Mar 1;101(5):1163-74. doi: 10.1172/JCI992. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Scaffold protein binding
- Specific Function
- Serine kinase that plays an essential role in the NF-kappa-B signaling pathway which is activated by multiple stimuli such as inflammatory cytokines, bacterial or viral products, DNA damages or oth...
- Gene Name
- IKBKB
- Uniprot ID
- O14920
- Uniprot Name
- Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta
- Molecular Weight
- 86563.245 Da
References
- Weber CK, Liptay S, Wirth T, Adler G, Schmid RM: Suppression of NF-kappaB activity by sulfasalazine is mediated by direct inhibition of IkappaB kinases alpha and beta. Gastroenterology. 2000 Nov;119(5):1209-18. [Article]
- Wahl C, Liptay S, Adler G, Schmid RM: Sulfasalazine: a potent and specific inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B. J Clin Invest. 1998 Mar 1;101(5):1163-74. doi: 10.1172/JCI992. [Article]
- Allgayer H: Review article: mechanisms of action of mesalazine in preventing colorectal carcinoma in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Sep;18 Suppl 2:10-4. [Article]
- Bantel H, Berg C, Vieth M, Stolte M, Kruis W, Schulze-Osthoff K: Mesalazine inhibits activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB in inflamed mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Dec;95(12):3452-7. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Scaffold protein binding
- Specific Function
- Serine kinase that plays an essential role in the NF-kappa-B signaling pathway which is activated by multiple stimuli such as inflammatory cytokines, bacterial or viral products, DNA damages or oth...
- Gene Name
- CHUK
- Uniprot ID
- O15111
- Uniprot Name
- Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 84638.88 Da
References
- Wahl C, Liptay S, Adler G, Schmid RM: Sulfasalazine: a potent and specific inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B. J Clin Invest. 1998 Mar 1;101(5):1163-74. doi: 10.1172/JCI992. [Article]
- Weber CK, Liptay S, Wirth T, Adler G, Schmid RM: Suppression of NF-kappaB activity by sulfasalazine is mediated by direct inhibition of IkappaB kinases alpha and beta. Gastroenterology. 2000 Nov;119(5):1209-18. [Article]
- Bantel H, Berg C, Vieth M, Stolte M, Kruis W, Schulze-Osthoff K: Mesalazine inhibits activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB in inflamed mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Dec;95(12):3452-7. [Article]
- Allgayer H: Review article: mechanisms of action of mesalazine in preventing colorectal carcinoma in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Sep;18 Suppl 2:10-4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE...
- Gene Name
- PPARG
- Uniprot ID
- P37231
- Uniprot Name
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- Molecular Weight
- 57619.58 Da
References
- Rousseaux C, Lefebvre B, Dubuquoy L, Lefebvre P, Romano O, Auwerx J, Metzger D, Wahli W, Desvergne B, Naccari GC, Chavatte P, Farce A, Bulois P, Cortot A, Colombel JF, Desreumaux P: Intestinal antiinflammatory effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid is dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. J Exp Med. 2005 Apr 18;201(8):1205-15. Epub 2005 Apr 11. [Article]
- Cevallos SA, Lee JY, Velazquez EM, Foegeding NJ, Shelton CD, Tiffany CR, Parry BH, Stull-Lane AR, Olsan EE, Savage HP, Nguyen H, Ghanaat SS, Byndloss AJ, Agu IO, Tsolis RM, Byndloss MX, Baumler AJ: 5-Aminosalicylic Acid Ameliorates Colitis and Checks Dysbiotic Escherichia coli Expansion by Activating PPAR-gamma Signaling in the Intestinal Epithelium. mBio. 2021 Jan 19;12(1):e03227-20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.03227-20. [Article]
- Schwab M, Reynders V, Loitsch S, Shastri YM, Steinhilber D, Schroder O, Stein J: PPARgamma is involved in mesalazine-mediated induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell growth in colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 2008 Jul;29(7):1407-14. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgn118. Epub 2008 Jun 9. [Article]
- Linard C, Gremy O, Benderitter M: Reduction of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma expression by gamma-irradiation as a mechanism contributing to inflammatory response in rat colon: modulation by the 5-aminosalicylic acid agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Mar;324(3):911-20. Epub 2007 Dec 12. [Article]
- Desreumaux P, Ghosh S: Review article: mode of action and delivery of 5-aminosalicylic acid - new evidence. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep;24 Suppl 1:2-9. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Toxic substance binding
- Specific Function
- Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Serum albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Azulfidine (sulfasalazine) tablets for oral use [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
- Specific Function
- High-capacity urate exporter functioning in both renal and extrarenal urate excretion. Plays a role in porphyrin homeostasis as it is able to mediates the export of protoporhyrin IX (PPIX) both fro...
- Gene Name
- ABCG2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UNQ0
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 72313.47 Da
References
- Karlsson JE, Heddle C, Rozkov A, Rotticci-Mulder J, Tuvesson O, Hilgendorf C, Andersson TB: High-activity p-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein 2, and breast cancer resistance protein membrane vesicles prepared from transiently transfected human embryonic kidney 293-epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen cells. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Apr;38(4):705-14. doi: 10.1124/dmd.109.028886. Epub 2010 Jan 13. [Article]
- Shukla S, Zaher H, Hartz A, Bauer B, Ware JA, Ambudkar SV: Curcumin inhibits the activity of ABCG2/BCRP1, a multidrug resistance-linked ABC drug transporter in mice. Pharm Res. 2009 Feb;26(2):480-7. doi: 10.1007/s11095-008-9735-8. Epub 2008 Oct 9. [Article]
- Dahan A, Amidon GL: Small intestinal efflux mediated by MRP2 and BCRP shifts sulfasalazine intestinal permeability from high to low, enabling its colonic targeting. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009 Aug;297(2):G371-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00102.2009. Epub 2009 Jun 18. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates hepatobiliary excretion of numerous organic anions. May function as a cellular cisplatin transporter.
- Gene Name
- ABCC2
- Uniprot ID
- Q92887
- Uniprot Name
- Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 174205.64 Da
References
- Dahan A, Amidon GL: Small intestinal efflux mediated by MRP2 and BCRP shifts sulfasalazine intestinal permeability from high to low, enabling its colonic targeting. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009 Aug;297(2):G371-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00102.2009. Epub 2009 Jun 18. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Methotrexate transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Has been shown to act both as an intestinal proton-coupled high-affinity folate transporter and as an intestinal heme transporter which mediates heme uptake from the gut lumen into duodenal epithel...
- Gene Name
- SLC46A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q96NT5
- Uniprot Name
- Proton-coupled folate transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 49770.04 Da
References
- Nakai Y, Inoue K, Abe N, Hatakeyama M, Ohta KY, Otagiri M, Hayashi Y, Yuasa H: Functional characterization of human proton-coupled folate transporter/heme carrier protein 1 heterologously expressed in mammalian cells as a folate transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Aug;322(2):469-76. Epub 2007 May 2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostagland...
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6L6
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76447.99 Da
References
- Karlgren M, Vildhede A, Norinder U, Wisniewski JR, Kimoto E, Lai Y, Haglund U, Artursson P: Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. J Med Chem. 2012 May 24;55(10):4740-63. doi: 10.1021/jm300212s. Epub 2012 May 15. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, taurocholate, triiodothyronine (T3), leukotriene C4, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), methotre...
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B3
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NPD5
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3
- Molecular Weight
- 77402.175 Da
References
- Karlgren M, Vildhede A, Norinder U, Wisniewski JR, Kimoto E, Lai Y, Haglund U, Artursson P: Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. J Med Chem. 2012 May 24;55(10):4740-63. doi: 10.1021/jm300212s. Epub 2012 May 15. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as taurocholate, the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, leukotriene C4, thromboxane B2 and iloprost.
- Gene Name
- SLCO2B1
- Uniprot ID
- O94956
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76709.98 Da
References
- Karlgren M, Vildhede A, Norinder U, Wisniewski JR, Kimoto E, Lai Y, Haglund U, Artursson P: Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. J Med Chem. 2012 May 24;55(10):4740-63. doi: 10.1021/jm300212s. Epub 2012 May 15. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Virus receptor activity
- Specific Function
- The hepatic sodium/bile acid uptake system exhibits broad substrate specificity and transports various non-bile acid organic compounds as well. It is strictly dependent on the extracellular presenc...
- Gene Name
- SLC10A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q14973
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium/bile acid cotransporter
- Molecular Weight
- 38118.64 Da
References
- Donkers JM, Zehnder B, van Westen GJP, Kwakkenbos MJ, IJzerman AP, Oude Elferink RPJ, Beuers U, Urban S, van de Graaf SFJ: Reduced hepatitis B and D viral entry using clinically applied drugs as novel inhibitors of the bile acid transporter NTCP. Sci Rep. 2017 Nov 10;7(1):15307. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15338-0. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:54