Methylphenobarbital

Identification

Generic Name
Methylphenobarbital
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00849
Background

A barbiturate that is metabolized to phenobarbital. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in epilepsy, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over phenobarbital.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 246.2619
Monoisotopic: 246.100442324
Chemical Formula
C13H14N2O3
Synonyms
  • 1-Methylphenobarbital
  • 5-ethyl-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione
  • 5-Ethyl-1-methyl-5-phenyl-pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione
  • 5-ethyl-1-methyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid
  • Enphenemal
  • Mephobarbital
  • Mephobarbitone
  • Méthylphénobarbital
  • Methylphenobarbital
  • Methylphenobarbitalum
  • Methylphenobarbitone
  • Metilfenobarbital
  • Metilfenobarbitale
  • N-Methylphenobarbital

Pharmacology

Indication

For the relief of anxiety, tension, and apprehension, also used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of epilepsy.

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Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Methylphenobarbital, a barbiturate, is used in combination with acetaminophen or aspirin and caffeine for its sedative and relaxant effects in the treatment of tension headaches, migraines, and pain. Barbiturates act as nonselective depressants of the central nervous system (CNS), capable of producing all levels of CNS mood alteration from excitation to mild sedation, hypnosis, and deep coma. In sufficiently high therapeutic doses, barbiturates induce anesthesia.

Mechanism of action

Methylphenobarbital binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionopore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl- ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged.

TargetActionsOrganism
AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2
potentiator
Humans
AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3
potentiator
Humans
AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4
potentiator
Humans
AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5
potentiator
Humans
AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6
potentiator
Humans
AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1
potentiator
Humans
UNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4
antagonist
Humans
UNeuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7
antagonist
Humans
UGlutamate receptor 2
antagonist
Humans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2
antagonist
Humans
UNuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2
activator
Humans
Absorption

Approximately 50% of an oral dose of mephobarbital is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

70-76%

Metabolism

Hepatic, primarily by the hepatic microsomal enzyme system. About 75% of a single oral dose of mephobarbital is metabolized to phenobarbital in 24 hours.

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Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

34 (range 11-67) hours

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
1,2-BenzodiazepineThe risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Methylphenobarbital is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine.
AbaloparatideMethylphenobarbital may increase the hypotensive activities of Abaloparatide.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Methylphenobarbital can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Methylphenobarbital can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbemaciclibThe metabolism of Abemaciclib can be increased when combined with Methylphenobarbital.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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International/Other Brands
Mephyltaletten / Phemiton / Phemitone / Phenmiton / Prominal
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
MebaralTablet100 mg/1OralLundbeck Inc.1935-01-152012-03-31US flag
MebaralTablet50 mg/1OralLundbeck Inc.1935-01-152012-03-31US flag
MebaralTablet32 mg/1OralLundbeck Inc.1935-01-152012-03-31US flag
MephobarbitalTablet100 mg/1OralBreckenridge Pharmaceutical, Inc.2009-03-012010-11-30US flag
MephobarbitalTablet50 mg/1OralBreckenridge Pharmaceutical, Inc.2009-03-012010-11-30US flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
MebaralMethylphenobarbital (100 mg/1)TabletOralLundbeck Inc.1935-01-152012-03-31US flag
MebaralMethylphenobarbital (50 mg/1)TabletOralLundbeck Inc.1935-01-152012-03-31US flag
MebaralMethylphenobarbital (32 mg/1)TabletOralLundbeck Inc.1935-01-152012-03-31US flag
MephobarbitalMethylphenobarbital (100 mg/1)TabletOralBreckenridge Pharmaceutical, Inc.2009-03-012010-11-30US flag
MephobarbitalMethylphenobarbital (50 mg/1)TabletOralBreckenridge Pharmaceutical, Inc.2009-03-012010-11-30US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
N03AA01 — MethylphenobarbitalN05CB01 — Combinations of barbiturates
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as barbituric acid derivatives. These are compounds containing a perhydropyrimidine ring substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Diazines
Sub Class
Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives
Direct Parent
Barbituric acid derivatives
Alternative Parents
N-acyl ureas / Diazinanes / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Dicarboximides / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
Substituents
1,3-diazinane / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Barbiturate / Benzenoid / Carbonic acid derivative / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid derivative / Dicarboximide / Hydrocarbon derivative
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
barbiturates (CHEBI:6758)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
5NC67NU76B
CAS number
115-38-8
InChI Key
ALARQZQTBTVLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C13H14N2O3/c1-3-13(9-7-5-4-6-8-9)10(16)14-12(18)15(2)11(13)17/h4-8H,3H2,1-2H3,(H,14,16,18)
IUPAC Name
5-ethyl-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione
SMILES
CCC1(C(=O)NC(=O)N(C)C1=O)C1=CC=CC=C1

References

General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014987
KEGG Drug
D00700
KEGG Compound
C07829
PubChem Compound
8271
PubChem Substance
46505197
ChemSpider
7972
RxNav
6758
ChEBI
6758
ChEMBL
CHEMBL45029
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000680
PharmGKB
PA450374
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Wikipedia
Methylphenobarbital

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • Bayer Healthcare
  • Breckenridge Pharmaceuticals
  • Global Pharmaceuticals
  • Lehigh Valley Technologies Inc.
  • Lundbeck Inc.
  • Mylan
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Sanofi-Aventis Inc.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral
TabletOral32 mg/1
TabletOral100 mg/1
TabletOral50 mg/1
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Mentax 1% cream4.0USD g
Mebaral 100 mg tablet1.73USD tablet
Mebaral 50 mg tablet1.28USD tablet
Mebaral 32 mg tablet0.87USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)176 °CPhysProp
water solubilitySlightly solubleNot Available
logP1.84HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
pKa7.8Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.71 mg/mLALOGPS
logP1.95ALOGPS
logP1.63Chemaxon
logS-2.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)7.4Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area66.48 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count2Chemaxon
Refractivity64.64 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability24.62 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9952
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9859
Caco-2 permeable+0.5674
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.6107
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.5213
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.8987
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8913
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7897
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9138
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.6613
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.857
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.6815
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9404
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7403
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.935
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9254
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.727
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.754
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9668
Rat acute toxicity2.6756 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9848
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8733
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (8.57 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-014i-1960000000-03c5912fae96e516bc08
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-BGC-MSsplash10-014i-7890000000-2901bd43c9c369accc5e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0490000000-ead0a30d27650bf29624
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-2390000000-46e803190cc59011f6f2
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-1920000000-b038b212bc437f9b8e78
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-052g-9660000000-e53bfcfa4dbca06497c4
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0uxu-4900000000-2f00804f4fbdbb048a4e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-052o-9500000000-29173e8bbc1612adf4d2
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-161.9104188
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-159.22939
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+162.3684188
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+161.58737
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+162.0968188
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+167.68051
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
Gene Name
GABRA2
Uniprot ID
P47869
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2
Molecular Weight
51325.85 Da
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [Article]
  3. Olsen RW, Li GD: GABA(A) receptors as molecular targets of general anesthetics: identification of binding sites provides clues to allosteric modulation. Can J Anaesth. 2011 Feb;58(2):206-15. doi: 10.1007/s12630-010-9429-7. Epub 2010 Dec 31. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
Gene Name
GABRA3
Uniprot ID
P34903
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3
Molecular Weight
55164.055 Da
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [Article]
  3. Olsen RW, Li GD: GABA(A) receptors as molecular targets of general anesthetics: identification of binding sites provides clues to allosteric modulation. Can J Anaesth. 2011 Feb;58(2):206-15. doi: 10.1007/s12630-010-9429-7. Epub 2010 Dec 31. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
Gene Name
GABRA4
Uniprot ID
P48169
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4
Molecular Weight
61622.645 Da
References
  1. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [Article]
  2. Olsen RW, Li GD: GABA(A) receptors as molecular targets of general anesthetics: identification of binding sites provides clues to allosteric modulation. Can J Anaesth. 2011 Feb;58(2):206-15. doi: 10.1007/s12630-010-9429-7. Epub 2010 Dec 31. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
Gene Name
GABRA5
Uniprot ID
P31644
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5
Molecular Weight
52145.645 Da
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [Article]
  3. Olsen RW, Li GD: GABA(A) receptors as molecular targets of general anesthetics: identification of binding sites provides clues to allosteric modulation. Can J Anaesth. 2011 Feb;58(2):206-15. doi: 10.1007/s12630-010-9429-7. Epub 2010 Dec 31. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.
Gene Name
GABRA6
Uniprot ID
Q16445
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6
Molecular Weight
51023.69 Da
References
  1. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [Article]
  2. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  3. Olsen RW, Li GD: GABA(A) receptors as molecular targets of general anesthetics: identification of binding sites provides clues to allosteric modulation. Can J Anaesth. 2011 Feb;58(2):206-15. doi: 10.1007/s12630-010-9429-7. Epub 2010 Dec 31. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine...
Gene Name
GABRA1
Uniprot ID
P14867
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1
Molecular Weight
51801.395 Da
References
  1. Whiting PJ: The GABAA receptor gene family: new opportunities for drug development. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2003 Sep;6(5):648-57. [Article]
  2. Mehta AK, Ticku MK: An update on GABAA receptors. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1999 Apr;29(2-3):196-217. [Article]
  3. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  4. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. [Article]
  5. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
  6. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  7. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  8. Olsen RW, Li GD: GABA(A) receptors as molecular targets of general anesthetics: identification of binding sites provides clues to allosteric modulation. Can J Anaesth. 2011 Feb;58(2):206-15. doi: 10.1007/s12630-010-9429-7. Epub 2010 Dec 31. [Article]
  9. Roden WH, Peugh LD, Jansen LA: Altered GABA(A) receptor subunit expression and pharmacology in human Angelman syndrome cortex. Neurosci Lett. 2010 Oct 15;483(3):167-72. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.08.001. Epub 2010 Aug 6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane permeabl...
Gene Name
CHRNA4
Uniprot ID
P43681
Uniprot Name
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4
Molecular Weight
69956.47 Da
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  2. Arias HR, Bhumireddy P: Anesthetics as chemical tools to study the structure and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2005 Oct;6(5):451-72. [Article]
  3. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane. The cha...
Gene Name
CHRNA7
Uniprot ID
P36544
Uniprot Name
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7
Molecular Weight
56448.925 Da
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  2. Arias HR, Bhumireddy P: Anesthetics as chemical tools to study the structure and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2005 Oct;6(5):451-72. [Article]
  3. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
Receptor for glutamate that functions as ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory ne...
Gene Name
GRIA2
Uniprot ID
P42262
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor 2
Molecular Weight
98820.32 Da
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  2. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Kainate selective glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
Ionotropic glutamate receptor. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate induces a co...
Gene Name
GRIK2
Uniprot ID
Q13002
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2
Molecular Weight
102582.475 Da
References
  1. Yamakura T, Bertaccini E, Trudell JR, Harris RA: Anesthetics and ion channels: molecular models and sites of action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2001;41:23-51. [Article]
  2. Krasowski MD, Harrison NL: General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 Aug 15;55(10):1278-303. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Activator
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism an...
Gene Name
NR1I2
Uniprot ID
O75469
Uniprot Name
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2
Molecular Weight
49761.245 Da
References
  1. Kobayashi K, Yamagami S, Higuchi T, Hosokawa M, Chiba K: Key structural features of ligands for activation of human pregnane X receptor. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Apr;32(4):468-72. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...
Gene Name
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID
P33261
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight
55930.545 Da
References
  1. Hall SD, Guengerich FP, Branch RA, Wilkinson GR: Characterization and inhibition of mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase activity in human liver microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1987 Jan;240(1):216-22. [Article]
  2. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2B6
Uniprot ID
P20813
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2B6
Molecular Weight
56277.81 Da
References
  1. Hedrich WD, Hassan HE, Wang H: Insights into CYP2B6-mediated drug-drug interactions. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2016 Sep;6(5):413-425. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.07.016. Epub 2016 Aug 9. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 02, 2024 22:45