Dirithromycin

Identification

Summary

Dirithromycin is an antibiotic used to treat a variety of respiratory, skin, and other infections.

Generic Name
Dirithromycin
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00954
Background

Dirithromycin is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat many different types of bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, and even skin infections.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Experimental
Structure
Weight
Average: 835.086
Monoisotopic: 834.5453052
Chemical Formula
C42H78N2O14
Synonyms
  • (9S)-9-deoxo-11-deoxy-9,11-(imino((1R)-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylidene)oxy)erythromycin
  • Dirithromycin
  • Dirithromycine
  • Dirithromycinum
  • Diritromicina
External IDs
  • LY 237216
  • LY-237216

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of the following mild-to-moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms: acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, secondary bacterial infection of acute bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsilitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofAcute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb)••••••••••••••••••• ••••••• •••••••
Treatment ofAcute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb)••••••••••••••••••• ••••••• •••••••
Treatment ofCommunity acquired pneumonia (cap)••••••••••••••••••• ••••••• •••••••
Treatment ofLower respiratory tract infection (lrti)••••••••••••••••••• ••••••• •••••••
Treatment ofLower respiratory tract infection (lrti)••••••••••••••••••• ••••••• •••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Dirithromycin is a pro-drug which is converted non-enzymatically during intestinal absorption into the microbiologically active moiety erythromycylamine. Erythromycylamine exerts its activity by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits of susceptible mircoorganisms resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis. Dirithromycin/erythromycylamine has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms both in vitro and in clinical infections: Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains only), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Mechanism of action

Dirithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Dirithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Dirithromycin has over 10 times higher affinity to the subunit 50S than erythromycin. In addition, dirithromycin binds simultaneously in to two domains of 23S RNA of the ribosomal subunit 50S, where older macrolides bind only in one. Dirithromycin can also inhibit the formation of ribosomal subunits 50S and 30S.

TargetActionsOrganism
A23S ribosomal RNA
inhibitor
Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria
Absorption

Oral dirithromycin is rapidly absorbed, with an absolute bioavailability of approximately 10%. Dietary fat has little or no effect on the bioavailability of dirithromycin.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

15 to 30% for erythromycylamine, the active compound.

Metabolism

Dirithromycin is converted by nonenzymatic hydrolysis during absorption to the active compound, erythromycylamine. Sixty to 90% of a dose is hydrolyzed to erythromycylamine within 35 minutes after dosing, and conversion is nearly complete after 1.5 hours. Erythromycylamine undergoes little or no hepatic biotransformation. No other metabolites of dirithromycin have been detected in the serum.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

The mean plasma half-life of erythromycylamine was estimated to be about 8 h (2 to 36 h), with a mean urinary terminal elimination half-life of about 44 h (16 to 65 h) in patients with normal renal function.

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The toxic symptoms following an overdose of a macrolide antibiotic may include nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, and diarrhea.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbemaciclibThe serum concentration of Abemaciclib can be increased when it is combined with Dirithromycin.
AcalabrutinibThe serum concentration of Acalabrutinib can be increased when it is combined with Dirithromycin.
AcenocoumarolThe serum concentration of Acenocoumarol can be increased when it is combined with Dirithromycin.
AcetyldigitoxinThe serum concentration of Acetyldigitoxin can be increased when it is combined with Dirithromycin.
AlbendazoleThe metabolism of Albendazole can be decreased when combined with Dirithromycin.
Food Interactions
Not Available

Products

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International/Other Brands
Dynabac

Categories

ATC Codes
J01FA13 — Dirithromycin
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminoglycosides. These are molecules or a portion of a molecule composed of amino-modified sugars.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic oxygen compounds
Class
Organooxygen compounds
Sub Class
Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
Direct Parent
Aminoglycosides
Alternative Parents
Macrolides and analogues / O-glycosyl compounds / Oxanes / 1,3-oxazinanes / Monosaccharides / Tertiary alcohols / Trialkylamines / Secondary alcohols / Amino acids and derivatives / 1,2-aminoalcohols
show 13 more
Substituents
1,2-aminoalcohol / 1,3-oxazinane / Acetal / Alcohol / Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Aminoglycoside core / Azacycle / Carbonyl group
show 26 more
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
macrolide antibiotic (CHEBI:474014)
Affected organisms
  • Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
1801D76STL
CAS number
62013-04-1
InChI Key
WLOHNSSYAXHWNR-DWIOZXRMSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C42H78N2O14/c1-15-29-42(10,49)37-24(4)32(43-30(56-37)21-52-17-16-50-13)22(2)19-40(8,48)36(58-39-33(45)28(44(11)12)18-23(3)53-39)25(5)34(26(6)38(47)55-29)57-31-20-41(9,51-14)35(46)27(7)54-31/h22-37,39,43,45-46,48-49H,15-21H2,1-14H3/t22-,23-,24+,25+,26-,27+,28+,29-,30-,31+,32+,33-,34+,35+,36-,37-,39+,40-,41-,42-/m1/s1
IUPAC Name
(1R,2R,3R,6R,7S,8S,9R,10R,12R,13S,15R,17S)-9-{[(2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-3-ethyl-2,10-dihydroxy-7-{[(2R,4R,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-15-[(2-methoxyethoxy)methyl]-2,6,8,10,12,17-hexamethyl-4,16-dioxa-14-azabicyclo[11.3.1]heptadecan-5-one
SMILES
CC[C@H]1OC(=O)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@H]2C[C@@](C)(OC)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O2)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H](C)C[C@@H]([C@H]2O)N(C)C)[C@](C)(O)C[C@@H](C)[C@@H]2N[C@@H](COCCOC)O[C@H]([C@H]2C)[C@]1(C)O

References

Synthesis Reference

Counter FT, Ensminger PW, Preston DA, Wu CY, Greene JM, Felty-Duckworth AM, Paschal JW, Kirst HA: Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of dirithromycin (AS-E 136; LY237216), a new macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991 Jun;35(6):1116-26. Pubmed.

General References
  1. Brogden RN, Peters DH: Dirithromycin. A review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1994 Oct;48(4):599-616. [Article]
  2. Wintermeyer SM, Abdel-Rahman SM, Nahata MC: Dirithromycin: a new macrolide. Ann Pharmacother. 1996 Oct;30(10):1141-9. [Article]
  3. Sides GD, Cerimele BJ, Black HR, Busch U, DeSante KA: Pharmacokinetics of dirithromycin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1993 Mar;31 Suppl C:65-75. [Article]
KEGG Drug
D03865
PubChem Compound
6473883
PubChem Substance
46509156
ChemSpider
4976073
BindingDB
59397
RxNav
23437
ChEBI
474014
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1237072
ZINC
ZINC000096095661
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000888
PharmGKB
PA449368
PDBe Ligand
DI0
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Dirithromycin
PDB Entries
6of1 / 6xz7 / 6xza / 6xzb

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
1CompletedTreatmentHealthy Subjects (HS)4
0TerminatedTreatmentOsteomyelitis1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Lilly research laboratories
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Tablet
Tablet, coated
Tablet, delayed release250 mg
Tablet, delayed release
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Dynabac D5-Pak 10 250 mg Enteric Coated Tabs Box43.54USD box
Dynabac D5-Pak 250 mg Enteric Coated Tabs4.35USD tab
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
water solubilityPoorNot Available
logP1.6Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.23 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.9ALOGPS
logP2.95Chemaxon
logS-3.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)12.49Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.13Chemaxon
Physiological Charge2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count15Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count5Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area196.33 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count12Chemaxon
Refractivity212.95 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability90.75 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.6028
Blood Brain Barrier-0.9704
Caco-2 permeable-0.7573
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.8808
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IInhibitor0.7564
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.6712
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8978
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8537
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9117
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.7329
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9305
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.907
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9051
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8309
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9141
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.7677
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9345
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9961
Rat acute toxicity2.7997 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9944
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.5956
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a6r-2911115000-35d5a41f16d7375e4566
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0011223190-fccef8c68318e41702b4
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-066r-4911100000-22391e8fc1f89983699b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0000002190-b4e8e758017c524584e2
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0100003090-8fccb88d73c4d3d965a7
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0aor-2800006790-49f20fe983965214de1a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0089-1800002290-0bb05ea2b46213204584
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0bt9-4900001100-a3467b76e133b2421e53
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-1900001330-87fe80c59c928a6aebbc
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-273.73212
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+275.45584
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+281.68143
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Nucleotide
Organism
Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
In prokaryotes, the 23S rRNA is part of the large subunit (the 50S) that joins with the 30S small subunit to create the functional 70S ribosome. The ribosome is comprised of 3 RNAs: the 23S, the 16S and the 5S ribosomal RNAs. The 23S and the 5S associate with their respective proteins to make up the large subunit of the ribosome, while the 16S RNA associates with its proteins to make up the small subunit.
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Zhanel GG, Dueck M, Hoban DJ, Vercaigne LM, Embil JM, Gin AS, Karlowsky JA: Review of macrolides and ketolides: focus on respiratory tract infections. Drugs. 2001;61(4):443-98. [Article]
  4. Parsad D, Pandhi R, Dogra S: A guide to selection and appropriate use of macrolides in skin infections. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(6):389-97. [Article]
  5. Williams JD, Sefton AM: Comparison of macrolide antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1993 Mar;31 Suppl C:11-26. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Kuper JI, D'Aprile M: Drug-Drug interactions of clinical significance in the treatment of patients with Mycobacterium avium complex disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000 Sep;39(3):203-14. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200039030-00003. [Article]
  2. Westphal JF: Macrolide - induced clinically relevant drug interactions with cytochrome P-450A (CYP) 3A4: an update focused on clarithromycin, azithromycin and dirithromycin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Oct;50(4):285-95. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 02, 2024 22:46