NAV

Zaleplon

Identification

Summary

Zaleplon is a sedative used for short term treatment of insomnia in adults.

Brand Names
Sonata
Generic Name
Zaleplon
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00962
Background

Zaleplon is a sedative/hypnotic, mainly used for insomnia. It is known as a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic. Zaleplon interacts with the GABA receptor complex and shares some of the pharmacological properties of the benzodiazepines. Zaleplon is a schedule IV drug in the United States.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Illicit, Investigational
Structure
3D
Similar Structures
Weight
Average: 305.3339
Monoisotopic: 305.127660127
Chemical Formula
C17H15N5O
Synonyms
  • 3'-(3-Cyanopyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-7-yl)-N-ethylacetanilide
  • Zaleplon
External IDs
  • CL 284,846
  • CL-284846
  • DEA No. 2781
  • L846
  • LJC 10846
  • LJC-10846
  • SKP-1041
  • ZAL-846
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Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of short-term treatment of insomnia in adults.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofInsomnia••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Zaleplon is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic from the pyrazolopyrimidine class and is indicated for the short-term treatment of insomnia. While Zaleplon is a hypnotic agent with a chemical structure unrelated to benzodiazepines, barbiturates, or other drugs with known hypnotic properties, it interacts with the gamma-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine (GABABZ) receptor complex. Subunit modulation of the GABABZ receptor chloride channel macromolecular complex is hypothesized to be responsible for some of the pharmacological properties of benzodiazepines, which include sedative, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsive effects in animal models. Zaleplon also binds selectively to the CNS GABAA-receptor chloride ionophore complex at benzodiazepine(BZ) omega-1 (BZ1, ο1) receptors.

Mechanism of action

Zaleplon exerts its action through subunit modulation of the GABABZ receptor chloride channel macromolecular complex. Zaleplon also binds selectively to the brain omega-1 receptor located on the alpha subunit of the GABA-A/chloride ion channel receptor complex and potentiates t-butyl-bicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding.

TargetActionsOrganism
AGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1
potentiator
Humans
Absorption

Absorption Zaleplon is rapidly and almost completely absorbed following oral administration.

Volume of distribution
  • 1.4 L/kg
Protein binding

Approximately 60% (in vitro plasma protein binding).

Metabolism

Zaleplon is primarily metabolized by aldehyde oxidase.

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

Zaleplon is metabolized primarily by the liver and undergoes significant presystemic metabolism. After oral administration, zaleplon is extensively metabolized, with less than 1% of the dose excreted unchanged in urine. Renal excretion of unchanged zaleplon accounts for less than 1% of the administered dose.

Half-life

Approximately 1 hour

Clearance
  • 1 L/h/kg
Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Side effects include abdominal pain, amnesia, dizziness, drowsiness, eye pain, headache, memory loss, menstrual pain, nausea, sleepiness, tingling, weakness

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
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1,2-BenzodiazepineThe risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Zaleplon is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine.
AbacavirZaleplon may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Zaleplon can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Zaleplon can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AcalabrutinibThe metabolism of Zaleplon can be decreased when combined with Acalabrutinib.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol. Ingesting alcohol may increase the CNS depressant effects of zaleplon.
  • Do not take with or immediately after a high-fat meal. The effects of zaleplon are reduced when taken with a high-fat meal.

Products

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Product Images
International/Other Brands
Zalaplon
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
SonataCapsule5 mg/1OralPhysicians Total Care, Inc.2007-09-05Not applicableUS flag
SonataCapsule5 mgOralMeda Ab2016-09-082015-10-21EU flag
SonataCapsule10 mgOralMeda Ab2016-09-082015-10-21EU flag
SonataCapsule5 mgOralMeda Ab2016-09-082015-10-21EU flag
SonataCapsule10 mgOralMeda Ab2016-09-082015-10-21EU flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
ZaleplonCapsule5 mg/1OralUnichem Pharmaceuticals (USA), Inc.2009-05-05Not applicableUS flag
ZaleplonCapsule10 mg/1OralH.J. Harkins Company2010-12-15Not applicableUS flag
ZaleplonCapsule5 mg/1OralMylan Pharmaceuticals2008-06-062016-06-30US flag
ZaleplonCapsule10 mg/1OralA-S Medication Solutions2008-06-062017-11-21US flag
ZaleplonCapsule10 mg/1OralPreferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.2018-08-06Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
N05CF03 — Zaleplon
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpyrimidines. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a benzene ring linked to a pyrimidine ring through a CC or CN bond. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Diazines
Sub Class
Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives
Direct Parent
Phenylpyrimidines
Alternative Parents
Acetanilides / Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines / Tertiary carboxylic acid amides / Pyrazoles / Heteroaromatic compounds / Acetamides / Nitriles / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides
show 2 more
Substituents
4-phenylpyrimidine / 5-phenylpyrimidine / Acetamide / Acetanilide / Anilide / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Azole / Benzenoid / Carbonitrile
show 17 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
nitrile, pyrazolopyrimidine (CHEBI:10102)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
S62U433RMH
CAS number
151319-34-5
InChI Key
HUNXMJYCHXQEGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C17H15N5O/c1-3-21(12(2)23)15-6-4-5-13(9-15)16-7-8-19-17-14(10-18)11-20-22(16)17/h4-9,11H,3H2,1-2H3
IUPAC Name
N-(3-{3-cyanopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-yl}phenyl)-N-ethylacetamide
SMILES
CCN(C(C)=O)C1=CC=CC(=C1)C1=CC=NC2=C(C=NN12)C#N

References

Synthesis Reference

Farhan Aslam, "Polymorphs of zaleplon and methods for the preparation thereof." U.S. Patent US20020072527, issued June 13, 2002.

US20020072527
General References
  1. Dundar Y, Dodd S, Strobl J, Boland A, Dickson R, Walley T: Comparative efficacy of newer hypnotic drugs for the short-term management of insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2004 Jul;19(5):305-22. [Article]
  2. Noguchi H, Kitazumi K, Mori M, Shiba T: Electroencephalographic properties of zaleplon, a non-benzodiazepine sedative/hypnotic, in rats. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Mar;94(3):246-51. [Article]
  3. Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC: Treatment options for insomnia. Am Fam Physician. 2007 Aug 15;76(4):517-26. [Article]
  4. Barbera J, Shapiro C: Benefit-risk assessment of zaleplon in the treatment of insomnia. Drug Saf. 2005;28(4):301-18. [Article]
  5. Dooley M, Plosker GL: Zaleplon: a review of its use in the treatment of insomnia. Drugs. 2000 Aug;60(2):413-45. [Article]
  6. Holm KJ, Goa KL: Zolpidem: an update of its pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of insomnia. Drugs. 2000 Apr;59(4):865-89. [Article]
  7. Patat A, Paty I, Hindmarch I: Pharmacodynamic profile of Zaleplon, a new non-benzodiazepine hypnotic agent. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2001 Jul;16(5):369-392. [Article]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015097
KEGG Drug
D00530
KEGG Compound
C07484
PubChem Compound
5719
PubChem Substance
46508267
ChemSpider
5517
BindingDB
86521
RxNav
74667
ChEBI
10102
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1521
ZINC
ZINC000000006300
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000266
PharmGKB
PA451952
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Zaleplon
FDA label
Download (66.1 KB)
MSDS
Download (57.6 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedBasic ScienceMemory / Sleep1
4CompletedSupportive CareCognitive Functioning / Pharmacologic Actions / Sleep1
3TerminatedTreatmentAnxiety Disorders / Dementia / Depression / Psychosomatic Disorders / Schizophrenia1
2CompletedTreatmentClinical Depression / Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection(HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)1
2CompletedTreatmentInsomnia1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • King pharmaceuticals research and development inc sub king pharmaceuticals inc
  • Aurobindo pharma ltd
  • Cipla ltd
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • Orchid healthcare div orchid chemicals and pharmaceuticals ltd
  • Roxane laboratories inc
  • Sandoz inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Unichem laboratories ltd
  • Upsher smith laboratories inc
  • West ward pharmaceutical corp
Packagers
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • Aurobindo Pharma Ltd.
  • Cipla Ltd.
  • Corepharma LLC
  • DAVA Pharmaceuticals
  • DispenseXpress Inc.
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
  • Greenstone LLC
  • Innoviant Pharmacy Inc.
  • King Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Mylan
  • Northstar Rx LLC
  • Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Rebel Distributors Corp.
  • Roxane Labs
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
  • Unichem Laboratories Ltd.
  • USL Pharma Inc.
  • West-Ward Pharmaceuticals
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
CapsuleOral
Capsule, coatedOral5 mg
CapsuleOral10 mg
CapsuleOral5 mg
CapsuleOral10 mg/1
CapsuleOral5 mg/1
Capsule, gelatin coatedOral10 mg/1
Capsule, gelatin coatedOral5 mg/1
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Sonata 10 mg capsule6.83USD capsule
Sonata 5 mg capsule5.26USD capsule
Zaleplon 5 mg capsule2.13USD capsule
Zaleplon 10 mg capsule2.09USD capsule
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)157-159 °CNot Available
logP0.9Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0403 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2ALOGPS
logP1.53Chemaxon
logS-3.9ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)0.28Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area74.29 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count3Chemaxon
Refractivity97.24 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability32.09 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+1.0
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9751
Caco-2 permeable+0.5973
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.6094
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.5232
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IIInhibitor0.8239
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.745
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8607
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8551
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.6341
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.5
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorInhibitor0.5986
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9507
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.5238
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8396
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityHigh CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.7673
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.5372
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.6481
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable1.0
Rat acute toxicity2.6277 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9806
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8931
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-002o-3190000000-e824b41dc4a274647c52
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)MSsplash10-01ot-3391000000-78a75199aa0ab8c426be
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0179000000-1ba269c717f4cb21ab11
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0029000000-5528f5db267267a1b617
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0039000000-375208689c617a52f531
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-06ri-0093000000-d67415899fa4065c104c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0ikc-2192000000-b9dfff72bf4e4227dc57
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01ot-0190000000-32e867c169d6a4d3c3b9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01q9-0090000000-e266447becc0791fd1a7
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-190.4219393
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-189.3782393
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-165.6831
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+190.7502393
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+190.7896393
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+168.0411
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+190.7797393
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+190.1029393
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+174.82384
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Details1. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine...
Gene Name
GABRA1
Uniprot ID
P14867
Uniprot Name
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1
Molecular Weight
51801.395 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Patat A, Paty I, Hindmarch I: Pharmacodynamic profile of Zaleplon, a new non-benzodiazepine hypnotic agent. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2001 Jul;16(5):369-392. [Article]
  4. Barbera J, Shapiro C: Benefit-risk assessment of zaleplon in the treatment of insomnia. Drug Saf. 2005;28(4):301-18. [Article]
  5. Sanger DJ, Griebel G, Perrault G, Claustre Y, Schoemaker H: Discriminative stimulus effects of drugs acting at GABA(A) receptors: differential profiles and receptor selectivity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999 Oct;64(2):269-73. [Article]
  6. Terzano MG, Rossi M, Palomba V, Smerieri A, Parrino L: New drugs for insomnia: comparative tolerability of zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon. Drug Saf. 2003;26(4):261-82. [Article]

Enzymes

Details1. Cytochrome P450 3A4
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Tanoue C, Sugihara K, Uramaru N, Tayama Y, Watanabe Y, Horie T, Ohta S, Kitamura S: Prediction of human metabolism of the sedative-hypnotic zaleplon using chimeric mice transplanted with human hepatocytes. Xenobiotica. 2013 Nov;43(11):956-62. doi: 10.3109/00498254.2013.788232. Epub 2013 May 8. [Article]
  2. Renwick AB, Mistry H, Ball SE, Walters DG, Kao J, Lake BG: Metabolism of Zaleplon by human hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 isoforms. Xenobiotica. 1998 Apr;28(4):337-48. doi: 10.1080/004982598239452 . [Article]
  3. Foye, William O.;Williams, David A.;Lemke, Thomas L. (2002). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [ISBN:0683307371]
  4. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Details2. Cytochrome P450 3A5
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Oxygen binding
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP3A5
Uniprot ID
P20815
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A5
Molecular Weight
57108.065 Da
References
  1. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Details3. Cytochrome P450 3A7
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Oxygen binding
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP3A7
Uniprot ID
P24462
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A7
Molecular Weight
57525.03 Da
References
  1. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Details4. Aldehyde oxidase
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Xanthine dehydrogenase activity
Specific Function
Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as N1-methylnicotinamide and N-methylphthalazinium, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal, pyridoxal...
Gene Name
AOX1
Uniprot ID
Q06278
Uniprot Name
Aldehyde oxidase
Molecular Weight
147916.735 Da
References
  1. Lake BG, Ball SE, Kao J, Renwick AB, Price RJ, Scatina JA: Metabolism of zaleplon by human liver: evidence for involvement of aldehyde oxidase. Xenobiotica. 2002 Oct;32(10):835-47. [Article]
  2. Obach RS: Potent inhibition of human liver aldehyde oxidase by raloxifene. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Jan;32(1):89-97. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55