Identification
- Summary
Formoterol is an inhaled long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used as a bronchodilator in the management of asthma and COPD.
- Brand Names
- Bevespi, Breyna, Breztri, Duaklir, Duaklir Genuair, Dulera, Foradil, Oxeze, Perforomist, Symbicort, Zenhale
- Generic Name
- Formoterol
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00983
- Background
Formoterol is an inhaled beta2-agonist used in the management of COPD and asthma that was first approved for use in the United States in 2001.10 It acts on bronchial smooth muscle to dilate and relax airways, and is administered as a racemic mixture of its active (R;R)- and inactive (S;S)-enantiomers.2 A major clinical advantage of formoterol over other inhaled beta-agonists is its rapid onset of action (2-3 minutes), which is at least as fast as salbutamol, combined with a long duration of action (12 hours) - for this reason, treatment guidelines for asthma recommend its use as both a reliever and maintenance medication.18 It is available as a single-entity product 10,16 and in several formulations in combination with both inhaled corticosteroids 13,15 and long-acting muscarinic antagonists.12,11
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Formoterol (DB00983)
- Weight
- Average: 344.4049
Monoisotopic: 344.173607266 - Chemical Formula
- C19H24N2O4
- Synonyms
- 2'-hydroxy-5'-(1-hydroxy-2-((p-methoxy-α-methylphenethyl)amino)ethyl)formanilide
- 2'-hydroxy-5'-{1-hydroxy-2-[(p-methoxy-α-methylphenethyl)amino]ethyl}formanilide
- Formoterol
- Formoterolum
- N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide
Pharmacology
- Indication
Formoterol is indicated in various formulations for the treatment of asthma and COPD. For the treatment of COPD, formoterol is available as a single-entity inhalation solution,10 in combination with the long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) aclidinium12 and glycopyrronium,11 and in combination with the corticosteroid budesonide.15 For the treatment of asthma, formoterol is available in combination with mometasone furoate for patients 5 years and older13 and with budesonide for patients 6 years and older.15 Formoterol may also be used on an as-needed basis for prophylaxis against exercise-induced bronchospasm.14
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination to manage Asthma Combination Product in combination with: Budesonide (DB01222) •••••••••••• ••••••• Used in combination to manage Asthma Combination Product in combination with: Mometasone furoate (DB14512) •••••••••••• ••••••• Management of Asthma •••••••••••• •••••• Used in combination to manage Bronchial asthma Combination Product in combination with: Budesonide (DB01222) •••••••••••• •••••••••• Management of Bronchoconstriction •••••••••••• •••••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Formoterol works locally in the lungs as a bronchodilator, relaxing smooth muscle and opening up the airways. It possesses both a rapid onset of action (approximately 2-3 minutes)8 and a long duration of action (up to 12 hours).16 The use of long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs), such as formoterol, without concomitant inhaled corticosteroids in asthmatic patients should be avoided, as LABA monotherapy has been associated with an increased risk of asthma-related death.16
- Mechanism of action
Formoterol is a relatively selective long-acting agonist of beta2-adrenergic receptors,10,16 although it does carry some degree of activity at beta1 and beta3 receptors.9 Beta2 receptors are found predominantly in bronchial smooth muscle (with a relatively minor amount found in cardiac tissue) whereas beta1 receptors are the predominant adrenergic receptors found in the heart - for this reason, selectivity for beta2 receptors is desirable in the treatment of pulmonary diseases such as COPD and asthma.10 Formoterol has demonstrated an approximately 200-fold greater activity at beta2 receptors over beta1 receptors.10
On a molecular level, activation of beta receptors by agonists like formoterol stimulates intracellular adenylyl cyclase, an enzyme responsible for the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP). The increased levels of cAMP in bronchial smooth muscle tissue result in relaxation of these muscles and subsequent dilation of the airways, as well as inhibition of the release of hypersensitivity mediators (e.g. histamine, leukotrienes) from culprit cells, especially mast cells.10
Target Actions Organism ABeta-2 adrenergic receptor agonistHumans UBeta-1 adrenergic receptor agonistHumans UBeta-3 adrenergic receptor agonistHumans - Absorption
The pulmonary bioavailability of formoterol has been estimated to be about 43% of the delivered dose, while the total systemic bioavailability is approximately 60% of the delivered dose (as systemic bioavailability accounts for absorption in the gut).16
Formoterol is rapidly absorbed into plasma following inhalation. In healthy adults, formoterol Tmax ranged from 0.167 to 0.5 hours.13 Following a single dose of 10 mcg, Cmax and AUC were 22 pmol/L and 81 pmol.h/L, respectively. In asthmatic adult patients, Tmax ranged from 0.58 to 1.97 hours.13 Following single-dose administration of 10mcg, Cmax and AUC0-12h were 22 pmol/L and 125 pmol.h/L, respectively; following multiple-dose administration of 10 mcg, Cmax and AUC0-12h were 41 pmol/L and 226 pmol.h/L, respectively. Absorption appears to be proportional to dose across standard dosing ranges.13,10
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Plasma protein binding to serum albumin in vitro is approximately 31%-38% over a plasma concentration range of 5-500 ng/mL - it should be noted, however, that these concentrations are higher than that seen following inhalation.10
- Metabolism
Formoterol is metabolized primarily via direct glucuronidation of the parent drug and via O-demethylation of the parent drug followed by glucuronidation.10,7 Minor pathways include sulfate conjugation of the parent drug and deformylation of the parent drug followed by sulfate conjugation, though these minor pathways have not been fully characterized. The major pathway of formoterol metabolism is a direct glucuronidation of the parent drug at its phenolic hydroxyl group, while the second most prominent pathway involves O-demethylation following by glucuronidation at the phenolic hydroxyl group.10,7
In vitro studies of formoterol disposition indicate that O-demethylation of formoterol involves a number of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes (CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP2A6) and glucuronidation involves a number of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoenzymes (UGT1A1, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, UGT2B7, and UGT2B15), though specific roles for individual enzymes have not been elucidated.10
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- Route of elimination
Elimination differs depending on the route and formulation administered. Following oral administration in 2 healthy subjects, approximately 59-62% and 32-34% of an administered dose was eliminated in the urine and feces, respectively.14 Another study which attempted to mimic inhalation via combined intravenous/oral administration noted approximately 62% of the administered dose in the urine and 24% in the feces.7 Following inhalation in patients with asthma, approximately 10% and 15-18% of the administered dose was excreted in urine as unchanged parent drug and direct formoterol glucuronides, respectively, and corresponding values in patients with COPD were 7% and 6-9%, respectively.14
- Half-life
The average terminal elimination half-life of formoterol following inhalation is 7-10 hours, depending on the formulation given.10,16,4 The plasma half-life of formoterol has been estimated to be 3.4 hours following oral administration and 1.7-2.3 hours following inhalation.1
- Clearance
Renal clearance of formoterol following inhalation is approximately 157 mL/min.10
- Adverse Effects
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The oral LD50 in rats is 3130 mg/kg.17
Symptoms of overdose are likely consistent with formoterol's adverse effect profile (i.e. consistent with excessive beta-adrenergic stimulation) and may include angina, hyper or hypotension, tachycardia, arrhythmia, nervousness, headache, tremor, seizures, dry mouth, etc. Patients may experience laboratory abnormalities including hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and metabolic acidosis.10 Treatment of overdosage should consist of symptomatic and supportive therapy, with a particular focus on cardiac monitoring. Consider the use of a cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker to oppose excessive adrenergic stimulation if clinically appropriate.10
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbatacept The metabolism of Formoterol can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Abiraterone The metabolism of Formoterol can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone. Abrocitinib The metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Formoterol. Acebutolol The therapeutic efficacy of Formoterol can be decreased when used in combination with Acebutolol. Aceclofenac The risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Formoterol is combined with Aceclofenac. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Formoterol fumarate W34SHF8J2K 183814-30-4 RATSWNOMCHFQGJ-AYJOUMQSSA-N - International/Other Brands
- Foradil / Oxis Turbuhaler
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Foradil Capsule 12 ug/1 Respiratory (inhalation) Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2004-05-28 Not applicable US 
Foradil Capsule 12 ug/1 Respiratory (inhalation) Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited 2001-02-16 2017-01-31 US Foradil Capsule 12 ug/1 Respiratory (inhalation) Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited 2001-02-16 2017-01-31 US Foradil Dry Powder Capsules for Inhalation Capsule 12 mcg Respiratory (inhalation) Novartis 1997-07-08 2023-01-20 Canada 
Oxeze Turbuhaler Powder 6 mcg / act Respiratory (inhalation) Astra Zeneca 1998-03-12 Not applicable Canada - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Formoterol Fumarate Solution 0.02 mg/2mL Respiratory (inhalation) Aucta Pharmaceuticals, Inc 2022-12-15 Not applicable US Formoterol fumarate Solution 20 ug/2mL Respiratory (inhalation) bryant ranch prepack 2021-06-22 Not applicable US Formoterol fumarate Solution 20 ug/2mL Respiratory (inhalation) Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. 2021-06-22 Not applicable US Formoterol Fumarate Solution 20 ug/2mL Respiratory (inhalation) Rhodes Pharmaceuticals L.P. 2023-11-15 Not applicable US Formoterol Fumarate Solution 20 ug/2mL Respiratory (inhalation) Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2022-11-28 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image ABRIFF Formoterol fumarate (5 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (125 mcg) Aerosol; Suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy 
ABRIFF Formoterol fumarate (10 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (250 mcg) Aerosol; Suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy ABRIFF Formoterol fumarate (5 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (50 mcg) Aerosol; Suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy ABRIFF Formoterol fumarate (5 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (125 mcg) Aerosol; Suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals S.R.L. 2018-09-18 2021-02-01 Italy ABRIFF Formoterol fumarate (5 mcg) + Fluticasone propionate (125 mcg) Aerosol; Suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals S.R.L. 2018-09-18 2021-02-01 Italy
Categories
- ATC Codes
- R03AL09 — Formoterol, glycopyrronium bromide and beclometasone
- R03AL — Adrenergics in combination with anticholinergics incl. triple combinations with corticosteroids
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AL — Adrenergics in combination with anticholinergics incl. triple combinations with corticosteroids
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AK — Adrenergics in combination with corticosteroids or other drugs, excl. anticholinergics
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AL — Adrenergics in combination with anticholinergics incl. triple combinations with corticosteroids
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03CC — Selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists
- R03C — ADRENERGICS FOR SYSTEMIC USE
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AL — Adrenergics in combination with anticholinergics incl. triple combinations with corticosteroids
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AL — Adrenergics in combination with anticholinergics incl. triple combinations with corticosteroids
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AK — Adrenergics in combination with corticosteroids or other drugs, excl. anticholinergics
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AC — Selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AK — Adrenergics in combination with corticosteroids or other drugs, excl. anticholinergics
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Adrenergic Agents
- Adrenergic Agonists
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists
- Adrenergics for Systemic Use
- Adrenergics, Inhalants
- Agents producing tachycardia
- Agents that produce hypertension
- Agents to Treat Airway Disease
- Alcohols
- Amines
- Amino Alcohols
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents
- Autonomic Agents
- Bronchodilator Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Drugs for Obstructive Airway Diseases
- Ethanolamines
- Long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonists
- OCT1 inhibitors
- OCT1 substrates
- Potential QTc-Prolonging Agents
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Respiratory System Agents
- Selective Beta 2-adrenergic Agonists
- UGT1A9 Substrates
- UGT2B7 substrates
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as amphetamines and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing or derived from 1-phenylpropan-2-amine.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Phenethylamines
- Direct Parent
- Amphetamines and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Phenylpropanes / Phenoxy compounds / Methoxybenzenes / Anisoles / Aralkylamines / Alkyl aryl ethers / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Secondary alcohols / 1,2-aminoalcohols / Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds show 5 more
- Substituents
- 1,2-aminoalcohol / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / Alcohol / Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Amphetamine or derivatives / Anisole / Aralkylamine / Aromatic alcohol / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound show 19 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- phenylethanolamines, secondary alcohol, phenols, formamides, secondary amino compound (CHEBI:63082)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 5ZZ84GCW8B
- CAS number
- 73573-87-2
- InChI Key
- BPZSYCZIITTYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C19H24N2O4/c1-13(9-14-3-6-16(25-2)7-4-14)20-11-19(24)15-5-8-18(23)17(10-15)21-12-22/h3-8,10,12-13,19-20,23-24H,9,11H2,1-2H3,(H,21,22)
- IUPAC Name
- N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide
- SMILES
- COC1=CC=C(CC(C)NCC(O)C2=CC(NC=O)=C(O)C=C2)C=C1
References
- Synthesis Reference
Jan W. Trofast, Edib Jakupovic, Katarina L. Mansson, "Process for preparing formoterol and related compounds." U.S. Patent US5434304, issued August, 1992.
US5434304- General References
- Bartow RA, Brogden RN: Formoterol. An update of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of asthma. Drugs. 1998 Feb;55(2):303-22. [Article]
- Zhang M, Fawcett JP, Shaw JP: Stereoselective urinary excretion of formoterol and its glucuronide conjugate in human. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Sep;54(3):246-50. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01641.x. [Article]
- Somers GI, Lindsay N, Lowdon BM, Jones AE, Freathy C, Ho S, Woodrooffe AJ, Bayliss MK, Manchee GR: A comparison of the expression and metabolizing activities of phase I and II enzymes in freshly isolated human lung parenchymal cells and cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Oct;35(10):1797-805. Epub 2007 Jul 12. [Article]
- Tronde A, Gillen M, Borgstrom L, Lotvall J, Ankerst J: Pharmacokinetics of budesonide and formoterol administered via 1 pressurized metered-dose inhaler in patients with asthma and COPD. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Nov;48(11):1300-8. doi: 10.1177/0091270008322122. [Article]
- Salomon JJ, Hagos Y, Petzke S, Kuhne A, Gausterer JC, Hosoya K, Ehrhardt C: Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists Are Substrates and Inhibitors of Human Organic Cation Transporter 1. Mol Pharm. 2015 Aug 3;12(8):2633-41. doi: 10.1021/mp500854e. Epub 2015 Mar 18. [Article]
- Horvath G, Schmid N, Fragoso MA, Schmid A, Conner GE, Salathe M, Wanner A: Epithelial organic cation transporters ensure pH-dependent drug absorption in the airway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007 Jan;36(1):53-60. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0230OC. Epub 2006 Aug 17. [Article]
- Rosenborg J, Larsson P, Tegner K, Hallstrom G: Mass balance and metabolism of [(3)H]Formoterol in healthy men after combined i.v. and oral administration-mimicking inhalation. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Oct;27(10):1104-16. [Article]
- Anderson GP: Formoterol: pharmacology, molecular basis of agonism, and mechanism of long duration of a highly potent and selective beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist bronchodilator. Life Sci. 1993;52(26):2145-60. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(93)90729-m. [Article]
- Hoffmann C, Leitz MR, Oberdorf-Maass S, Lohse MJ, Klotz KN: Comparative pharmacology of human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes--characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;369(2):151-9. Epub 2004 Jan 17. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Bevespi Aerosphere inhalation aerosol [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Duaklir® Pressair® inhalation powder [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Dulera® inhalation aerosol [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Foradil® Aerolizer inhalation powder [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Symbicort (budesonide/formoterol fumarate) inhalation aerosol [Link]
- Health Canada Product Monograph: Oxeze (formoterol) dry powder inhaler [Link]
- CaymanChem: Formoterol MSDS [Link]
- Global Initiative for Asthma: 2019 Guidelines Pocket Guide [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015118
- KEGG Drug
- D07990
- KEGG Compound
- C07805
- PubChem Compound
- 3410
- PubChem Substance
- 46507099
- ChemSpider
- 3292
- BindingDB
- 86453
- 25255
- ChEBI
- 63082
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1256786
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000247
- PharmGKB
- PA134687907
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Formoterol
- FDA label
- Download (1.48 MB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Basic Science Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 3 4 Completed Other Asthma 1 4 Completed Treatment Acute Bronchial Obstruction, Asthma 1 4 Completed Treatment Airway Inflammation / Asthma 1 4 Completed Treatment Asthma 16
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
- Dey pharma lp
- Packagers
- AstraZeneca Inc.
- Dey Pharma LP
- Medisca Inc.
- Novartis AG
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Schering Corp.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Aerosol; suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 6 MCG Solution Respiratory (inhalation) 12 mcg Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 9.83 µg Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 12 MIKROGRAMM Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 12 mcg Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 12 UG Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 0.012 mg/inhalation Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) 12 UG Drug delivery system Buccal Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 343 mcg Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol; suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 12 mcg Powder Respiratory (inhalation) Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) Capsule; powder Respiratory (inhalation) Suspension Buccal Gas Respiratory (inhalation) Spray, suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, spray Respiratory (inhalation) Suspension Oral; Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol; suspension Respiratory (inhalation) 12 MCG Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) 12 ug/1 Capsule, coated Respiratory (inhalation) 0.0012 mg Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 12 mcg Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 12 mcg/capsule Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) 12 mcg Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) 12 µg Gas Respiratory (inhalation) 12 µg Capsule, coated Respiratory (inhalation) 0.012 mg Solution Respiratory (inhalation) 12 Mikrogramm Aerosol, powder Respiratory (inhalation) 12 UG Aerosol, powder Respiratory (inhalation) 6 UG Solution Respiratory (inhalation) 0.02 mg/2mL Tablet Oral 10 cg Capsule Oral 12 mcg Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 6 MCG Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 12 MICROGRAMMI Solution Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, powder Respiratory (inhalation) Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 100 mcg Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 0.100 mg Solution Respiratory (inhalation) Capsule, coated Oral Aerosol Buccal Aerosol, metered; solution Respiratory (inhalation) Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 12 Mikrogramm Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 12 mcg / act Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 6 mcg / act Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 4.5 MICROGRAMMI Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 9 MICROGRAMMI Powder Respiratory (inhalation) 4.5 mcg Aerosol, powder Respiratory (inhalation) 12 µg Aerosol, powder Respiratory (inhalation) 6 µg Solution Respiratory (inhalation) 20 ug/2mL Aerosol Respiratory (inhalation) Powder Respiratory (inhalation) Suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, metered; suspension Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 160 mcg Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 40 mcg Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 80 mcg Suspension Buccal; Respiratory (inhalation) Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 160 mcg Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 80 mcg Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Formoterol fumarate powder 1346.4USD g Foradil Aerolizer 60 12 mcg capsule Box 170.72USD box Foradil aerolizer 12 mcg cap 2.83USD each Foradil 12 mcg Capsule 0.88USD capsule Oxeze Turbuhaler 12 mcg/dose Metered Inhalation Powder 0.82USD dose Oxeze Turbuhaler 6 mcg/dose Metered Inhalation Powder 0.61USD dose DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US6182655 No 2001-02-06 2016-12-05 US US6887459 No 2005-05-03 2020-11-28 US US6488027 No 2002-12-03 2019-03-08 US US6814953 No 2004-11-09 2021-06-22 US US7348362 No 2008-03-25 2021-06-22 US US7462645 No 2008-12-09 2021-06-22 US US6667344 No 2003-12-23 2021-06-22 US US7759328 Yes 2010-07-20 2023-07-29 US US7897646 Yes 2011-03-01 2019-03-09 US US8143239 Yes 2012-03-27 2023-07-29 US US8461211 Yes 2013-06-11 2019-03-09 US US8575137 Yes 2013-11-05 2023-07-29 US US6123924 No 2000-09-26 2017-09-26 US US7967011 Yes 2011-06-28 2022-02-11 US US8616196 Yes 2013-12-31 2029-10-07 US US8387615 Yes 2013-03-05 2025-05-10 US US7587988 Yes 2009-09-15 2026-10-10 US US7367333 Yes 2008-05-06 2019-05-11 US US8528545 Yes 2013-09-10 2029-04-16 US US8875699 Yes 2014-11-04 2025-05-10 US US8623922 No 2014-01-07 2021-06-22 US US6068832 No 2000-05-30 2017-08-27 US US7067502 Yes 2006-06-27 2020-11-21 US US7566705 Yes 2009-07-28 2020-11-21 US US7078412 No 2006-07-18 2020-07-16 US US9056100 No 2015-06-16 2020-07-07 US US6681768 No 2004-01-27 2022-08-07 US US8051851 No 2011-11-08 2027-04-22 US USRE46417 No 2017-05-30 2020-09-05 US US9333195 No 2016-05-10 2020-07-07 US US9463161 No 2016-10-11 2030-05-28 US US9415009 No 2016-08-16 2030-05-28 US US8808713 No 2014-08-19 2030-05-28 US US8324266 No 2012-12-04 2030-05-28 US US8703806 No 2014-04-22 2030-05-28 US US8815258 No 2014-08-26 2031-03-17 US US9730890 No 2017-08-15 2021-06-22 US US10085974 No 2018-10-02 2029-03-13 US US10034867 No 2018-07-31 2020-07-07 US US10166247 Yes 2019-01-01 2023-07-29 US US7750023 No 2010-07-06 2020-07-07 US US8129405 No 2012-03-06 2020-07-07 US US10588895 No 2020-03-17 2022-01-14 US US10716753 No 2020-07-21 2030-05-28 US US11000517 No 2021-05-11 2029-03-13 US US11311558 Yes 2003-07-29 2023-07-29 US US11331442 No 2018-05-10 2038-05-10 US US11833292 No 2018-10-05 2038-10-05 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source water solubility Slightly (as fumarate salt) Foradil FDA Label logP 2.2 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0416 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 1.91 ALOGPS logP 1.06 Chemaxon logS -3.9 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 8.61 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.81 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 5 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 4 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 90.82 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 8 Chemaxon Refractivity 97.87 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 36.56 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 2 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.8991 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.8026 Caco-2 permeable - 0.6916 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.747 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.8773 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.8561 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8818 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.714 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.7086 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.5556 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.6609 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.907 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8931 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8994 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8757 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.8442 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.7517 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8704 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.992 Rat acute toxicity 2.4047 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9611 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.6602
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS splash10-00or-2902000000-10d83ebb89a446028d15 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-00kb-0339000000-4770ea45defc3ce5dd7d Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-00kf-0039000000-580612758f9fa39d013d Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0axs-0595000000-98fa7f0601b82bf7bd69 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0a4m-2291000000-4d74be9d2942b9535015 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-03di-1943000000-6ce745c4ba53a4187edb Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0002-0293000000-9aa9d932000b1476cd8c Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 185.1723367 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 183.3181 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 187.1848367 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 186.01819 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 186.5801367 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 194.83327 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately ...
- Gene Name
- ADRB2
- Uniprot ID
- P07550
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 46458.32 Da
References
- Bartow RA, Brogden RN: Formoterol. An update of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of asthma. Drugs. 1998 Feb;55(2):303-22. [Article]
- Faulds D, Hollingshead LM, Goa KL: Formoterol. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in reversible obstructive airways disease. Drugs. 1991 Jul;42(1):115-37. [Article]
- Hoffmann C, Leitz MR, Oberdorf-Maass S, Lohse MJ, Klotz KN: Comparative pharmacology of human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes--characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;369(2):151-9. Epub 2004 Jan 17. [Article]
- Coleman RA, Johnson M, Nials AT, Vardey CJ: Exosites: their current status, and their relevance to the duration of action of long-acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1996 Sep;17(9):324-30. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Foradil® Aerolizer inhalation powder [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Receptor signaling protein activity
- Specific Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately e...
- Gene Name
- ADRB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08588
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 51322.1 Da
References
- Hoffmann C, Leitz MR, Oberdorf-Maass S, Lohse MJ, Klotz KN: Comparative pharmacology of human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes--characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;369(2):151-9. Epub 2004 Jan 17. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. Beta-3 is involved in the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis.
- Gene Name
- ADRB3
- Uniprot ID
- P13945
- Uniprot Name
- Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 43518.615 Da
References
- Hoffmann C, Leitz MR, Oberdorf-Maass S, Lohse MJ, Klotz KN: Comparative pharmacology of human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes--characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;369(2):151-9. Epub 2004 Jan 17. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...
- Gene Name
- CYP2C19
- Uniprot ID
- P33261
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C19
- Molecular Weight
- 55930.545 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Const...
- Gene Name
- CYP2A6
- Uniprot ID
- P11509
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2A6
- Molecular Weight
- 56501.005 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
5. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1
Unknown
Substrate
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid binding
- Specific Function
- UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. Isoform 2 lacks transferase activity but acts as a negative reg...
- Gene Name
- UGT1A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q9HAW9
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-8
- Molecular Weight
- 59741.035 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Retinoic acid binding
- Specific Function
- UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform has specificity for phenols. Isoform 2 lacks trans...
- Gene Name
- UGT1A9
- Uniprot ID
- O60656
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9
- Molecular Weight
- 59940.495 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Glucuronosyltransferase activity
- Specific Function
- UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.Its unique specificity for 3,4-catechol estrogens and estriol su...
- Gene Name
- UGT2B7
- Uniprot ID
- P16662
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7
- Molecular Weight
- 60694.12 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Glucuronosyltransferase activity
- Specific Function
- UDPGTs are of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isozyme displays activity toward several classes of xeno...
- Gene Name
- UGT2B15
- Uniprot ID
- P54855
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15
- Molecular Weight
- 61035.815 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Toxic substance binding
- Specific Function
- Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Serum albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Perforomist® inhalation solution [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Secondary active organic cation transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnico...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A1
- Uniprot ID
- O15245
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 61153.345 Da
References
- Salomon JJ, Hagos Y, Petzke S, Kuhne A, Gausterer JC, Hosoya K, Ehrhardt C: Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists Are Substrates and Inhibitors of Human Organic Cation Transporter 1. Mol Pharm. 2015 Aug 3;12(8):2633-41. doi: 10.1021/mp500854e. Epub 2015 Mar 18. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Toxin transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates potential-dependent transport of a variety of organic cations. May play a significant role in the disposition of cationic neurotoxins and neurotransmitters in the brain.
- Gene Name
- SLC22A3
- Uniprot ID
- O75751
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 3
- Molecular Weight
- 61279.485 Da
References
- Salomon JJ, Hagos Y, Petzke S, Kuhne A, Gausterer JC, Hosoya K, Ehrhardt C: Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists Are Substrates and Inhibitors of Human Organic Cation Transporter 1. Mol Pharm. 2015 Aug 3;12(8):2633-41. doi: 10.1021/mp500854e. Epub 2015 Mar 18. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A4
- Uniprot ID
- Q9H015
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 4
- Molecular Weight
- 62154.48 Da
References
- Horvath G, Schmid N, Fragoso MA, Schmid A, Conner GE, Salathe M, Wanner A: Epithelial organic cation transporters ensure pH-dependent drug absorption in the airway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007 Jan;36(1):53-60. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0230OC. Epub 2006 Aug 17. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cat...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A5
- Uniprot ID
- O76082
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 5
- Molecular Weight
- 62751.08 Da
References
- Horvath G, Schmid N, Fragoso MA, Schmid A, Conner GE, Salathe M, Wanner A: Epithelial organic cation transporters ensure pH-dependent drug absorption in the airway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007 Jan;36(1):53-60. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0230OC. Epub 2006 Aug 17. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:54