Identification
- Summary
Hydroxyurea is an antimetabolite used to treat sickle cell anemia crisis, resistant chronic myeloid leukemia, and Locally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (excluding the lip).
- Brand Names
- Droxia, Hydrea, Siklos
- Generic Name
- Hydroxyurea
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01005
- Background
Hydroxyurea is a non-alkylating antineoplastic agent that was first synthesized in 1869 but was not characterized biologically until 1928.5 It was first approved by the FDA in 1998 for the treatment of sickle cell anemia in adults.6 Although clinical evidence on the efficacy of hydroxyurea in certain conditions exists, hydroxyurea is used sparingly in clinical settings, largely due to lack of knowledge and adherence, the need for therapeutic monitoring, and serious side effects of secondary cancer and birth defects.7
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Hydroxyurea (DB01005)
- Weight
- Average: 76.0547
Monoisotopic: 76.027277382 - Chemical Formula
- CH4N2O2
- Synonyms
- Carbamohydroxamic acid
- Carbamohydroximic acid
- Carbamoyl oxime
- Carbamyl hydroxamate
- Hidroxicarbamida
- Hydrea
- Hydroxycarbamid
- Hydroxycarbamide
- Hydroxycarbamidum
- Hydroxyharnstoff
- Hydroxyurea
- N-Carbamoylhydroxylamine
- N-Hydroxyurea
- Oxyurea
- External IDs
- NSC-32065
- SQ 1089
- SQ-1089
Pharmacology
- Indication
Hydroxyurea is indicated to reduce the frequency of painful crises and to reduce the need for blood transfusions in adult and pediatric patients, 2 years of age and older, with sickle cell anemia with recurrent moderate to severe painful crises.8
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Chronic myelogenous leukemia (cml) •••••••••••• ••••••••• •••••• ••••••• Treatment of Essential thrombocythemia ••• ••••• For therapy Head and neck primary squamous cell carcinoma •••••••••••• ••••• ••••••• Treatment of Hypereosinophilic syndrome ••• ••••• For therapy Locally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (scchn) •••••••••••• ••••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
The correlation between hydroxyurea concentrations, reduction of crisis rate, and increase in HbF, is not known.16
- Mechanism of action
The precise mechanism by which hydroxyurea produces its antineoplastic effects cannot, at present, be described. However, the reports of various studies in rat and human tissue cultures lend support to the hypothesis that hydroxyurea causes an immediate inhibition of DNA synthesis, by acting as a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, without interfering with the synthesis of ribonucleic acid or of protein. Hydroxyurea probably acts by decreasing the rate of conversion of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. This effect is particularly apparent in cells with a high rate of proliferation.12 Particularly, hydroxyurea reduces the tyrosyl free radical at the active site of the M2 via a one-electron transfer reaction through the –NH2-OH moiety.5
Three mechanisms have been postulated for the potentiation of the therapeutic effects of irradiation by hydroxyurea on squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinomas of the head and neck. In vitro studies utilizing Chinese hamster cells suggest that hydroxyurea is lethal to normally radioresistant S-stage cells and holds other cells of the cell cycle in the G1 or pre-DNA synthesis stage where they are most susceptible to the effects of irradiation. The third mechanism of action has been theorized on the basis of in vitro studies of HeLa cells: it appears that hydroxyurea, by inhibition of DNA synthesis, hinders the normal repair process of cells damaged but not killed by irradiation, thereby decreasing their survival rate; there is no alteration of RNA and protein syntheses.12
Another proposed mechanism of action of hydroxyurea is the elevation of HbF concentrations in Sickle Cell Disease patients. HbF interferes with the polymerization of HbS (sickle haemoglobin) and thus impedes the sickling of red blood cell. Recently, hydroxyurea has shown to be associated with the generation of nitric oxide, suggesting that nitric oxide stimulates cyclic guanosine monophosphates (cGMP) production, which then activates a protein kinase and increases the production of HbF. Other known pharmacological effects of hydroxycarbamide which may contribute to its beneficial effects in Sickle Cell Disease include decrease of neutrophils, improved deformability of sickled cells, and altered adhesion of red blood cells to the endothelium.11
Target Actions Organism ARibonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit inhibitorHumans - Absorption
After oral administration hydroxyurea is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Peak plasma concentrations are reached within 2 hours and by 24 hours the serum concentrations are virtually zero. Bioavailability is complete or nearly complete in cancer patients.11
After oral administration of 20 mg/kg of hydroxyurea, a rapid absorption is observed with peak plasma levels of about 30 mg/L occurring after 0.75 and 1.2 h in children and adult patients with sickle cell syndrome, respectively. The total exposure up to 24 h post-dose is 124 mg.h/L in children and adolescents and 135 mg.h/L in adult patients. The oral bioavailability of hydroxyurea is almost complete as assessed in indications other than sickle cell syndrome.13
In a comparative bioavailability study in healthy adult volunteers (n=28), 500 mg of hydroxyurea oral solution was demonstrated to be bioequivalent to the reference 500 mg capsule, with respect to both the peak concentration and area under the curve. There was a statistically significant reduction in time to peak concentration with hydroxyurea oral solution compared to the reference 500 mg capsule (0.5 versus 0.75 hours, p = 0.0467), indicating a faster rate of absorption.[L47137
In a study of children with Sickle Cell Disease, liquid and capsule formulations resulted in similar area under the curve, peak concentrations, and half-life. The largest difference in the pharmacokinetic profile was a trend towards a shorter time to peak concentration following ingestion of the liquid compared with the capsule, but that difference did not reach statistical significance (0.74 versus 0.97 hours, p = 0.14).11
- Volume of distribution
Hydroxyurea distributes rapidly throughout the human body, enters the cerebrospinal fluid, appears in peritoneal fluid and ascites, and concentrates in leukocytes and erythrocytes. The estimated volume of distribution of hydroxycarbamide approximates total body water. The volume of distribution following oral dosing of hydroxycarbamide is approximately equal to total body water: adult values of 0.48 – 0.90 L/kg have been reported, whilst in children a population estimate of 0.7 L/kg has been reported.11
- Protein binding
The extent of protein binding of hydroxyurea is unknown.11
- Metabolism
Up to 60% of an oral dose undergoes conversion through saturable hepatic metabolism and a minor pathway of degradation to acetohydroxamic acid by urease found in intestinal bacteria.9,12
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
A significant fraction of hydroxycarbamide is eliminated by nonrenal (mainly hepatic) mechanisms. In adults, the urinary recovery of unchanged drug is reported to be approximately 37% of the oral dose when renal function is normal. In children, the fraction of hydroxyurea excreted unchanged into the urine comprised about 50%.11
- Half-life
In adult cancer patients, hydroxyurea was eliminated with a half-life of approximately 2-3 hours. In a single-dose study in children with Sickle Cell Disease, the mean half-life was reported to be 1.7 hours.11
- Clearance
The total body clearance of hydroxyurea in adult patients with Sickle Cell Disease is 0.17 L/h/kg. The respective value in children was similar, 0.22 L/h/kg.11
- Adverse Effects
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Oral, mouse: LD50 = 7330 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD50 = 5760 mg/kg
Hydroxyurea can cause fetal harm based on findings from animal studies and the drug’s mechanism of action. There are no studies on the use of Hydroxyurea in pregnant women and limited available data on SIKLOS use during pregnancy are insufficient to inform drug-associated risks. Drugs that affect DNA synthesis, such as hydroxyurea, may be potential mutagenic agents. In animal reproduction studies, administration of hydroxyurea to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis produced embryotoxic and teratogenic effects at doses 0.8 times and 0.3 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human daily dose on a mg/m² basis. In rats and rabbits, fetal malformations were observed with partially ossified cranial bones, absence of eye sockets, hydrocephaly, bipartite sternebrae, and missing lumbar vertebrae. Embryotoxicity was characterized by decreased fetal viability, reduced live litter sizes, and developmental delays. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus.16
Acute mucocutaneous toxicity has been reported in patients receiving hydroxyurea at doses several times above the therapeutic dose. Soreness, violet erythema, edema on palms and soles followed by scaling of hand and feet, severe generalized hyperpigmentation of the skin, and stomatitis have been observed. In patients with sickle cell anemia, neutropenia was reported in isolated cases of hydroxyurea overdose (1.43 times and 8.57 times the maximum recommended dose of 35 mg/kg b.w./day). Monitor blood counts weekly until recovery. Treatment of overdose consists of gastric lavage, followed by symptomatic treatment and control of bone marrow function.16
Conventional long-term studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of hydroxyurea have not been performed. However, hydroxyurea is presumed to be a transspecies carcinogen. Intraperitoneal administration of 125 to 250 mg/kg hydroxyurea (about 0.6-1.2 times the maximum recommended human oral daily dose on a mg/m2 basis) thrice weekly for 6 months in female rats increased the incidence of mammary tumors in rats surviving to 18 months compared to control. Hydroxyurea is mutagenic in vitro to bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and mammalian cells. Hydroxyurea is clastogenic in vitro (hamster cells, human lymphoblasts) and in vivo (SCE assay in rodents, mouse micronucleus assay). Hydroxyurea causes the transformation of rodent embryo cells to a tumorigenic phenotype.16
Hydroxyurea administered to male rats at 60 mg/kg /day (about 0.3 times the maximum recommended human daily dose on a mg/m2 basis) produced testicular atrophy, decreased spermatogenesis, and significantly reduced their ability to impregnate females.16
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbatacept The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Hydroxyurea is combined with Abatacept. Abciximab The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Abciximab is combined with Hydroxyurea. Acenocoumarol The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Acenocoumarol is combined with Hydroxyurea. Acetaminophen The risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Acetaminophen is combined with Hydroxyurea. Acetylsalicylic acid The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Acetylsalicylic acid is combined with Hydroxyurea. - Food Interactions
- Drink plenty of fluids. Drinking extra fluids will help pass more urine to prevent kidney problems and keep the kidneys working well.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Litalir (Bristol-Myers Squibb) / Onco-Carbide (Teofarma)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Droxia Capsule 200 mg/1 Oral H2-Pharma LLC 2009-06-01 Not applicable US 
Droxia Capsule 400 mg/1 Oral E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. 2009-06-01 2025-05-31 US Droxia Capsule 300 mg/1 Oral H2-Pharma LLC 2009-06-01 Not applicable US Droxia Capsule 200 mg/1 Oral E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. 2009-06-01 2025-03-31 US Droxia Capsule 400 mg/1 Oral H2-Pharma LLC 2009-06-01 Not applicable US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Apo-hydroxyurea Capsule 500 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2003-10-22 Not applicable Canada 
Hydroxyurea Capsule 500 mg/1 Oral Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. 1998-10-19 1998-10-19 US Hydroxyurea Capsule 500 mg/1 Oral Par Pharmaceutical, Inc. 1999-02-24 Not applicable US Hydroxyurea Capsule 500 mg/1 Oral American Health Packaging 2008-09-17 Not applicable US Hydroxyurea Capsule 500 mg/1 Oral Cardinal Health 107, LLC 1999-02-24 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- L01XX05 — Hydroxycarbamide
- Drug Categories
- Amides
- Antineoplastic Agents
- Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents
- Antisickling Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Hematologic Agents
- Immunosuppressive Agents
- Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents
- Myelosuppressive Agents
- Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Substrates
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carboximidic acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing a carboximidic group, with the general formula R-C(=NR1)OR2.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Carboximidic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- Carboximidic acids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Organopnictogen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Imines / Hydrocarbon derivatives
- Substituents
- Aliphatic acyclic compound / Carboximidic acid derivative / Hydrocarbon derivative / Imine / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxygen compound / Organonitrogen compound / Organooxygen compound / Organopnictogen compound
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic acyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- one-carbon compound, ureas (CHEBI:44423) / a small molecule (HYDROXY-UREA)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- X6Q56QN5QC
- CAS number
- 127-07-1
- InChI Key
- VSNHCAURESNICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/CH4N2O2/c2-1(4)3-5/h5H,(H3,2,3,4)
- IUPAC Name
- hydroxyurea
- SMILES
- NC(=O)NO
References
- Synthesis Reference
Dee W. Brooks, Andrew O. Stewart, Richard A. Craig, "Substituted aryl- and heteroarylalkenyl-N-hydroxyurea inhibitors of leukotriene biosynthesis." U.S. Patent US5506261, issued October, 1990.
US5506261- General References
- Ferrari A, Carobbio A, Masciulli A, Ghirardi A, Finazzi G, De Stefano V, Vannucchi AM, Barbui T: Clinical outcomes under hydroxyurea treatment in polycythemia vera: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Haematologica. 2019 Dec;104(12):2391-2399. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2019.221234. Epub 2019 May 23. [Article]
- Cortelazzo S, Finazzi G, Ruggeri M, Vestri O, Galli M, Rodeghiero F, Barbui T: Hydroxyurea for patients with essential thrombocythemia and a high risk of thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1995 Apr 27;332(17):1132-6. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199504273321704. [Article]
- Kim MS, Yu DW, Jung YJ, Kim SW, Chang CH, Kim OL: Long-term follow-up result of hydroxyurea chemotherapy for recurrent meningiomas. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2012 Dec;52(6):517-22. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2012.52.6.517. Epub 2012 Dec 31. [Article]
- Klion A: Hypereosinophilic syndrome: approach to treatment in the era of precision medicine. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2018 Nov 30;2018(1):326-331. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.326. [Article]
- Singh A, Xu YJ: The Cell Killing Mechanisms of Hydroxyurea. Genes (Basel). 2016 Nov 17;7(11):99. doi: 10.3390/genes7110099. [Article]
- Strouse JJ, Lanzkron S, Beach MC, Haywood C, Park H, Witkop C, Wilson RF, Bass EB, Segal JB: Hydroxyurea for sickle cell disease: a systematic review for efficacy and toxicity in children. Pediatrics. 2008 Dec;122(6):1332-42. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-0441. [Article]
- Ware RE, Aygun B: Advances in the use of hydroxyurea. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:62-9. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.62. [Article]
- DailyMed Label: SIKLOS (hydroxyurea) tablets, for oral use [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: DROXIA (hydroxyurea) capsules, for oral use [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: SIKLOS (hydroxyurea) tablets, for oral use [Link]
- EMA Approved Drug Products: Xromi (hydroxycarbamide) solution for oral use [Link]
- Health Canada Approved Drug Proucts: APO-HYDROXYUREA (Hydroxyurea) capsules for oral use [Link]
- EMA Approved Drug Products: Siklos (hydroxycarbamide) solution for oral use [Link]
- Dailymed Label: HYDREA (hydroxyurea) capsule, for oral use [Link]
- Hydroxyurea MSDS [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: SIKLOS (hydroxyurea) tablets, for oral use (Dec 2023) [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: DROXIA (hydroxyurea) capsules, for oral use (Dec 2023) [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015140
- KEGG Drug
- D00341
- KEGG Compound
- C07044
- PubChem Compound
- 3657
- PubChem Substance
- 46506927
- ChemSpider
- 3530
- BindingDB
- 50017811
- 5552
- ChEBI
- 44423
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL467
- ZINC
- ZINC000008034120
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000739
- PharmGKB
- PA449942
- PDBe Ligand
- NHY
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Hydroxycarbamide
- PDB Entries
- 2geh / 3ub9
- MSDS
- Download (75.1 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Other Renal Function Disorder / Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) 1 4 Completed Treatment Drepanocytic Men Treated by Hydroxyurea for the First Time 1 4 Completed Treatment Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections 1 4 Completed Treatment Sickle Cell Anemia / Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) 1 4 Completed Treatment Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Bristol myers squibb co
- Barr laboratories inc
- Duramed pharmaceuticals inc sub barr laboratories inc
- Par pharmaceutical inc
- Roxane laboratories inc
- Hospira inc
- Packagers
- Amerisource Health Services Corp.
- Barr Pharmaceuticals
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
- Dispensing Solutions
- Duramed
- E.R. Squibb and Sons LLC
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital
- Liberty Pharmaceuticals
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- Medisca Inc.
- MGI Pharma
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Par Pharmaceuticals
- Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Qualitest
- Roxane Labs
- United Research Laboratories Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule Oral 200 mg/1 Capsule Oral 300 mg/1 Capsule Oral 400 mg/1 Capsule Oral 500 mg Capsule Oral 500.00 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 1000 mg Capsule Oral 500 mg/1 Capsule Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 1000 mg/1 Solution Oral 100 mg/ml - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Hydroxyurea powder 2.75USD g Hydrea 500 mg capsule 1.49USD capsule Droxia 400 mg capsule 0.97USD capsule Droxia 300 mg capsule 0.94USD capsule Droxia 200 mg capsule 0.91USD capsule Hydroxyurea 500 mg capsule 0.9USD capsule DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 133-136 U.S. Patent 2,705,727. water solubility 1E+006 mg/L (at 25 °C) MERCK INDEX (1996) logP -1.80 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) logS 1.12 ADME Research, USCD - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 269.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -1.8 ALOGPS logP -1.4 Chemaxon logS 0.55 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 10.14 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -4.9 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 75.35 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 0 Chemaxon Refractivity 14.91 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 5.94 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9154 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9382 Caco-2 permeable - 0.7235 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.8437 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9736 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9946 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9697 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8063 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8363 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7784 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9045 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9077 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.927 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9026 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9072 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9778 Ames test AMES toxic 0.8685 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.6129 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.7305 Rat acute toxicity 1.1524 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9846 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9715
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 101.870706 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 101.862806 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 101.962306 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 115.460686 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 101.577106 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 102.058306 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 102.092506 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 117.33379 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 101.428406 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 101.288706 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 101.417606 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 124.647545 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity, thioredoxin disulfide as acceptor
- Specific Function
- Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides.
- Gene Name
- RRM1
- Uniprot ID
- P23921
- Uniprot Name
- Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 90069.375 Da
References
- Culligan K, Tissier A, Britt A: ATR regulates a G2-phase cell-cycle checkpoint in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell. 2004 May;16(5):1091-104. Epub 2004 Apr 9. [Article]
- Zhou B, Liu X, Mo X, Xue L, Darwish D, Qiu W, Shih J, Hwu EB, Luh F, Yen Y: The human ribonucleotide reductase subunit hRRM2 complements p53R2 in response to UV-induced DNA repair in cells with mutant p53. Cancer Res. 2003 Oct 15;63(20):6583-94. [Article]
- Jiang W, Xie J, Varano PT, Krebs C, Bollinger JM Jr: Two distinct mechanisms of inactivation of the class Ic ribonucleotide reductase from Chlamydia trachomatis by hydroxyurea: implications for the protein gating of intersubunit electron transfer. Biochemistry. 2010 Jun 29;49(25):5340-9. doi: 10.1021/bi100037b. [Article]
- Davies BW, Kohanski MA, Simmons LA, Winkler JA, Collins JJ, Walker GC: Hydroxyurea induces hydroxyl radical-mediated cell death in Escherichia coli. Mol Cell. 2009 Dec 11;36(5):845-60. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.11.024. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: SIKLOS (hydroxyurea) tablets, for oral use (Dec 2023) [Link]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus pasteurii
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Urease activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- ureC
- Uniprot ID
- P41020
- Uniprot Name
- Urease subunit alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 61397.44 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: DROXIA (hydroxyurea) capsules, for oral use [Link]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Toxic substance binding
- Specific Function
- Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Serum albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Naik KM, Kolli DB, Nandibewoor ST: Elucidation of binding mechanism of hydroxyurea on serum albumins by different spectroscopic studies. Springerplus. 2014 Jul 15;3:360. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-360. eCollection 2014. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids (By similarity). Selectively inhibit...
- Gene Name
- SLCO1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P46721
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 74144.105 Da
References
- Walker AL, Franke RM, Sparreboom A, Ware RE: Transcellular movement of hydroxyurea is mediated by specific solute carrier transporters. Exp Hematol. 2011 Apr;39(4):446-56. doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.01.004. Epub 2011 Jan 21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostagland...
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6L6
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76447.99 Da
References
- Walker AL, Franke RM, Sparreboom A, Ware RE: Transcellular movement of hydroxyurea is mediated by specific solute carrier transporters. Exp Hematol. 2011 Apr;39(4):446-56. doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.01.004. Epub 2011 Jan 21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, taurocholate, triiodothyronine (T3), leukotriene C4, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), methotre...
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B3
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NPD5
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3
- Molecular Weight
- 77402.175 Da
References
- Walker AL, Franke RM, Sparreboom A, Ware RE: Transcellular movement of hydroxyurea is mediated by specific solute carrier transporters. Exp Hematol. 2011 Apr;39(4):446-56. doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.01.004. Epub 2011 Jan 21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Urea transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Specialized low-affinity vasopressin-regulated urea transporter. Mediates rapid transepithelial urea transport across the inner medullary collecting duct and plays a major role in the urinary conce...
- Gene Name
- SLC14A2
- Uniprot ID
- Q15849
- Uniprot Name
- Urea transporter 2
- Molecular Weight
- 101207.965 Da
References
- Walker AL, Franke RM, Sparreboom A, Ware RE: Transcellular movement of hydroxyurea is mediated by specific solute carrier transporters. Exp Hematol. 2011 Apr;39(4):446-56. doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.01.004. Epub 2011 Jan 21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Water transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Urea channel that facilitates transmembrane urea transport down a concentration gradient. A constriction of the transmembrane channel functions as selectivity filter through which urea is expected ...
- Gene Name
- SLC14A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q13336
- Uniprot Name
- Urea transporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 42527.93 Da
References
- Walker AL, Franke RM, Sparreboom A, Ware RE: Transcellular movement of hydroxyurea is mediated by specific solute carrier transporters. Exp Hematol. 2011 Apr;39(4):446-56. doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.01.004. Epub 2011 Jan 21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A4
- Uniprot ID
- Q9H015
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 4
- Molecular Weight
- 62154.48 Da
References
- Walker AL, Franke RM, Sparreboom A, Ware RE: Transcellular movement of hydroxyurea is mediated by specific solute carrier transporters. Exp Hematol. 2011 Apr;39(4):446-56. doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.01.004. Epub 2011 Jan 21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cat...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A5
- Uniprot ID
- O76082
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 5
- Molecular Weight
- 62751.08 Da
References
- Walker AL, Franke RM, Sparreboom A, Ware RE: Transcellular movement of hydroxyurea is mediated by specific solute carrier transporters. Exp Hematol. 2011 Apr;39(4):446-56. doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.01.004. Epub 2011 Jan 21. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:54