Gatifloxacin

Identification

Summary

Gatifloxacin is a fourth generation fluoroquinolone used to treat a wide variety of infections in the body.

Brand Names
Zymar, Zymaxid
Generic Name
Gatifloxacin
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01044
Background

Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic agent and a member of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family. It works by inhibiting the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It was first introduced by Bristol-Myers Squibb in 1999 under the brand name Tequin® for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Gatifloxacin is available as tablets and in various aqueous solutions for intravenous therapy. It is also available as eye drops under the brand name Zymar® marketed by Allergan.

The FDA withdrew its approval for the use of non-ophthalmic drug products containing gatifloxacin due to the high prevalence of gatifloxacin-associated dysglycemia adverse event reports and the high incidence of hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic episodes in patients taking gatifloxacin compared to those on macrolide antibiotics.5,6

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational, Withdrawn
Structure
Weight
Average: 375.3941
Monoisotopic: 375.159434412
Chemical Formula
C19H22FN3O4
Synonyms
  • 1-Cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
  • 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro- 8-methoxy-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)- 4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid
  • Gatifloxacin
  • Gatifloxacin anhydrous
  • Gatifloxacine
  • Gatifloxacino
  • Gatifloxacinum

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of bronchitis, sinusitis, community-acquired pneumonia, and skin infections (abscesses, wounds) caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila, S. pyogenes

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofBacterial conjunctivitis••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••
Used in combination to treatOcular infections, irritations and inflammationsCombination Product in combination with: Prednisolone acetate (DB15566)••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatOcular infections, irritations and inflammationsCombination Product in combination with: Dexamethasone (DB01234)••••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Gatifloxacin is a synthetic broad-spectrum 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone antibacterial agent for oral or intravenous administration. is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase, which allows the untwisting required to replicate one DNA double helix into two. Notably the drug has 100 times higher affinity for bacterial DNA gyrase than for mammalian. Gatifloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.

Mechanism of action

The bactericidal action of Gatifloxacin results from inhibition of the enzymes topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV, which are required for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination.

TargetActionsOrganism
ADNA gyrase subunit A
inhibitor
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 (strain ATCC BAA-334 / TIGR4)
ADNA gyrase subunit B
inhibitor
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 (strain ATCC BAA-334 / TIGR4)
ADNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A
inhibitor
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 (strain ATCC BAA-334 / TIGR4)
ADNA topoisomerase 4 subunit B
inhibitor
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 (strain ATCC BAA-334 / TIGR4)
Absorption

Well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration with absolute bioavailability of gatifloxacin is 96%

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

20%

Metabolism

Gatifloxacin undergoes limited biotransformation in humans with less than 1% of the dose excreted in the urine as ethylenediamine and methylethylenediamine metabolites

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

7-14 hours

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AcarboseThe therapeutic efficacy of Acarbose can be increased when used in combination with Gatifloxacin.
AceclofenacAceclofenac may increase the neuroexcitatory activities of Gatifloxacin.
AcemetacinAcemetacin may increase the neuroexcitatory activities of Gatifloxacin.
AcenocoumarolThe therapeutic efficacy of Acenocoumarol can be increased when used in combination with Gatifloxacin.
AcetaminophenThe metabolism of Acetaminophen can be decreased when combined with Gatifloxacin.
Food Interactions
  • Drink plenty of fluids.
  • Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Gatifloxacin hemihydrateAN201CY09J404858-36-2ISCAXBHESPTGIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Gatifloxacin sesquihydrateL4618BD7KJ180200-66-2RMJMZKDEVNTXHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
TequinTablet400 mgOralBristol Myers Squibb2001-02-212006-06-29Canada flag
TequinTablet200 mgOralBristol Myers Squibb2004-01-162006-06-29Canada flag
Tequin IVSolution2 mg / mLIntravenousBristol Myers Squibb2002-01-052006-06-29Canada flag
Tequin IVLiquid10 mg / mLIntravenousBristol Myers Squibb2001-03-142006-06-29Canada flag
ZymarSolution0.3 %OphthalmicAbbvie2004-09-27Not applicableCanada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Apo-gatifloxacinSolution0.3 %OphthalmicApotex Corporation2019-11-15Not applicableCanada flag
GatifloxacinSolution / drops5 mg/1mLOphthalmicLupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2013-10-01Not applicableUS flag
GatifloxacinSolution / drops5 mg/1mLOphthalmicMylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.2019-03-08Not applicableUS flag
GatifloxacinSolution / drops5 mg/1mLOphthalmicLupin Pharmaceuticals2013-10-01Not applicableUS flag
GatifloxacinSolution / drops5 mg/1mLOphthalmicSandoz Inc2016-10-03Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
GATIPHARM - D® (GATIFLOXACINA 0.3% + DEXAMETASONA 0.1% SOLUCIÓN OFTÁLMICA ESTERIL)Gatifloxacin sesquihydrate (3 mg) + Dexamethasone (1 mg)SolutionConjunctival; OphthalmicOPHARM LTDA2015-05-062021-10-01Colombia flag
NORIGRAN®Gatifloxacin sesquihydrate (3 mg) + Dexamethasone sodium phosphate (1 mg)SolutionOphthalmic; TopicalOPHARM LTDA.2020-05-29Not applicableColombia flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Gati-DexGatifloxacin sesquihydrate (5 mg/1mL) + Dexamethasone sodium phosphate (1 mg/1mL)Solution / dropsOphthalmicImprimis Njof, Llc2018-01-052019-02-01US flag
Pred Phos - GatiGatifloxacin sesquihydrate (5 mg/1mL) + Prednisolone sodium phosphate (10 mg/1mL)Solution / dropsOphthalmicImprimis Njof, Llc2018-07-022019-07-01US flag
Pred Phos-Gati-BromGatifloxacin sesquihydrate (5 mg/1mL) + Bromfenac (0.75 mg/1mL) + Prednisolone sodium phosphate (10 mg/1mL)Solution / dropsOphthalmicImprimis Njof, Llc2018-07-022019-07-01US flag
Pred-GatiGatifloxacin sesquihydrate (5 mg/1mL) + Prednisolone acetate (10 mg/1mL)Suspension / dropsOphthalmicImprimis Njof, Llc2018-01-052019-07-01US flag
Pred-GatiGatifloxacin hemihydrate (5 mg/1mL) + Prednisolone acetate (10 mg/1mL)SuspensionOphthalmicImprimisRx NJ2018-03-01Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
S01AE06 — GatifloxacinJ01MA16 — Gatifloxacin
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as quinoline carboxylic acids. These are quinolines in which the quinoline ring system is substituted by a carboxyl group at one or more positions.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Quinolines and derivatives
Sub Class
Quinoline carboxylic acids
Direct Parent
Quinoline carboxylic acids
Alternative Parents
N-arylpiperazines / Fluoroquinolones / Aminoquinolines and derivatives / Hydroquinolones / Haloquinolines / Hydroquinolines / Pyridinecarboxylic acids / Methoxyanilines / Anisoles / Dialkylarylamines
show 13 more
Substituents
1,4-diazinane / Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Amino acid / Amino acid or derivatives / Aminoquinoline / Anisole / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Aryl fluoride / Aryl halide
show 33 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
organofluorine compound, N-arylpiperazine, quinolone antibiotic, quinolone, quinolinemonocarboxylic acid (CHEBI:5280)
Affected organisms
  • Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria
  • Mycobacterium
  • Chlamydia pneumoniae
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Legionella pneumophila
  • Chlamydia psittaci

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
81485Y3A9A
CAS number
112811-59-3
InChI Key
XUBOMFCQGDBHNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C19H22FN3O4/c1-10-8-22(6-5-21-10)16-14(20)7-12-15(18(16)27-2)23(11-3-4-11)9-13(17(12)24)19(25)26/h7,9-11,21H,3-6,8H2,1-2H3,(H,25,26)
IUPAC Name
1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
SMILES
COC1=C2N(C=C(C(O)=O)C(=O)C2=CC(F)=C1N1CCNC(C)C1)C1CC1

References

Synthesis Reference
US4980470
General References
  1. Park-Wyllie LY, Juurlink DN, Kopp A, Shah BR, Stukel TA, Stumpo C, Dresser L, Low DE, Mamdani MM: Outpatient gatifloxacin therapy and dysglycemia in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2006 Mar 30;354(13):1352-61. Epub 2006 Mar 1. [Article]
  2. Gurwitz JH: Serious adverse drug effects--seeing the trees through the forest. N Engl J Med. 2006 Mar 30;354(13):1413-5. Epub 2006 Mar 1. [Article]
  3. MedEx: Gatidex (gatifloxacin/dexamethasone) ophthalmic solution [Link]
  4. Vademecum: Zypred (gatifloxacin/prednisolone acetate) ophthalmic suspension [Link]
  5. Code of Federal Regulations 216.24: Drug products withdrawn or removed from the market for reasons of safety or effectiveness. [Link]
  6. Federal Register: Determination That TEQUIN (Gatifloxacin) Was Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015178
KEGG Drug
D08011
KEGG Compound
C07661
PubChem Compound
5379
PubChem Substance
46506159
ChemSpider
5186
BindingDB
50117914
RxNav
1546025
ChEBI
5280
ChEMBL
CHEMBL31
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP001387
PharmGKB
PA449738
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Gatifloxacin
FDA label
Download (134 KB)
MSDS
Download (57.3 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedNot AvailableCataract Surgery1
4CompletedNot AvailableMacula Thickening1
4CompletedBasic ScienceAntibiotic Resistance, Bacterial1
4CompletedBasic ScienceHealthy Subjects (HS)1
4CompletedOtherInjections / Intravitreous1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • Allergan Inc.
  • AQ Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
  • Cardinal Health
  • Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
  • Mead Johnson and Co.
  • PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
SolutionOphthalmic5 mg
Solution / dropsOphthalmic
SuspensionConjunctival; Ophthalmic
SolutionOphthalmic3 mg/1mL
SolutionConjunctival; Ophthalmic
SolutionOphthalmic; Topical0.003 g
Solution / dropsOphthalmic
SolutionOphthalmic0.3 % w/v
SolutionOphthalmic3.000 mg
SolutionOphthalmic; Topical
SolutionConjunctival; Ophthalmic3 mg
SolutionConjunctival; Ophthalmic300000 mg
SuspensionOphthalmic
Suspension / dropsOphthalmic
SolutionOphthalmic3 mg / mL
Tablet, film coatedOral400 mg
TabletOral200 mg
TabletOral400 mg
LiquidIntravenous10 mg / mL
SolutionIntravenous2 mg / mL
SolutionOphthalmic0.3 %
Solution / dropsOphthalmic3 mg/1mL
LiquidOphthalmic3 mg/1ml
SolutionOphthalmic3 mg/ml
Solution / dropsOphthalmic5 mg/1mL
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Zymar 0.3% Solution 5ml Bottle87.53USD bottle
Zymar 0.3% eye drops16.75USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US4980470No1990-12-252009-12-15US flag
CA2307632No2007-05-222019-08-20Canada flag
CA1340316No1999-01-122016-01-12Canada flag
US6333045Yes2001-12-252020-02-20US flag
US5880283Yes1999-03-092016-06-05US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)182-185 °CNot Available
water solubility60 mg/mL (at pH 4)Not Available
logP2.6Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.631 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-0.23ALOGPS
logP-0.62Chemaxon
logS-2.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)5.49Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.82Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count7Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area82.11 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity98.82 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability38.29 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9279
Blood Brain Barrier-0.9869
Caco-2 permeable+0.5
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.9116
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.7838
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.6997
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.804
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8257
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9116
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.6231
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.8535
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8479
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9124
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8598
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8804
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.7502
Ames testAMES toxic0.605
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.8678
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable1.0
Rat acute toxicity2.3029 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.8994
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.7207
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-03di-1009000000-78a39452af06b1f66c1d
MS/MS Spectrum - DI-ESI-qTof , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0159-0019000000-9d9810e16459120201fc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00kr-0942000000-432aa78e495cb764bf6a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0922000000-8e80b2969083df9af733
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0169000000-7839341ea49cae9ec8cd
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-0922000000-8e80b2969083df9af733
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0279000000-0ee0061b508877e5251c
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00kr-0942000000-432aa78e495cb764bf6a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-056r-0009000000-73f5261929bad6b3f8de
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-05fr-0009000000-75f657644acdb4d6ed06
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0009000000-158b7be810ec4e6331e3
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0029000000-030e1d7fe4a7bbe96204
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0v0s-4149000000-64864749fef6c87cca65
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0fir-0669000000-b24d09b9530ecad35812
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-199.2223624
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-180.13356
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+199.5098624
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+182.49156
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+198.8002624
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+189.1271
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 (strain ATCC BAA-334 / TIGR4)
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Dna topoisomerase type ii (atp-hydrolyzing) activity
Specific Function
DNA gyrase negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner and also catalyzes the interconversion of other topological isomers of double-stranded DNA rings, inc...
Gene Name
gyrA
Uniprot ID
P72524
Uniprot Name
DNA gyrase subunit A
Molecular Weight
92052.595 Da
References
  1. Harding I, Simpson I: Fluoroquinolones: is there a different mechanism of action and resistance against Streptococcus pneumoniae? J Chemother. 2000 Oct;12 Suppl 4:7-15. [Article]
  2. Rafii F, Park M, Novak JS: Alterations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV in resistant mutants of Clostridium perfringens found after in vitro treatment with fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Feb;49(2):488-92. [Article]
  3. Kays MB, Zhanel GG, Reimann MA, Jacobi J, Denys GA, Smith DW, Wack MF: Selection of a gyrA mutation and treatment failure with gatifloxacin in a patient with Streptococcus pneumoniae with a preexisting parC mutation. Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Feb;27(2):221-6. [Article]
  4. Kim OK, Ohemeng K, Barrett JF: Advances in DNA gyrase inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2001 Feb;10(2):199-212. [Article]
  5. Hosaka M: [Antibacterial property and clinical effect of gatifloxacin, a novel quinolone antibacterial agent]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2003 Jun;121(6):447-56. [Article]
  6. Mdluli K, Ma Z: Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase as a target for drug discovery. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2007 Jun;7(2):159-68. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 (strain ATCC BAA-334 / TIGR4)
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Magnesium ion binding
Specific Function
DNA gyrase negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner and also catalyzes the interconversion of other topological isomers of double-stranded DNA rings, inc...
Gene Name
gyrB
Uniprot ID
P0A4L9
Uniprot Name
DNA gyrase subunit B
Molecular Weight
72237.025 Da
References
  1. Harding I, Simpson I: Fluoroquinolones: is there a different mechanism of action and resistance against Streptococcus pneumoniae? J Chemother. 2000 Oct;12 Suppl 4:7-15. [Article]
  2. Rafii F, Park M, Novak JS: Alterations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV in resistant mutants of Clostridium perfringens found after in vitro treatment with fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Feb;49(2):488-92. [Article]
  3. Kays MB, Zhanel GG, Reimann MA, Jacobi J, Denys GA, Smith DW, Wack MF: Selection of a gyrA mutation and treatment failure with gatifloxacin in a patient with Streptococcus pneumoniae with a preexisting parC mutation. Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Feb;27(2):221-6. [Article]
  4. Kim OK, Ohemeng K, Barrett JF: Advances in DNA gyrase inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2001 Feb;10(2):199-212. [Article]
  5. Hosaka M: [Antibacterial property and clinical effect of gatifloxacin, a novel quinolone antibacterial agent]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2003 Jun;121(6):447-56. [Article]
  6. Mdluli K, Ma Z: Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase as a target for drug discovery. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2007 Jun;7(2):159-68. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 (strain ATCC BAA-334 / TIGR4)
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Dna topoisomerase type ii (atp-hydrolyzing) activity
Specific Function
Topoisomerase IV is essential for chromosome segregation. It relaxes supercoiled DNA. Performs the decatenation events required during the replication of a circular DNA molecule.
Gene Name
parC
Uniprot ID
P72525
Uniprot Name
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A
Molecular Weight
93132.2 Da
References
  1. Harding I, Simpson I: Fluoroquinolones: is there a different mechanism of action and resistance against Streptococcus pneumoniae? J Chemother. 2000 Oct;12 Suppl 4:7-15. [Article]
  2. Rafii F, Park M, Novak JS: Alterations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV in resistant mutants of Clostridium perfringens found after in vitro treatment with fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Feb;49(2):488-92. [Article]
  3. Kays MB, Zhanel GG, Reimann MA, Jacobi J, Denys GA, Smith DW, Wack MF: Selection of a gyrA mutation and treatment failure with gatifloxacin in a patient with Streptococcus pneumoniae with a preexisting parC mutation. Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Feb;27(2):221-6. [Article]
  4. Hosaka M: [Antibacterial property and clinical effect of gatifloxacin, a novel quinolone antibacterial agent]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2003 Jun;121(6):447-56. [Article]
  5. Mdluli K, Ma Z: Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase as a target for drug discovery. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2007 Jun;7(2):159-68. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 (strain ATCC BAA-334 / TIGR4)
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Magnesium ion binding
Specific Function
Topoisomerase IV is essential for chromosome segregation. It relaxes supercoiled DNA. Performs the decatenation events required during the replication of a circular DNA molecule.
Gene Name
parE
Uniprot ID
Q59961
Uniprot Name
DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit B
Molecular Weight
71663.86 Da
References
  1. Harding I, Simpson I: Fluoroquinolones: is there a different mechanism of action and resistance against Streptococcus pneumoniae? J Chemother. 2000 Oct;12 Suppl 4:7-15. [Article]
  2. Rafii F, Park M, Novak JS: Alterations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV in resistant mutants of Clostridium perfringens found after in vitro treatment with fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Feb;49(2):488-92. [Article]
  3. Kays MB, Zhanel GG, Reimann MA, Jacobi J, Denys GA, Smith DW, Wack MF: Selection of a gyrA mutation and treatment failure with gatifloxacin in a patient with Streptococcus pneumoniae with a preexisting parC mutation. Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Feb;27(2):221-6. [Article]
  4. Hosaka M: [Antibacterial property and clinical effect of gatifloxacin, a novel quinolone antibacterial agent]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2003 Jun;121(6):447-56. [Article]
  5. Mdluli K, Ma Z: Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase as a target for drug discovery. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2007 Jun;7(2):159-68. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID
P05177
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight
58293.76 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Yang LP, Zhou ZW, Liu YH, Chan E: Insights into the substrate specificity, inhibitors, regulation, and polymorphisms and the clinical impact of human cytochrome P450 1A2. AAPS J. 2009 Sep;11(3):481-94. doi: 10.1208/s12248-009-9127-y. Epub 2009 Jul 10. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Other/unknown
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Guo M, Zou JW, Yi PG, Shang ZC, Hu GX, Yu QS: Binding interaction of gatifloxacin with bovine serum albumin. Anal Sci. 2004 Mar;20(3):465-70. [Article]
  2. Tan F, Guo M, Yu Q: Studies on interaction between gatifloxacin and human serum albumin as well as effect of copper(II) on the reaction. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2005 Oct;61(13-14):3006-12. Epub 2004 Dec 19. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:54