Identification
- Summary
Levodopa is a dopamine precursor used in the management of Parkinson's disease, often in combination with carbidopa, as well as other conditions associated with parkinsonism.
- Brand Names
- Dhivy, Duodopa, Duopa, Inbrija, Parcopa, Prolopa, Rytary, Sinemet, Stalevo
- Generic Name
- Levodopa
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01235
- Background
Levodopa is a prodrug of dopamine that is administered to patients with Parkinson's due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrierLabel. Levodopa can be metabolised to dopamine on either side of the blood-brain barrier and so it is generally administered with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor like carbidopa to prevent metabolism until after it has crossed the blood-brain barrierLabel,1. Once past the blood-brain barrier, levodopa is metabolized to dopamine and supplements the low endogenous levels of dopamine to treat symptoms of Parkinson'sLabel. The first developed drug product that was approved by the FDA was a levodopa and carbidopa combined product called Sinemet that was approved on May 2, 19751,7.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Levodopa (DB01235)
- Weight
- Average: 197.1879
Monoisotopic: 197.068807845 - Chemical Formula
- C9H11NO4
- Synonyms
- (−)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine
- (−)-dopa
- 3-Hydroxy-L-tyrosine
- 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine
- Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine
- L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
- L-beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine
- L-DOPA
- Levodopa
- Levodopum
- β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine
- β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine
- External IDs
- V-1512
Pharmacology
- Indication
Levodopa on its own is formulated as an oral inhalation powder indicated for intermittent treatment of off episodes in Parkinson's patients who are already being treated with carbidopa and levodopaLabel. Levodopa is most commonly formulated as an oral tablet with a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor indicated for treatment of Parkinson's disease, post-encephalitic parkinsonism, and symptomatic parkinsonism following carbon monoxide intoxication or manganese intoxication8.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination to manage Paralysis agitans Combination Product in combination with: Carbidopa (DB00190) •••••••••••• Used in combination to manage Parkinson's disease Combination Product in combination with: Carbidopa (DB00190), Entacapone (DB00494) •••••••••••• Used in combination to manage Parkinson's disease Combination Product in combination with: Carbidopa (DB00190) •••••••••••• Used in combination to treat Parkinsonism Combination Product in combination with: Carbidopa (DB00190) •••••••••••• Used in combination to treat Parkinsonism Combination Product in combination with: Carbidopa (DB00190) •••••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Levodopa is able to cross the blood-brain barrier while dopamine is notLabel,8. The addition of a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor prevents the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery so that more levodopa can reach the blood-brain barrierLabel,8. Once past the blood-brain barrier, levodopa is converted to dopamine by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylaseLabel,8.
- Mechanism of action
Levodopa by various routes crosses the blood brain barrier, is decarboxylated to form dopamineLabel,8. This supplemental dopamine performs the role that endogenous dopamine cannot due to a decrease of natural concentrations and stimulates dopaminergic receptorsLabel,8.
Target Actions Organism ADopamine D1 receptor agonistHumans ADopamine D5 receptor agonistHumans ADopamine D2 receptor agonistHumans ADopamine D3 receptor agonistHumans ADopamine D4 receptor agonistHumans - Absorption
Orally inhaled levodopa reaches a peak concentration in 0.5 hours with a bioavailability than is 70% that of the immediate release levodopa tablets with a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor like carbidopa or benserazideLabel,1.
- Volume of distribution
168L for orally inhaled levodopaLabel.
- Protein binding
Levodopa binding to plasma proteins is negligible6.
- Metabolism
Levodopa is either converted to dopamine by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase or O-methylated to 3-O-methyldopa by catechol-O-methyltransferaseLabel,2,3. 3-O-methyldopa cannot be metabolized to dopamine3. Once levodopa is converted to dopamine, it is converted to sulfated or glucuronidated metabolites, epinephrine E, or homovanillic acid through various metabolic processes2. The primary metabolites are 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (13-47%) and homovanillic acid (23-39%)3,5.
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
After 48 hours, 0.17% of an orally administered dose is recovered in stool, 0.28% is exhaled, and 78.4% is recovered in urine5
- Half-life
2.3 hours for orally inhaled levodopaLabel. Oral levodopa has a half life of 50 minutes but when combined with a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, the half life is increased to 1.5 hours8.
- Clearance
Intravenously administered levodopa is cleared at a rate of 14.2mL/min/kg in elderly patients and 23.4mL/min/kg in younger patients4. When given carbidopa, the clearance of levodopa was 5.8mL/min/kg in elderyly patients and 9.3mL/min/kg in younger patients4.
- Adverse Effects
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There is no readily available data for the use of levodopa in pregnancyLabel. Rabbits treated with levodopa and carbidopa produced smaller litters and their offspring developed visceral and skeletal deformitiesLabel. Levodopa may lower prolactin and interfere with lactation but there is limited human data to demonstrate this effectLabel. Levodopa is present in human breast milk and so the potential effects of nursing while taking levodopa should be considered before prescribing levodopa to nursing mothersLabel. There is currently a lack of data on the safety and effectiveness of using levodopa in pediatric patientsLabel. Patients over 65 years of age are more likely to experience adverse effects associated with taking levodopa, however this generally is not sufficient to exclude this patient group from treatmentLabel.
- Pathways
Pathway Category Aromatic L-Aminoacid Decarboxylase Deficiency Disease Tyrosine Metabolism Metabolic Catecholamine Biosynthesis Metabolic Tyrosinemia Type I Disease Disulfiram Action Pathway Drug action Alkaptonuria Disease Hawkinsinuria Disease Tyrosinemia, Transient, of the Newborn Disease Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency Disease Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency Disease Monoamine Oxidase-A Deficiency (MAO-A) Disease - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Levodopa is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine. Abaloparatide The risk or severity of hypotension and orthostatic hypotension can be increased when Abaloparatide is combined with Levodopa. Acebutolol The risk or severity of hypotension and orthostatic hypotension can be increased when Acebutolol is combined with Levodopa. Acetazolamide The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Acetazolamide is combined with Levodopa. Acetophenazine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Acetophenazine is combined with Levodopa. - Food Interactions
- Avoid multivalent ions. Iron salts may reduce levodopa absorption.
- Take with or without food. A diet high in protein may delay absorption and AUC of levodopa.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Bidopal (GlaxoSmithKline) / Dopar / Doparl (Kyowa Hakko Kirin) / Dopasol (Daiichi Sankyo) / Dopaston (Ohara Yakuhin)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Inbrija Capsule 33 mg Respiratory (inhalation) Acorda Therapeutics Ireland Limited 2023-05-04 Not applicable EU 
Inbrija Capsule 33 mg Respiratory (inhalation) Acorda Therapeutics Ireland Limited 2020-12-16 Not applicable EU Inbrija Capsule 33 mg Respiratory (inhalation) Acorda Therapeutics Ireland Limited 2023-05-04 Not applicable EU Inbrija Capsule 42 mg/1 Respiratory (inhalation) Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. 2018-12-22 Not applicable US 
Inbrija Capsule 33 mg Respiratory (inhalation) Acorda Therapeutics Ireland Limited 2020-12-16 Not applicable EU - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Aa-levocarb CR Levodopa (200 mg) + Carbidopa (50 mg) Tablet, extended release Oral Aa Pharma Inc 2003-11-13 Not applicable Canada 
Aa-levocarb CR Levodopa (100 mg) + Carbidopa (25 mg) Tablet, extended release Oral Aa Pharma Inc 2009-02-04 Not applicable Canada ANTIPAR 100 MG/ 25 MG/ 200 MG FİLM TABLET, 100 ADET Levodopa (100 mg) + Carbidopa hydrate (25 mg) + Entacapone (200 mg) Tablet, film coated Oral İLKO İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş. 2017-08-11 Not applicable Turkey 
ANTIPAR 125 MG/ 31.25 MG/ 200 MG FİLM TABLET, 100 ADET Levodopa (125 mg) + Carbidopa hydrate (31.25 mg) + Entacapone (200 mg) Tablet, film coated Oral İLKO İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş. 2017-08-11 Not applicable Turkey ANTİPAR 150 MG/37.5 MG/200 MG FİLM TABLET, 100 ADET Levodopa (150 mg) + Carbidopa hydrate (37.5 mg) + Entacapone (200 mg) Tablet, film coated Oral İLKO İLAÇ SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş. 2017-07-26 Not applicable Turkey
Categories
- ATC Codes
- N04BA03 — Levodopa, decarboxylase inhibitor and comt inhibitor
- N04BA — Dopa and dopa derivatives
- N04B — DOPAMINERGIC AGENTS
- N04 — ANTI-PARKINSON DRUGS
- N — NERVOUS SYSTEM
- N04BA — Dopa and dopa derivatives
- N04B — DOPAMINERGIC AGENTS
- N04 — ANTI-PARKINSON DRUGS
- N — NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- Amines
- Amino Acids
- Amino Acids, Aromatic
- Amino Acids, Cyclic
- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
- Anti-Dyskinesia Agents
- Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist)
- Anti-Parkinson Drugs
- Benzene Derivatives
- Biogenic Amines
- Biogenic Monoamines
- Catecholamines
- Catechols
- Central Nervous System Agents
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- Dihydroxyphenylalanine
- Dopa and Dopa Derivatives
- Dopamine Agents
- Hypotensive Agents
- Levodopa, antagonists & inhibitors
- Nervous System
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- Phenols
- Serotonergic Drugs Shown to Increase Risk of Serotonin Syndrome
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosine and derivatives. These are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Carboxylic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
- Direct Parent
- Tyrosine and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Phenylalanine and derivatives / Phenylpropanoic acids / L-alpha-amino acids / Amphetamines and derivatives / Catechols / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids / Aralkylamines / Amino acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives show 6 more
- Substituents
- 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid / 3-phenylpropanoic-acid / Alpha-amino acid / Amine / Amino acid / Amphetamine or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Benzenoid show 18 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid, L-tyrosine derivative, dopa (CHEBI:15765) / Other amino acids, Biogenic amines (C00355)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 46627O600J
- CAS number
- 59-92-7
- InChI Key
- WTDRDQBEARUVNC-LURJTMIESA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C9H11NO4/c10-6(9(13)14)3-5-1-2-7(11)8(12)4-5/h1-2,4,6,11-12H,3,10H2,(H,13,14)/t6-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
- SMILES
- N[C@@H](CC1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1)C(O)=O
References
- Synthesis Reference
Vincenzo Cannata, Giancarlo Tamerlani, Mauro Morotti, "Process for the synthesis of the levodopa." U.S. Patent US4962223, issued December, 1986.
US4962223- General References
- Djamshidian A, Poewe W: Apomorphine and levodopa in Parkinson's disease: Two revolutionary drugs from the 1950's. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016 Dec;33 Suppl 1:S9-S12. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.12.004. Epub 2016 Dec 22. [Article]
- Meiser J, Weindl D, Hiller K: Complexity of dopamine metabolism. Cell Commun Signal. 2013 May 17;11(1):34. doi: 10.1186/1478-811X-11-34. [Article]
- Elroby SA, Makki MS, Sobahi TR, Hilal RH: Toward the understanding of the metabolism of levodopa I. DFT investigation of the equilibrium geometries, acid-base properties and levodopa-water complexes. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(4):4321-39. doi: 10.3390/ijms13044321. Epub 2012 Apr 2. [Article]
- Robertson DR, Wood ND, Everest H, Monks K, Waller DG, Renwick AG, George CF: The effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa administered alone and in the presence of carbidopa. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1989 Jul;28(1):61-9. [Article]
- Abrams WB, Coutinho CB, Leon AS, Spiegel HE: Absorption and metabolism of levodopa. JAMA. 1971 Dec 27;218(13):1912-4. [Article]
- Fanali G, Rampoldi V, di Masi A, Bolli A, Lopiano L, Ascenzi P, Fasano M: Binding of anti-Parkinson's disease drugs to human serum albumin is allosterically modulated. IUBMB Life. 2010 May;62(5):371-6. doi: 10.1002/iub.317. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Sinemet [Link]
- Sinemet FDA Label [File]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000181
- KEGG Drug
- D00059
- KEGG Compound
- C00355
- PubChem Compound
- 6047
- PubChem Substance
- 46508120
- ChemSpider
- 5824
- BindingDB
- 60928
- 6375
- ChEBI
- 15765
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1009
- ZINC
- ZINC000000895199
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000209
- PharmGKB
- PA450213
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- DAH
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Levodopa
- PDB Entries
- 1ivv / 1rnr / 2vh3 / 2zwe / 2zwf / 2zwg / 3teg / 3teh / 4eis / 4p6s … show 19 more
- FDA label
- Download (705 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (37.5 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Parkinson's Disease (PD) 2 4 Completed Not Available Healthy Subjects (HS) 1 4 Completed Other Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 1 4 Completed Treatment Advanced Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease 1 4 Completed Treatment Akinesia / Delayed Levodopa Onset / Mobility decreased / Motor Symptoms / Parkinson's Disease (PD) 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Actavis Group
- Amerisource Health Services Corp.
- Apotex Inc.
- Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
- AzurPharma Inc.
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
- Caraco Pharmaceutical Labs
- Cardinal Health
- Caremark LLC
- Cima Laboratories Inc.
- Direct Dispensing Inc.
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Global Pharmaceuticals
- Heartland Repack Services LLC
- Impax Laboratories Inc.
- Ivax Pharmaceuticals
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- Mckesson Corp.
- Medisca Inc.
- Merck & Co.
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Mylan
- Novartis AG
- Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Orion Corporation
- Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Prepak Systems Inc.
- Remedy Repack
- Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
- Sandhills Packaging Inc.
- Schwarz Pharma Inc.
- Southwood Pharmaceuticals
- Spectrum Pharmaceuticals
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- Torpharm Inc.
- UDL Laboratories
- Vangard Labs Inc.
- Watson Pharmaceuticals
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral Tablet, extended release Oral Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet Oral 25 mg Gel Enteral Gel Intraduodenal Suspension Enteral Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) 33 mg Capsule Respiratory (inhalation) 42 mg/1 Powder, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 33 MG Tablet; tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, coated Oral Tablet, for suspension Oral Tablet, soluble Oral Capsule Oral 28.5 mg Tablet Oral 50 mg Capsule Oral 25 mg Capsule, delayed release Oral Tablet, for solution; tablet, for suspension Oral Capsule Oral Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral Capsule, extended release Oral Tablet, extended release Oral 50 mg Gel Intraileal - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit L-dopa powder 15.19USD g Levodopa powder 7.31USD g DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US6500867 No 2002-12-31 2020-06-29 US US6797732 No 2004-09-28 2020-06-29 US US9089607 No 2015-07-28 2028-12-26 US US8377474 No 2013-02-19 2028-12-26 US US8454998 No 2013-06-04 2028-12-26 US US7094427 No 2006-08-22 2022-05-29 US US8557283 No 2013-10-15 2028-12-26 US US9089608 No 2015-07-28 2028-12-26 US US9463246 No 2016-10-11 2028-12-26 US US9533046 No 2017-01-03 2028-12-26 US US9901640 No 2018-02-27 2028-12-26 US USRE43711 No 2012-10-02 2029-02-03 US US8628754 No 2014-01-14 2020-06-19 US US7556798 No 2009-07-07 2021-11-04 US US8404276 No 2013-03-26 2023-03-19 US US6921528 No 2005-07-26 2020-06-19 US US6613308 No 2003-09-02 2020-09-19 US US8586093 No 2013-11-19 2023-03-19 US US6979437 No 2005-12-27 2020-09-19 US US7146978 No 2006-12-12 2021-04-16 US US6858199 No 2005-02-22 2021-11-04 US US6514482 No 2003-02-04 2020-09-19 US US8685442 No 2014-04-01 2032-11-16 US US8545878 No 2013-10-01 2032-11-16 US US9393210 No 2016-07-19 2032-11-16 US US7182961 No 2007-02-27 2024-02-22 US US7384649 No 2008-06-10 2022-11-20 US US9155699 No 2015-10-13 2023-03-19 US US8945612 No 2015-02-03 2032-11-16 US US11033521 No 2021-06-15 2039-03-28 US US11439613 No 2019-03-28 2039-03-28 US US11819485 No 2019-03-28 2039-03-28 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 295 MSDS boiling point (°C) 448.4 ChemSpider water solubility 5mM ChemSpider logP 0.05 https://www.chemeo.com/cid/46-030-7/Levodopa.pdf - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 3.3 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -2.3 ALOGPS logP -1.8 Chemaxon logS -1.8 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 1.65 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.06 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 5 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 4 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 103.78 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 3 Chemaxon Refractivity 49.08 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 18.91 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 1 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.8715 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.9264 Caco-2 permeable - 0.8957 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.5734 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.989 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.988 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9211 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8236 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8514 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7117 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9467 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9765 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9576 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9504 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.914 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9713 Ames test AMES toxic 0.9106 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.941 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.7332 Rat acute toxicity 2.0131 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9872 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9524
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (7.19 KB)
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 149.2374092 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 148.7299092 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 148.5867092 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 148.5606092 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 148.7061092 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 140.75699 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 147.5501092 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 147.8229092 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 147.9049092 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 147.6541092 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 147.8831092 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 143.15256 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 146.9737092 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 147.0620092 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 147.1445092 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 147.1889092 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 149.4272 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
- Gene Name
- DRD1
- Uniprot ID
- P21728
- Uniprot Name
- D(1A) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 49292.765 Da
References
- Onofrj M, Bonanni L, Thomas A: An expert opinion on safinamide in Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Jul;17(7):1115-25. doi: 10.1517/13543784.17.7.1115 . [Article]
- Deleu D, Northway MG, Hanssens Y: Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(4):261-309. [Article]
- Koller WC, Rueda MG: Mechanism of action of dopaminergic agents in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1998 Jun;50(6 Suppl 6):S11-4; discussion S44-8. doi: 10.1212/wnl.50.6_suppl_6.s11. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
- Gene Name
- DRD5
- Uniprot ID
- P21918
- Uniprot Name
- D(1B) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 52950.5 Da
References
- Onofrj M, Bonanni L, Thomas A: An expert opinion on safinamide in Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Jul;17(7):1115-25. doi: 10.1517/13543784.17.7.1115 . [Article]
- Deleu D, Northway MG, Hanssens Y: Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(4):261-309. [Article]
- Koller WC, Rueda MG: Mechanism of action of dopaminergic agents in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1998 Jun;50(6 Suppl 6):S11-4; discussion S44-8. doi: 10.1212/wnl.50.6_suppl_6.s11. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Potassium channel regulator activity
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase.
- Gene Name
- DRD2
- Uniprot ID
- P14416
- Uniprot Name
- D(2) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 50618.91 Da
References
- Dupre KB, Eskow KL, Negron G, Bishop C: The differential effects of 5-HT(1A) receptor stimulation on dopamine receptor-mediated abnormal involuntary movements and rotations in the primed hemiparkinsonian rat. Brain Res. 2007 Jul 16;1158:135-43. Epub 2007 May 8. [Article]
- Mori A, Ohashi S, Nakai M, Moriizumi T, Mitsumoto Y: Neural mechanisms underlying motor dysfunction as detected by the tail suspension test in MPTP-treated C57BL/6 mice. Neurosci Res. 2005 Mar;51(3):265-74. Epub 2005 Jan 8. [Article]
- Zappia M, Annesi G, Nicoletti G, Arabia G, Annesi F, Messina D, Pugliese P, Spadafora P, Tarantino P, Carrideo S, Civitelli D, De Marco EV, Ciro-Candiano IC, Gambardella A, Quattrone A: Sex differences in clinical and genetic determinants of levodopa peak-dose dyskinesias in Parkinson disease: an exploratory study. Arch Neurol. 2005 Apr;62(4):601-5. [Article]
- Kovoor A, Seyffarth P, Ebert J, Barghshoon S, Chen CK, Schwarz S, Axelrod JD, Cheyette BN, Simon MI, Lester HA, Schwarz J: D2 dopamine receptors colocalize regulator of G-protein signaling 9-2 (RGS9-2) via the RGS9 DEP domain, and RGS9 knock-out mice develop dyskinesias associated with dopamine pathways. J Neurosci. 2005 Feb 23;25(8):2157-65. [Article]
- Onofrj M, Bonanni L, Thomas A: An expert opinion on safinamide in Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Jul;17(7):1115-25. doi: 10.1517/13543784.17.7.1115 . [Article]
- Deleu D, Northway MG, Hanssens Y: Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(4):261-309. [Article]
- Koller WC, Rueda MG: Mechanism of action of dopaminergic agents in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1998 Jun;50(6 Suppl 6):S11-4; discussion S44-8. doi: 10.1212/wnl.50.6_suppl_6.s11. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled amine receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Promotes cell proliferation.
- Gene Name
- DRD3
- Uniprot ID
- P35462
- Uniprot Name
- D(3) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 44224.335 Da
References
- Onofrj M, Bonanni L, Thomas A: An expert opinion on safinamide in Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Jul;17(7):1115-25. doi: 10.1517/13543784.17.7.1115 . [Article]
- Deleu D, Northway MG, Hanssens Y: Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(4):261-309. [Article]
- Koller WC, Rueda MG: Mechanism of action of dopaminergic agents in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1998 Jun;50(6 Suppl 6):S11-4; discussion S44-8. doi: 10.1212/wnl.50.6_suppl_6.s11. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Sh3 domain binding
- Specific Function
- Dopamine receptor responsible for neuronal signaling in the mesolimbic system of the brain, an area of the brain that regulates emotion and complex behavior. Its activity is mediated by G proteins ...
- Gene Name
- DRD4
- Uniprot ID
- P21917
- Uniprot Name
- D(4) dopamine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 48359.86 Da
References
- Onofrj M, Bonanni L, Thomas A: An expert opinion on safinamide in Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Jul;17(7):1115-25. doi: 10.1517/13543784.17.7.1115 . [Article]
- Deleu D, Northway MG, Hanssens Y: Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(4):261-309. [Article]
- Koller WC, Rueda MG: Mechanism of action of dopaminergic agents in Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1998 Jun;50(6 Suppl 6):S11-4; discussion S44-8. doi: 10.1212/wnl.50.6_suppl_6.s11. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) to dopamine, L-5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin and L-tryptophan to tryptamine.
- Gene Name
- DDC
- Uniprot ID
- P20711
- Uniprot Name
- Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
- Molecular Weight
- 53925.815 Da
References
- BIRKMAYER W, HORNYKIEWICZ O: [The L-3,4-dioxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-effect in Parkinson-akinesia]. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1961 Nov 10;73:787-8. [Article]
- Elroby SA, Makki MS, Sobahi TR, Hilal RH: Toward the understanding of the metabolism of levodopa I. DFT investigation of the equilibrium geometries, acid-base properties and levodopa-water complexes. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(4):4321-39. doi: 10.3390/ijms13044321. Epub 2012 Apr 2. [Article]
- Goodall M, Alton H: Metabolism of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) in human subjects. Biochem Pharmacol. 1972 Sep 1;21(17):2401-8. [Article]
- Meiser J, Weindl D, Hiller K: Complexity of dopamine metabolism. Cell Commun Signal. 2013 May 17;11(1):34. doi: 10.1186/1478-811X-11-34. [Article]
- Hadjiconstantinou M, Neff NH: Enhancing aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase activity: implications for L-DOPA treatment in Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2008 Winter;14(4):340-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00058.x. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Toxic substance binding
- Specific Function
- Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Serum albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Yeggoni DP, Subramanyam R: Binding studies of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine with human serum albumin. Mol Biosyst. 2014 Dec;10(12):3101-10. doi: 10.1039/c4mb00408f. Epub 2014 Sep 11. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Proton-dependent oligopeptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides. May constitute a major route for the absorption of protein digestion end-products.
- Gene Name
- SLC15A1
- Uniprot ID
- P46059
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 15 member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 78805.265 Da
References
- Han HK, Rhie JK, Oh DM, Saito G, Hsu CP, Stewart BH, Amidon GL: CHO/hPEPT1 cells overexpressing the human peptide transporter (hPEPT1) as an alternative in vitro model for peptidomimetic drugs. J Pharm Sci. 1999 Mar;88(3):347-50. [Article]
- Tamai I, Nakanishi T, Nakahara H, Sai Y, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH, Tsuji A: Improvement of L-dopa absorption by dipeptidyl derivation, utilizing peptide transporter PepT1. J Pharm Sci. 1998 Dec;87(12):1542-6. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-independent transporter that mediates the update of aromatic acid. Can function as a net efflux pathway for aromatic amino acids in the basosolateral epithelial cells (By similarity).
- Gene Name
- SLC16A10
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TF71
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 10
- Molecular Weight
- 55492.07 Da
References
- Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Peptide antigen binding
- Specific Function
- Sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of large neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan, when associated with SLC3A2/4F2hc. Involved in cellular a...
- Gene Name
- SLC7A5
- Uniprot ID
- Q01650
- Uniprot Name
- Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1
- Molecular Weight
- 55009.62 Da
References
- Pinho MJ, Serrao MP, Gomes P, Hopfer U, Jose PA, Soares-da-Silva P: Over-expression of renal LAT1 and LAT2 and enhanced L-DOPA uptake in SHR immortalized renal proximal tubular cells. Kidney Int. 2004 Jul;66(1):216-26. [Article]
- Kageyama T, Nakamura M, Matsuo A, Yamasaki Y, Takakura Y, Hashida M, Kanai Y, Naito M, Tsuruo T, Minato N, Shimohama S: The 4F2hc/LAT1 complex transports L-DOPA across the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res. 2000 Oct 6;879(1-2):115-21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Toxin transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of small and large neutral amino acids such as alanine, serine, threonine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan, when asso...
- Gene Name
- SLC7A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UHI5
- Uniprot Name
- Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2
- Molecular Weight
- 58381.12 Da
References
- Pinho MJ, Serrao MP, Gomes P, Hopfer U, Jose PA, Soares-da-Silva P: Over-expression of renal LAT1 and LAT2 and enhanced L-DOPA uptake in SHR immortalized renal proximal tubular cells. Kidney Int. 2004 Jul;66(1):216-26. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 21, 2021 18:51