Insulin detemir
Identification
- Summary
Insulin detemir is a long-acting form of insulin used for glycemic control in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Brand Names
- Levemir
- Generic Name
- Insulin detemir
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01307
- Background
Insulin detemir is a long-acting form of insulin used for the treatment of hyperglycemia caused by Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.1,2,3,5 Insulin is typically prescribed for the management of diabetes mellitus to mimic the activity of endogenously produced human insulin, a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas that promotes glucose metabolism.1,2,3,5 Insulin is released from the pancreas following a meal to promote the uptake of glucose from the blood into internal organs and tissues such as the liver, fat cells, and skeletal muscle.1,2,3,5 The absorption of glucose into cells allows for its transformation into glycogen or fat for storage.1,2,3,5 Insulin also inhibits hepatic glucose production, enhances protein synthesis, and inhibits lipolysis and proteolysis among many other functions.1,2,3,5
Insulin is an important treatment in the management of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) which is caused by an autoimmune reaction that destroys the beta cells of the pancreas, resulting in the body not being able to produce or synthesize the insulin needed to manage circulating blood sugar levels.1,2,3,5 As a result, people with T1D rely primarily on exogenous forms of insulin, such as insulin detemir, to lower glucose levels in the blood.1,2,3,5 Insulin is also used in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), another form of diabetes mellitus that is a slowly progressing metabolic disorder caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors that promote chronically elevated blood sugar levels.1,2,3,5 Without treatment or improvement in non-pharmacological measures such as diet and exercise to lower blood glucose, high blood sugar eventually causes cellular resistance to endogenous insulin, and in the long term, damage to pancreatic islet cells.1,2,3,5 Insulin is typically prescribed later in the course of T2D, after several oral medications such as Metformin, Gliclazide, or Sitagliptin have been tried, when sufficient damage has been caused to pancreatic cells that the body is no longer able to produce insulin on its own.1,2,3,5
Marketed as the brand name product Levemir, insulin detemir has a duration of action of 16-24 hours allowing for once-daily dosing, typically at bedtime.1,2,3,5 Due to its duration of action, Levemir is considered "basal insulin" as it provides low concentrations of background insulin that can keep blood sugar stable between meals or overnight.1,2,3,5 Basal insulin is often combined with short-acting "bolus insulin" such as Insulin lispro, Insulin glulisine, and Insulin aspart to provide higher doses of insulin required following meals.1,2,3,5 Use of basal and bolus insulin together is intended to mimic the pancreas' production of endogenous insulin, with a goal of avoiding any periods of hypoglycemia.1,2,3,5
Insulin detemir is produced using recombinant DNA technology in yeast cells.1,2,3,5 This insulin analogue has a 14-C fatty acid, myristic acid, bound to the lysine amino acid at position B29. The myristoyl side chain increases self-association and albumin binding.1,2,3,5 This along with slow systemic absorption from the injection site prolongs distribution of the hormone into tissues and results in a long duration of action. 1,2,3,5
Without an adequate supply of insulin to promote absorption of glucose from the bloodstream, blood sugar levels can climb to dangerously high levels and can result in symptoms such as fatigue, headache, blurred vision, and increased thirst.1,2,3,5 If left untreated, the body starts to break down fat, instead of glucose, for energy which results in a build-up of ketone acids in the blood and a syndrome called ketoacidosis, which is a life-threatening medical emergency. In the long term, elevated blood sugar levels increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and diabetic neuropathy.1,2,3,5
- Type
- Biotech
- Groups
- Approved
- Biologic Classification
- Protein Based Therapies
Insulins - Protein Structure
- Protein Chemical Formula
- C267H402N64O76S6
- Protein Average Weight
- 5916.9 Da
- Sequences
>Protein sequence for A chain GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN
>Protein sequence for B chain FVNQHLCGSHLVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPK
Download FASTA Format- Synonyms
- Detemir
- Insulin detemir
- Insulin detemir recombinant
- Insulin,detemir,human
- Insulina detemir
- External IDs
- NN-304
Pharmacology
- Indication
Insulin detemir is indicated to improve glycemic control in adults and children with diabetes mellitus.12
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Management of Type 1 diabetes mellitus •••••••••••• ••••••••••• •••••• •••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• Management of Type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus •••••••••••• •••••• •••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• Used in combination to manage Type 2 diabetes mellitus Regimen in combination with: Metformin (DB00331), Liraglutide (DB06655) •••••••••••• ••••• •••••••••• ••••••••• ••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• Used in combination to manage Type 2 diabetes mellitus •••••••••••• ••••• •••••••••• ••••••••• ••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• Management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus •••••••••••• •••••• ••••••••• •••••••••• •••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Insulin is a natural hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas.3 In non-diabetic individuals, the pancreas produces a continuous supply of low levels of basal insulin along with spikes of insulin following meals.3,2 Increased insulin secretion following meals is responsible for the metabolic changes that occur as the body transitions from a postabsorptive to absorptive state.3,2 Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose, particularly in muscle and adipose tissues, promotes energy storage via glycogenesis, opposes catabolism of energy stores, increases DNA replication and protein synthesis by stimulating amino acid uptake by the liver, muscle and adipose tissue, and modifies the activity of numerous enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and glycolysis.3,2 Insulin also promotes growth and is required for the actions of growth hormone (e.g. protein synthesis, cell division, DNA synthesis).3,2 Insulin detemir is a long-acting insulin analogue with a flat and predictable action profile.3,2 It is used to mimic the basal levels of insulin in diabetic individuals. The onset of action of insulin detemir is 1 to 2 hours and its duration of action is up to 24 hours.3,2 Interestingly, it has a lower affinity (30%) for the insulin receptor than human insulin.3,2
- Mechanism of action
Insulin detemir binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units.8 The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor.8,9 The bound receptor autophosphorylates and phosphorylates numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1.9 Activation of these proteins leads to the activation of downstream signalling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt.9 Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC), both of which play critical roles in metabolism and catabolism.9,10
Insulin detemir’s long duration of action appears to be a result of slow systemic absorption from the injection site and delayed distribution to target tissues.6 The myristic acid side chain on insulin detemir increases self-association and gives it a high binding affinity to serum albumin. These features slow its distribution into target tissues and prolong its duration of action.6
Target Actions Organism AInsulin receptor agonistHumans UInsulin-like growth factor 1 receptor activatorHumans - Absorption
After subcutaneous injection of LEVEMIR in healthy subjects and in patients with diabetes, insulin detemir serum concentrations had a relatively constant concentration/time profile over 24 hours with the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) reached between 6-8 hours post dose.12 When single dose of 0.5 units/kg of insulin detemir was given to adult type 1 diabetes patients, the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) was 4,641 ± 2,299 pmol/L.12,4Insulin detemir was more slowly absorbed after subcutaneous administration to the thigh where AUC0-5h was 30 40% lower and AUC0-∞ was 10% lower than the corresponding AUCs with subcutaneous injections to the deltoid and abdominal regions.12
Insulin detemir has a slow and prolonged absorption and a relatively constant concentration/time profile over 24 hours with no pronounced peak. The median time to maximum serum insulin concentration was 12 hours after injection. On average, serum insulin concentrations declined to baseline by approximately 24 hours.12,1
The absolute bioavailability of insulin detemir is approximately 60%.12
- Volume of distribution
Insulin detemir has an apparent volume of distribution of approximately 0.1 L/kg.12
- Protein binding
More than 98% of insulin detemir in the bloodstream is bound to albumin. The results of in vitro and in vivo protein binding studies demonstrate that there is no clinically relevant interaction between insulin detemir and fatty acids or other protein-bound drugs.12
- Metabolism
The liver and kidney play the major role in metabolizing insulin.6However, while the liver predominantly metabolizes endogenous insulin, exogenous insulin is primarily metabolized due to the kidney since it is not directly delivered into the portal system.6
- Route of elimination
30 to 80% of circulating insulin is removed by the kidney.7
- Half-life
After subcutaneous administration in patients with type 1 diabetes, insulin detemir has a terminal half-life of 5 to 7 hours depending on dose.12
- Clearance
The apparent clearance (CL/F) was fairly consistent among different patients population with type 1 diabetes. It was estimated to be 3.43 ± 1.36 L/min·kg in 6 to 12 years old patients, 3.74 ± 0.98 L/min·kg in 13 to 17 years old, and 3.41 ± 1.00 L/min·kg in adult patients (18-65 years old).4
- Adverse Effects
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- Toxicity
An excess of insulin relative to food intake, energy expenditure, or both may lead to severe and sometimes prolonged and life-threatening hypoglycemia and hypokalemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3, 5.6)]. Mild episodes of hypoglycemia usually can be treated with oral glucose.12 Lowering the insulin dosage, and adjustments in meal patterns, or exercise may be needed. More severe episodes with coma, seizure, or neurologic impairment may be treated with a glucagon product for emergency use or concentrated intravenous glucose.12 Neurogenic (autonomic) signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia include trembling, palpitations, sweating, anxiety, hunger, nausea and tingling. Neuroglycopenic signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia include difficulty concentrating, lethargy/weakness, confusion, drowsiness, vision changes, difficulty speaking, headache, and dizziness.12Individuals may become unconscious in severe cases of hypoglycemia. Injection site reactions may also occur. Symptoms include: redness, inflammation, bruising, swelling and itching at the injection site.12 After apparent clinical recovery from hypoglycemia, continued observation and additional carbohydrate intake may be necessary to avoid recurrence of hypoglycemia. Hypokalemia must be corrected appropriately.12
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAcarbose The risk or severity of hypoglycemia can be increased when Acarbose is combined with Insulin detemir. Acebutolol The therapeutic efficacy of Insulin detemir can be increased when used in combination with Acebutolol. Acetazolamide The risk or severity of hypoglycemia can be increased when Acetazolamide is combined with Insulin detemir. Acetohexamide The risk or severity of hypoglycemia can be increased when Acetohexamide is combined with Insulin detemir. Acetophenazine The therapeutic efficacy of Insulin detemir can be decreased when used in combination with Acetophenazine. - Food Interactions
- Avoid alcohol. Alcohol may impair blood glucose control.
- Take with food. Once daily administration should be given with the evening meal or prior to bedtime.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- International/Other Brands
- Levemir FlexPen (Novo Nordisk)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Levemir Injection, solution 100 [iU]/1mL Subcutaneous A-S Medication Solutions 2006-03-27 Not applicable US Levemir Injection, solution 100 U/ml Subcutaneous Novo Nordisk 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU Levemir Injection 14.2 mg/1mL Subcutaneous Novo Nordisk Inc. 2007-08-17 2007-08-17 US Levemir Injection, solution 100 U/ml Subcutaneous Novo Nordisk 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU Levemir Injection, solution 100 U/ml Subcutaneous Novo Nordisk 2016-09-08 Not applicable EU
Categories
- ATC Codes
- A10AE05 — Insulin detemir
- Drug Categories
- Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
- Blood Glucose Lowering Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inducers (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers
- Drugs Used in Diabetes
- Hormones
- Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists
- Hypoglycemia-Associated Agents
- Insulin
- Insulin Analog
- Insulin, Long-Acting
- Pancreatic Hormones
- Peptide Hormones
- Peptides
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- Not Available
- Kingdom
- Organic Compounds
- Super Class
- Organic Acids
- Class
- Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues
- Direct Parent
- Peptides
- Alternative Parents
- Not Available
- Substituents
- Not Available
- Molecular Framework
- Not Available
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 4FT78T86XV
- CAS number
- 169148-63-4
References
- General References
- Kurtzhals P: Pharmacology of insulin detemir. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;36 Suppl 1:14-20. [Article]
- Morales J: Defining the role of insulin detemir in Basal insulin therapy. Drugs. 2007;67(17):2557-84. [Article]
- Tibaldi J: Actions of insulin beyond glycemic control: a perspective on insulin detemir. Adv Ther. 2007 Jul-Aug;24(4):868-82. [Article]
- Danne T, Lupke K, Walte K, Von Schuetz W, Gall MA: Insulin detemir is characterized by a consistent pharmacokinetic profile across age-groups in children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003 Nov;26(11):3087-92. [Article]
- Owens DR, Bolli GB: Beyond the era of NPH insulin--long-acting insulin analogs: chemistry, comparative pharmacology, and clinical application. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2008 Oct;10(5):333-49. doi: 10.1089/dia.2008.0023. [Article]
- Donner T, Sarkar S: Insulin - Pharmacology, Therapeutic Regimens, and Principles of Intensive Insulin Therapy . [Article]
- Morello CM: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin analogs in special populations with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Gen Med. 2011;4:827-35. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S26889. Epub 2011 Dec 12. [Article]
- Scapin G, Dandey VP, Zhang Z, Prosise W, Hruza A, Kelly T, Mayhood T, Strickland C, Potter CS, Carragher B: Structure of the insulin receptor-insulin complex by single-particle cryo-EM analysis. Nature. 2018 Apr 5;556(7699):122-125. doi: 10.1038/nature26153. Epub 2018 Feb 28. [Article]
- De Meyts P: The Insulin Receptor and Its Signal Transduction Network . [Article]
- Wada T, Azegami M, Sugiyama M, Tsuneki H, Sasaoka T: Characteristics of signalling properties mediated by long-acting insulin analogue glargine and detemir in target cells of insulin. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008 Sep;81(3):269-77. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.05.007. Epub 2008 Jun 27. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Levemir (insulin detemir) for subcutaneous injection [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: Levemir (insulin detemir) for subcutaneous injection 2022 [Link]
- Health Canada Approved Drug Proucts: LEVEMIR® (insulin detemir) injection, for subcutaneous use [Link]
- External Links
- KEGG Drug
- D04539
- PubChem Substance
- 46508877
- 139825
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL2104391
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP001090
- PharmGKB
- PA164746470
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Insulin_detemir
- FDA label
- Download (911 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (504 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Basic Science Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus / Weight Gain 1 4 Completed Diagnostic Diabetes Mellitus 1 4 Completed Prevention Hyperglycemia 1 4 Completed Treatment Arteriosclerosis / Atherosclerosis / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1 4 Completed Treatment Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) / Endothelial Dysfunction / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Novo Nordisk Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Implant Soft tissue 14.2 mg/1mL Injection Subcutaneous 14.2 mg/1mL Injection, solution Parenteral; Subcutaneous 100 U/ML Injection, solution Subcutaneous 100 [iU]/1mL Injection, solution Subcutaneous 14.2 mg/1mL Solution Subcutaneous 100 U Solution Subcutaneous 14.2 mg Injection Subcutaneous Injection, solution Subcutaneous 100 units/mL Injection, solution Subcutaneous Solution Subcutaneous 100 unit / mL Injection, solution Subcutaneous 14.2 mg/ml Injection, solution Subcutaneous 100 U/ml Solution Subcutaneous 100 U/ml Injection, solution 100 iu/1ml Solution Subcutaneous 100 iu/1ml - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Levemir flexpen 100 unit/ml 14.28USD ml DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US6011007 No 2000-01-04 2014-02-02 US CA2171424 No 2002-06-04 2014-09-16 Canada US8672898 Yes 2014-03-18 2022-07-02 US US8684969 Yes 2014-04-01 2026-04-20 US US9132239 Yes 2015-09-15 2032-08-01 US US8920383 Yes 2014-12-30 2027-01-17 US US7686786 No 2010-03-30 2026-08-03 US US6899699 Yes 2005-05-31 2022-07-01 US US5866538 Yes 1999-02-02 2017-12-20 US US9108002 Yes 2015-08-18 2026-07-26 US USRE41956 Yes 2010-11-23 2021-07-21 US US9265893 Yes 2016-02-23 2033-03-23 US US6004297 Yes 1999-12-21 2019-07-28 US USRE43834 No 2012-11-27 2019-01-28 US US5750497 No 1998-05-12 2019-06-16 US US9486588 Yes 2016-11-08 2022-07-02 US US9457154 Yes 2016-10-04 2028-03-27 US USRE46363 Yes 2017-04-11 2027-02-03 US US9687611 Yes 2017-06-27 2027-08-27 US US9775953 Yes 2017-10-03 2027-01-17 US US8579869 Yes 2013-11-12 2023-12-30 US US7762994 Yes 2010-07-27 2024-11-23 US US9861757 Yes 2018-01-09 2026-07-20 US US9616180 Yes 2017-04-11 2026-07-20 US US10220155 Yes 2019-03-05 2027-01-17 US US10357616 No 2019-07-23 2026-01-20 US US10376652 No 2019-08-13 2026-01-20 US
Properties
- State
- Liquid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
Targets
![](https://go.drugbank.com/assets/locked/DrugTargets2-682eb846d210ae4bf33ca03febccfb57bb1c61318e699b729e5df4dfab2c5b67.png)
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinase activity
- Specific Function
- Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (...
- Gene Name
- INSR
- Uniprot ID
- P06213
- Uniprot Name
- Insulin receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 156331.465 Da
References
- Hennige AM, Sartorius T, Tschritter O, Preissl H, Fritsche A, Ruth P, Haring HU: Tissue selectivity of insulin detemir action in vivo. Diabetologia. 2006 Jun;49(6):1274-82. Epub 2006 Mar 29. [Article]
- Kurtzhals P, Schaffer L, Sorensen A, Kristensen C, Jonassen I, Schmid C, Trub T: Correlations of receptor binding and metabolic and mitogenic potencies of insulin analogs designed for clinical use. Diabetes. 2000 Jun;49(6):999-1005. [Article]
- Sorensen AR, Stidsen CE, Ribel U, Nishimura E, Sturis J, Jonassen I, Bouman SD, Kurtzhals P, Brand CL: Insulin detemir is a fully efficacious, low affinity agonist at the insulin receptor. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010 Aug;12(8):665-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01206.x. [Article]
- Wada T, Azegami M, Sugiyama M, Tsuneki H, Sasaoka T: Characteristics of signalling properties mediated by long-acting insulin analogue glargine and detemir in target cells of insulin. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008 Sep;81(3):269-77. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.05.007. Epub 2008 Jun 27. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Activator
- General Function
- Protein tyrosine kinase activity
- Specific Function
- Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates actions of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Binds IGF1 with high affinity and IGF2 and insulin (INS) with a lower affinity. The activated IGF1R is involv...
- Gene Name
- IGF1R
- Uniprot ID
- P08069
- Uniprot Name
- Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 154791.73 Da
References
- Varewijck AJ, Janssen JA: Insulin and its analogues and their affinities for the IGF1 receptor. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2012 Sep 5;19(5):F63-75. doi: 10.1530/ERC-12-0026. Print 2012 Oct. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58293.76 Da
References
- Barnett CR, Wilson J, Wolf CR, Flatt PR, Ioannides C: Hyperinsulinaemia causes a preferential increase in hepatic P4501A2 activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Mar 17;43(6):1255-61. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90500-i. [Article]
- Pass GJ, Becker W, Kluge R, Linnartz K, Plum L, Giesen K, Joost HG: Effect of hyperinsulinemia and type 2 diabetes-like hyperglycemia on expression of hepatic cytochrome p450 and glutathione s-transferase isoforms in a New Zealand obese-derived mouse backcross population. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):442-50. doi: 10.1124/jpet.102.033553. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Plays a role in the cellular breakdown of insulin, IAPP, glucagon, bradykinin, kallidin and other peptides, and thereby plays a role in intercellular peptide signaling. Degrades amyloid formed by A...
- Gene Name
- IDE
- Uniprot ID
- P14735
- Uniprot Name
- Insulin-degrading enzyme
- Molecular Weight
- 117967.49 Da
References
- Farris W, Mansourian S, Chang Y, Lindsley L, Eckman EA, Frosch MP, Eckman CB, Tanzi RE, Selkoe DJ, Guenette S: Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates the levels of insulin, amyloid beta-protein, and the beta-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Apr 1;100(7):4162-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0230450100. Epub 2003 Mar 12. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Toxic substance binding
- Specific Function
- Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Serum albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Klein O, Lynge J, Endahl L, Damholt B, Nosek L, Heise T: Albumin-bound basal insulin analogues (insulin detemir and NN344): comparable time-action profiles but less variability than insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007 May;9(3):290-9. [Article]
- Kurtzhals P: Pharmacology of insulin detemir. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;36 Suppl 1:14-20. [Article]
- Ryberg LA, Sonderby P, Barrientos F, Bukrinski JT, Peters GHJ, Harris P: Solution structures of long-acting insulin analogues and their complexes with albumin. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol. 2019 Mar 1;75(Pt 3):272-282. doi: 10.1107/S2059798318017552. Epub 2019 Feb 26. [Article]
Drug created at June 30, 2007 14:45 / Updated at August 26, 2022 21:50