Identification
- Summary
Cilazapril is an ACE inhibitor used for the management of hypertension and heart failure.
- Brand Names
- Inhibace
- Generic Name
- Cilazapril
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01340
- Background
Cilazapril is an ACE inhibtor class drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. It belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) class of drugs. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat. It is branded as Inhibace in Canada and other countries, Vascace and Dynorm in a number of European countries, among many other names. None of these varieties are available in the United States.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Cilazapril (DB01340)
- Weight
- Average: 417.4986
Monoisotopic: 417.226371117 - Chemical Formula
- C22H31N3O5
- Synonyms
- Cilazapril
- Cilazapril anhydrous
- Cilazaprilum
- External IDs
- Ro 31-2848
Pharmacology
- Indication
Cilazapril is an ACE inhibtor class drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Adjunct therapy in treatment of Congestive heart failure •••••••••••• Used in combination to manage Hypertension Combination Product in combination with: Hydrochlorothiazide (DB00999) •••••••••••• Management of Mild essential hypertension •••••••••••• Management of Moderate essential hypertension •••••••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Cilazapril inhibits the production angiotensin II. By doing so, it decreases sodium and water reabsorption (via aldosterone) and it decreases vasoconstriction. The combined effect of this is a decrease in vascular resistance, and therefore, blood pressure. The absolute bioavailability of cilazaprilat after oral administration of cilazapril is 57% based on urinary recovery data. (The absolute bioavailability of cilazaprilat after oral administration of cilazaprilat is 19%.) Ingestion of food immediately before the administration of cilazapril reduces the average peak plasma concentration of cilazaprilat by 29%, delays the peak by one hour and reduces the bioavailability of cilazaprilat by 14%. These pharmacokinetic changes have little influence on plasma ACE inhibition.
- Mechanism of action
Cilazapril is a pyridazine ACE inhibitor. It competes with angiotensin I for binding at the angiotensin-converting enzyme, blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. As angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and a negative feedback mediator for renin activity, lower angiotensin II levels results in a decrease in blood pressure, an increase in renin activity, and stimulation of baroreceptor reflex mechanisms. Kininase II, an enzyme which degrades the vasodilator bradykinin, is identical to ACE and may also be inhibited.
Target Actions Organism AAngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorHumans - Absorption
Maximum plasma concentrations of cilazaprilat are reached within two hours after administration of cilazapril.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Maximum ACE inhibition is greater than 90% after 1 to 5 mg cilazapril. Maximum ACE inhibition is 70 to 80% after 0.5 mg cilazapril. Dose proportionality is observed following the administration of 1 to 5 mg cilazapril. Apparent non-proportionality is observed at 0.5 mg reflective of the binding to ACE. The higher doses of cilazapril are associated with longer duration of maximum ACE inhibition.
- Metabolism
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
Cilazaprilat is eliminated unchanged by the kidneys. The total urinary recovery of cilazaprilat after intravenous administration of 2.5 mg is 91%.
- Half-life
Half-lives for the periods 1 to 4 hours and 1 to 7 days after the intravenous administration of 2.5 mg cilazaprilat are 0.90 and 46.2 hours respectively.
- Clearance
Total clearance is 12.3 L/h and renal clearance is 10.8 L/h. The total urinary recovery of cilazaprilat following the oral administration of 2.5 mg cilazapril is 52.6%.
- Adverse Effects
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Limited data are available with regard to overdosage in humans. The most likely manifestations are hypotension, which may be severe, hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia and renal impairment with metabolic acidosis. Treatment should be mainly symptomatic and supportive.
- Pathways
Pathway Category Cilazapril Action Pathway Drug action Cilazapril Metabolism Pathway Drug metabolism - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbaloparatide The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cilazapril is combined with Abaloparatide. Acebutolol Acebutolol may increase the hypotensive activities of Cilazapril. Aceclofenac The risk or severity of renal failure, hyperkalemia, and hypertension can be increased when Aceclofenac is combined with Cilazapril. Acemetacin The risk or severity of renal failure, hyperkalemia, and hypertension can be increased when Acemetacin is combined with Cilazapril. Acetylsalicylic acid The therapeutic efficacy of Cilazapril can be decreased when used in combination with Acetylsalicylic acid. - Food Interactions
- Take with or without food. Food decreases absorption, but not to a clinically significant extent.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Cilazapril monohydrate 19KW7PI29F 92077-78-6 JQRZBPFGBRIWSN-YOTVLOEGSA-N - International/Other Brands
- Dynorm (Roche) / Inhibestril (Teva) / Vascace (Roche) / Zapril (Mylan) / Zobox (Hemofarm)
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Cilazapril Tablet 1.0 mg Oral Cobalt Laboratories Not applicable Not applicable Canada 
Cilazapril Tablet 2.5 mg Oral Sanis Health Inc 2010-05-31 2017-07-31 Canada Cilazapril Tablet 5 mg Oral Sanis Health Inc 2010-05-31 2014-08-01 Canada Cilazapril Tablet 5.0 mg Oral Cobalt Laboratories Not applicable Not applicable Canada Cilazapril Tablet 1 mg Oral Sanis Health Inc 2010-05-31 2017-07-31 Canada - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Apo-cilazapril Tablet 2.5 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2007-02-01 Not applicable Canada Apo-cilazapril Tablet 1 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2007-02-01 Not applicable Canada Apo-cilazapril Tablet 5 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2007-02-01 Not applicable Canada Dom-cilazapril Tablet 2.5 mg Oral Dominion Pharmacal Not applicable Not applicable Canada Dom-cilazapril Tablet 1.0 mg Oral Dominion Pharmacal Not applicable Not applicable Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image ACEPRIX PLUS 5 MG/12.5 MG FILM TABLET, 30 ADET Cilazapril (5 mg) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) Tablet, film coated Oral ALİ RAİF İLAÇ SAN. A.Ş. 2010-06-28 Not applicable Turkey 
Apo-cilazapril/hctz Cilazapril monohydrate (5 mg) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) Tablet Oral Apotex Corporation 2006-08-23 Not applicable Canada DYNORM PLUS Cilazapril monohydrate (5 mg/1) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral 2010-09-01 Not applicable Germany 
Inhibace Plus Cilazapril monohydrate (5 mg) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) Tablet Oral Cheplapharm Arzneimittel Gmbh Germany 1999-04-01 Not applicable Canada INHIBACE PLUS 5 MG TABLET, 28 ADET Cilazapril monohydrate (5 mg) + Hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) Tablet Oral Deva Holding A.S. 2008-12-31 2024-01-23 Turkey
Categories
- ATC Codes
- C09BA08 — Cilazapril and diuretics
- C09BA — ACE inhibitors and diuretics
- C09B — ACE INHIBITORS, COMBINATIONS
- C09 — AGENTS ACTING ON THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- Drug Categories
- ACE Inhibitors and Diuretics
- Agents Acting on the Renin-Angiotensin System
- Agents causing angioedema
- Agents causing hyperkalemia
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
- Antihypertensive Agents
- Antihypertensive Agents Indicated for Hypertension
- Cardiovascular Agents
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Hypotensive Agents
- P-glycoprotein inhibitors
- Protease Inhibitors
- Pyridazines
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dipeptides. These are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Carboxylic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
- Direct Parent
- Dipeptides
- Alternative Parents
- Alpha amino acid esters / 1,2-diazepanes / Fatty acid esters / Aralkylamines / Pyridazines and derivatives / Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives / Diazinanes / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Amino acids / Carboxylic acid hydrazides show 8 more
- Substituents
- 1,2-diazepane / 1,2-diazinane / Alpha-amino acid ester / Alpha-amino acid or derivatives / Alpha-dipeptide / Amine / Amino acid / Amino acid or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound show 22 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 8Q9454114Q
- CAS number
- 88768-40-5
- InChI Key
- HHHKFGXWKKUNCY-FHWLQOOXSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C22H31N3O5/c1-2-30-22(29)18(13-12-16-8-4-3-5-9-16)23-17-10-6-14-24-15-7-11-19(21(27)28)25(24)20(17)26/h3-5,8-9,17-19,23H,2,6-7,10-15H2,1H3,(H,27,28)/t17-,18-,19-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (1S,9S)-9-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}-10-oxo-octahydro-1H-pyridazino[1,2-a][1,2]diazepine-1-carboxylic acid
- SMILES
- CCOC(=O)[C@H](CCC1=CC=CC=C1)N[C@H]1CCCN2CCC[C@H](N2C1=O)C(O)=O
References
- Synthesis Reference
Attwood, M. R.; Hassall, C. H.; Kr�Hn, A.; Lawton, G.; Redshaw, S. (1986). "The design and synthesis of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor Cilazapril and related bicyclic compounds". Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: 1011. doi:10.1039/P19860001011
US20060293517- General References
- Fasanella d'Amore T, Bussien JP, Nussberger J, Waeber B, Turini GA, Brunner HR, Kler L, Francis RJ: Effects of single doses of the converting enzyme inhibitor cilazapril in normal volunteers. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1987 Jan;9(1):26-31. [Article]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015433
- KEGG Drug
- D07699
- PubChem Compound
- 56330
- PubChem Substance
- 46505231
- ChemSpider
- 50831
- 21102
- ChEBI
- 3698
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL515606
- ZINC
- ZINC000003781951
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000912
- PharmGKB
- PA164748302
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Cilazapril
- FDA label
- Download (114 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (81.5 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Recruiting Treatment Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1 Not Available Unknown Status Treatment Glomerulonephritis , IGA 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet, film coated Oral 2.5 mg Tablet Oral 5 mg Tablet Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 2.5 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 5 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet Oral 1 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 1 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 5 MG Tablet, coated Oral Tablet Oral 1.0 mg Tablet Oral 2.5 mg Tablet Oral 5.0 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Inhibace 5 mg Tablet 0.94USD tablet Inhibace 2.5 mg Tablet 0.81USD tablet Inhibace 1 mg Tablet 0.7USD tablet Apo-Cilazapril 5 mg Tablet 0.52USD tablet Co Cilazapril 5 mg Tablet 0.52USD tablet Mylan-Cilazapril 5 mg Tablet 0.52USD tablet Novo-Cilazapril 5 mg Tablet 0.52USD tablet Pms-Cilazapril 5 mg Tablet 0.52USD tablet Apo-Cilazapril 2.5 mg Tablet 0.45USD tablet Co Cilazapril 2.5 mg Tablet 0.45USD tablet Mylan-Cilazapril 2.5 mg Tablet 0.45USD tablet Novo-Cilazapril 2.5 mg Tablet 0.45USD tablet Pms-Cilazapril 2.5 mg Tablet 0.45USD tablet Apo-Cilazapril 1 mg Tablet 0.39USD tablet Mylan-Cilazapril 1 mg Tablet 0.39USD tablet Novo-Cilazapril 1 mg Tablet 0.39USD tablet Pms-Cilazapril 1 mg Tablet 0.39USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US20060293517 No 2004-03-08 2024-03-08 US 
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 98 ºC with decomposition Not Available water solubility Water (25 ºC) 0.5 g/100 mL Not Available logP 0.8 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 1.06 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -0.2 ALOGPS logP 0.22 Chemaxon logS -2.6 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 3.4 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 5.06 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 6 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 99.18 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 9 Chemaxon Refractivity 110.56 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 44.73 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 3 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9157 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.9402 Caco-2 permeable - 0.7698 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.8727 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.7775 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.8788 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8318 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7876 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8283 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.5396 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.882 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.7804 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.7503 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.816 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8201 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.8376 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.6023 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9028 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9942 Rat acute toxicity 2.3700 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9311 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.6303
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS splash10-0006-3119000000-cf816839d9e62aaeb51d Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-014i-0004900000-e1b1a9a581d9c7f14901 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-014i-0033900000-a34151d1918703508609 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-00r6-0129500000-3bf9140cde17a01eda47 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-00tf-4197300000-bb4ac129d11cf4199ef4 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-004l-7933000000-173860d0d21ab8b8c0ed Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-003l-2393000000-68c3a1d96174954bedda Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 205.5676215 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 206.4854215 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 197.26562 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 205.8920215 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 207.7480215 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 199.6612 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 205.7132215 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 207.6128215 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 205.67699 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II by release of the terminal His-Leu, this results in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin. Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent...
- Gene Name
- ACE
- Uniprot ID
- P12821
- Uniprot Name
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme
- Molecular Weight
- 149713.675 Da
References
- Yoshiyama M, Takeuchi K, Omura T, Kim S, Yamagishi H, Toda I, Teragaki M, Akioka K, Iwao H, Yoshikawa J: Effects of candesartan and cilazapril on rats with myocardial infarction assessed by echocardiography. Hypertension. 1999 Apr;33(4):961-8. [Article]
- Kihara M, Mitsui MK, Mitsui Y, Okuda K, Nakasaka Y, Takahashi M, Schmelzer JD: Altered vasoreactivity to angiotensin II in experimental diabetic neuropathy: role of nitric oxide. Muscle Nerve. 1999 Jul;22(7):920-5. [Article]
- Mervaala E, Dehmel B, Gross V, Lippoldt A, Bohlender J, Milia AF, Ganten D, Luft FC: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and AT1 receptor blockade modify the pressure-natriuresis relationship by additive mechanisms in rats with human renin and angiotensinogen genes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999 Aug;10(8):1669-80. [Article]
- Rosendorff C, Patton J, Radford HM, Kalliatakis B: Alpha-adrenergic and angiotensin II pressor sensitivity in hypertensive patients treated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992;19 Suppl 6:S105-9. [Article]
- Hannedouche T, Ikeni A, Marques LP, Natov S, Dechaux M, Schmitt F, Lacour B, Grunfeld JP: Renal effects of angiotensin II in normotensive subjects on short-term cilazapril treatment. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992;19 Suppl 6:S25-7. [Article]
- Tylicki L, Rutkowski P, Renke M, Larczynski W, Aleksandrowicz E, Lysiak-Szydlowska W, Rutkowski B: Triple pharmacological blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in nondiabetic CKD: an open-label crossover randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Sep;52(3):486-93. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.02.297. Epub 2008 Apr 18. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
- Specific Function
- Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug resistance protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Takara K, Kakumoto M, Tanigawara Y, Funakoshi J, Sakaeda T, Okumura K: Interaction of digoxin with antihypertensive drugs via MDR1. Life Sci. 2002 Feb 15;70(13):1491-500. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Proton-dependent oligopeptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides. May constitute a major route for the absorption of protein digestion end-products.
- Gene Name
- SLC15A1
- Uniprot ID
- P46059
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 15 member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 78805.265 Da
References
- Knutter I, Wollesky C, Kottra G, Hahn MG, Fischer W, Zebisch K, Neubert RH, Daniel H, Brandsch M: Transport of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors by H+/peptide transporters revisited. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):432-41. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.143339. Epub 2008 Aug 19. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Peptide:proton symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides.
- Gene Name
- SLC15A2
- Uniprot ID
- Q16348
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 15 member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 81782.77 Da
References
- Knutter I, Wollesky C, Kottra G, Hahn MG, Fischer W, Zebisch K, Neubert RH, Daniel H, Brandsch M: Transport of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors by H+/peptide transporters revisited. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):432-41. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.143339. Epub 2008 Aug 19. [Article]
Drug created at June 30, 2007 18:09 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55