Ephedrine

Identification

Summary

Ephedrine is an alpha and beta-adrenergic agonist indicated to treat hypotension under anesthesia, allergic conditions, bronchial asthma, and nasal congestion.

Brand Names
Akovaz, Bronkaid, Corphedra, Emerphed, Primatene, Rezipres
Generic Name
Ephedrine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01364
Background

Ephedrine was first described in western literature in 1888, as a naturally occurring component of the ephedra plant, along with pseudoephedrine.5 Ephedrine acts as both a direct and indirect sympathomimetic. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor agonist; however, it also causes the indirect release of norepinephrine from sympathetic neurons, inhibiting norepinephrine reuptake and displacing more norepinephrine from storage vesicles.4,8 Ephedrine is used for its vasoconstrictive, positive chronotropic, and positive inotropic effects.8 Ephedrine and phenylephrine are still used to treat hypotension, but their use in other indications has decreased due to the development of more selective adrenergic agonists.6,7,9 Ephedrine was granted a type 7 FDA Approval on 29 April 2016.9

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 165.2322
Monoisotopic: 165.115364107
Chemical Formula
C10H15NO
Synonyms
  • (-)-Ephedrine
  • (1R,2S)-1-Phenyl-1-hydroxy-2-methylaminopropane
  • Efedrina
  • Ephedrine
  • L-Ephedrine
  • L-erythro-2-(Methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol
  • L(−)-ephedrine
External IDs
  • NSC-170951
  • NSC-8971

Pharmacology

Indication

Ephedrine intravenous injections are indicated to treat hypotension under anesthesia,8,13 ephedrine injections by multiple routes are indicated to treat allergic conditions such as bronchial asthma,12 ephedrine nasal spray is and OTC medication used as a decongestant.11

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofAllergic disorder••• ••••••••••••••
Treatment ofBronchial asthma••• ••••••••••••••
Used in combination for symptomatic treatment ofCommon coldCombination Product in combination with: Dextromethorphan (DB00514), Promethazine (DB01069)•••••••••••••••••
Used in combination for symptomatic treatment ofCoughingCombination Product in combination with: Promethazine (DB01069), Dextromethorphan (DB00514)•••••••••••••••••
Used in combination for symptomatic treatment ofCoughingCombination Product in combination with: Dextromethorphan (DB00514), Diphenhydramine (DB01075)•••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Ephedrine increases blood pressure by stimulating heart rate and cardiac output and variably increasing peripheral resistance.9 It causes bronchodilation due to the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors in the lungs. By stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors in bladder smooth muscle cells, ephedrine also increases the resistance to the outflow of urine.8,9 The therapeutic window of ephedrine is wide, as patients can be given doses of 5mg up to 50mg.11 Patients should be counselled regarding the pressor effects of sympathomimetic amines and the risk of tachyphylaxis.4 Also, the use of ephedrine for hypotension prophylaxis is associated with a higher risk of hypertension, compared to when ephedrine is used to treat hypotension.9

Mechanism of action

Ephedrine is a direct and indirect sympathomimetic amine.4 As a direct effect, ephedrine activates alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors. As an indirect effect, it inhibits norepinephrine reuptake and increases the release of norepinephrine from vesicles in nerve cells.4 These actions combined lead to larger quantities of norepinephrine present in the synapse for more extended periods of time, increasing stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.4

Ephedrine acts as an agonist of alpha-1, beta-1 and beta-2-adrenergic receptors. The stimulation of alpha-1-adrenergic receptors causes the constriction of veins and a rise in blood pressure, the stimulation of beta-1-adrenergic receptors increases cardiac chronotropy and inotropy, and the stimulation of beta-2-adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation and bronchodilation.4

TargetActionsOrganism
AAlpha-1A adrenergic receptor
agonist
Humans
ABeta-1 adrenergic receptor
agonist
Humans
ABeta-2 adrenergic receptor
agonist
Humans
USodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
inverse agonist
Humans
Absorption

Oral ephedrine reaches an average Cmax of 79.5ng/mL, with a Tmax of 1.81h, and a bioavailability of 88%.2

Volume of distribution

Oral ephedrine has an average volume of distribution of 215.6L.2

Protein binding

(-) Ephedrine is 4.9±0.3% bound to human serum albumin and (+) Ephedrine is 6.9±1.4% bound to human serum albumin.3

Metabolism

Ephedrine is largely unmetabolized in the body.1 Ephedrine can be N-demethylated to norephedrine, or demethylated and deaminized to benzoic acid conjugates and 1,2-hydroxypropylbenzene.1

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

Ephedrine is mainly eliminated in the urine.1,8 Approximately 60% is eliminated as the unmetabolized parent compound, 13% as benzoic acid conjugates, and 1% as 1,2-dihydroxypropylbenzene.1

Half-life

Oral ephedrine has a plasma elimination half life of approximately 6 hours, but there is a large degree of inter-patient variability.2,8,13

Clearance

Oral ephedrine has a clearance of 23.3L/h but there is a high degree of inter-patient variability.2

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Patients experiencing an overdose of ephedrine will present with rapidly increasing blood pressure.8,13 Manage overdose with blood pressure monitoring, and possibly the administration of parenteral antihypertensives.8,13 The LD50 in mice after oral administration is 785mg/kg, after intraperitoneal administration if 248mg/kg, and after subcutaneous administration is 425mg/kg.10

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AcebutololThe therapeutic efficacy of Acebutolol can be increased when used in combination with Ephedrine.
AceclofenacThe risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Ephedrine is combined with Aceclofenac.
AcemetacinThe risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Ephedrine is combined with Acemetacin.
AcetazolamideThe risk or severity of Cardiac Arrhythmia can be increased when Ephedrine is combined with Acetazolamide.
AcetyldigitoxinThe risk or severity of Cardiac Arrhythmia can be increased when Ephedrine is combined with Acetyldigitoxin.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Ephedrine hydrochlorideNLJ6390P1Z50-98-6BALXUFOVQVENIU-GNAZCLTHSA-N
Ephedrine sulfateU6X61U5ZEG134-72-5CAVQBDOACNULDN-KHFUBBAMSA-N
Ephedrine tannate1M92VL7U3I1405-94-3FGPQMDDYPJHDFD-RDVHWUOCSA-N
Product Images
International/Other Brands
Rezipres (Eton Pharmaceuticals, Inc.)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AkovazInjection50 mg/1mLIntravenousBluePoint Laboratories2017-06-302022-11-30US flag
AkovazInjection5 mg/1mLIntravenousExela Pharma Sciences, LLC2021-05-10Not applicableUS flag
AkovazInjection50 mg/1mLIntravenousExela Pharma Sciences, LLC2021-04-15Not applicableUS flag
AkovazInjection50 mg/1mLIntravenousAvadel Legacy Pharmaceuticals, Llc2016-08-012023-09-30US flag
CorphedraInjection, solution500 mg/10mLIntravenousPar Pharmaceutical, Inc.2019-01-18Not applicableUS flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Ephedrine SulfateInjection50 mg/1mLIntravenousNorthStar Rx LLC2020-12-02Not applicableUS flag
Ephedrine SulfateInjection50 mg/1mLIntravenousXiromed, Llc2022-04-21Not applicableUS flag
Ephedrine SulfateInjection50 mg/1mLIntravenousFresenius Kabi USA, LLC2020-10-31Not applicableUS flag
Ephedrine SulfateInjection50 mg/1mLIntravenousMedical Purchasing Solutions, Llc2021-06-14Not applicableUS flag
Ephedrine SulfateInjection50 mg/1mLIntravenousCivica, Inc.2021-08-23Not applicableUS flag
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Bronkaid MaxTablet, coated25 mg/1OralFoundation Consumer Healthcare LLC2020-09-01Not applicableUS flag
Ephedrine HClCapsule25 mg / capOralKaizen Inc.1997-04-221999-03-15Canada flag
Ephedrine HClTablet8 mgOralKaizen Inc.2004-01-012010-02-26Canada flag
Ephedrine HClTablet8 mgOralAdded Dimensions2002-04-302006-09-25Canada flag
Ephedrine HCl - Tab 25mgTablet25 mgOralAdded Dimensions1996-07-302002-02-25Canada flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
ALCOUGH MIXTUREEphedrine hydrochloride (6 mg/5ml) + Guaifenesin (50 mg/5ml)SolutionOralALCARE PHARMACEUTICALS PTE LTD1989-06-21Not applicableSingapore flag
ANTI-PHLEGM COUGH MIXTUREEphedrine hydrochloride (4 mg/5ml) + Ammonium chloride (100 mg/5ml) + Sodium citrate (150 mg/5ml)SolutionOralLI TA SHEN MEDICAL TRADER1989-11-05Not applicableSingapore flag
ANTIBEKSIN SURUP, 100 MLEphedrine hydrochloride (5 mg/5ml) + Pheniramine maleate (15 mg/5ml) + Potassium guaiacolsulfonate (175 mg/5ml) + Sodium citrate (65 mg/5ml)SyrupOralYAVUZ İLAÇ ECZA DEPOSU MEDİKAL ÜRÜNLER SAN.VE TİC. A.Ş.2009-02-06Not applicableTurkey flag
ARKODIN SIROP, 125 MLEphedrine hydrochloride (10 mg/5ml) + Codeine phosphate (12.5 mg/5ml)SyrupOralGÜNSA GÜNEY İLAÇ VE HAMMADDELER SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş.1972-03-16Not applicableTurkey flag
ARTU 100 ML SURUPEphedrine hydrochloride (5 mg/5ml) + Sodium benzoate (5 mg/5ml) + Potassium guaiacolsulfonate (175 mg/5ml) + Promethazine hydrochloride (5 mg/5ml)SyrupOralGÜNSA GÜNEY İLAÇ VE HAMMADDELER SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş.1972-03-16Not applicableTurkey flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
EphedrineEphedrine sulfate (10 mg/1mL)Injection, solutionIntravenousCantrell Drug Company2016-03-182017-12-06US flag
Ephedrine SulfateEphedrine sulfate (50 mg/1mL)InjectionIntramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousCardinal Health2009-04-012016-02-29US flag
Ephedrine SulfateEphedrine sulfate (50 mg/1mL)Injection, solutionIntravenousNexus Pharmaceuticals Inc2015-06-08Not applicableUS flag
Ephedrine SulfateEphedrine sulfate (50 mg/1mL)InjectionIntramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousAkorn2009-04-01Not applicableUS flag
Ephedrine SulfateEphedrine sulfate (50 mg/1mL)InjectionIntramuscular; Intravenous; SubcutaneousAkorn2012-03-112017-06-01US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
S01FB02 — EphedrineR01AB05 — EphedrineC01CA26 — EphedrineR03CA02 — EphedrineA08AA56 — Ephedrine, combinationsR01AA03 — Ephedrine
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpropanes. These are organic compounds containing a phenylpropane moiety.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class
Phenylpropanes
Direct Parent
Phenylpropanes
Alternative Parents
Aralkylamines / Secondary alcohols / 1,2-aminoalcohols / Dialkylamines / Organopnictogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Aromatic alcohols
Substituents
1,2-aminoalcohol / Alcohol / Amine / Aralkylamine / Aromatic alcohol / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxygen compound / Organonitrogen compound
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
phenylethanolamines, phenethylamine alkaloid (CHEBI:15407) / Alkaloids, Phenylalanine derived alkaloids (C01575)
Affected organisms
  • Humans

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
GN83C131XS
CAS number
299-42-3
InChI Key
KWGRBVOPPLSCSI-WPRPVWTQSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H15NO/c1-8(11-2)10(12)9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-8,10-12H,1-2H3/t8-,10-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(1R,2S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-ol
SMILES
CN[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)C1=CC=CC=C1

References

Synthesis Reference

Thomas Moest, Uwe Loeffler, Hans Waiblinger, "Production of pellets composed of an ephedrine derivative." U.S. Patent US5453280, issued March, 1994.

US5453280
General References
  1. Sever PS, Dring LG, Williams RT: The metabolism of (-)-ephedrine in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1975 Dec 19;9(2-3):193-8. doi: 10.1007/bf00614017. [Article]
  2. Pickup ME, May CS, Ssendagire R, Paterson JW: The pharmacokinetics of ephedrine after oral dosage in asthmatics receiving acute and chronic treatment. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1976 Feb;3(1):123-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1976.tb00579.x. [Article]
  3. Volpp M, Holzgrabe U: Determination of plasma protein binding for sympathomimetic drugs by means of ultrafiltration. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2019 Jan 15;127:175-184. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.10.027. Epub 2018 Oct 31. [Article]
  4. Statler AK, Maani CV, Kohli A: Ephedrine . [Article]
  5. Stehle RL: Ephedrine-A New (?) Sympathomimetic Drug. Can Med Assoc J. 1925 Nov;15(11):1158-60. [Article]
  6. Wang X, Mao M, Liu S, Xu S, Yang J: A Comparative Study of Bolus Norepinephrine, Phenylephrine, and Ephedrine for the Treatment of Maternal Hypotension in Parturients with Preeclampsia During Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia. Med Sci Monit. 2019 Feb 9;25:1093-1101. doi: 10.12659/MSM.914143. [Article]
  7. Kinsella SM, Carvalho B, Dyer RA, Fernando R, McDonnell N, Mercier FJ, Palanisamy A, Sia ATH, Van de Velde M, Vercueil A: International consensus statement on the management of hypotension with vasopressors during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2018 Jan;73(1):71-92. doi: 10.1111/anae.14080. Epub 2017 Nov 1. [Article]
  8. FDA Approved Drug Products: Emerphed Ephedrine Sulfate Intravenous Injection [Link]
  9. FDA Approved Drug Products: Akovaz Ephedrine Sulfare Intravenous Injection [Link]
  10. Cayman Chemical: Ephedrine MSDS [Link]
  11. Dailymed: Ephedrine Nasal Spray [Link]
  12. Dailymed: Ephedrine Intravenous, Intramuscular, and Subcutaneous Injection [Link]
  13. FDA Approved Drug Products: Rezipres (Ephedrine Hydrochloride) Intravenous Injection [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015451
KEGG Drug
D00124
KEGG Compound
C01575
PubChem Compound
9294
PubChem Substance
46507538
ChemSpider
8935
RxNav
3966
ChEBI
15407
ChEMBL
CHEMBL211456
ZINC
ZINC000000074836
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000228
PharmGKB
PA449466
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Ephedrine

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • Akorn Inc.
  • Allergy Laboratories Inc.
  • Ben Venue Laboratories Inc.
  • C.O. Truxton Inc.
  • Cardinal Health
  • Claris Lifesciences Inc.
  • Consolidated Midland Corp.
  • Ebewe Pharma
  • Hospira Inc.
  • Jordan Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Mallinckrodt Inc.
  • Parenta Pharmaceuticals
  • Pharmedium
  • Taylor Pharmaceuticals
  • West-Ward Pharmaceuticals
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Capsule
SolutionOral6 mg/5ml
SolutionOral
Solution / dropsNasal
Tablet, film coatedOral
OintmentNasal
SolutionOral100 mg/5ml
SuppositoryRectal
Tablet, coatedOral
Tablet, coatedOral25 mg/1
SyrupOral
Injection, solutionIntravenous500 mg/10mL
InjectionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous30 mg/ml
SprayNasal
Syrup
SyrupOral9 mg/5ml
ElixirOral
TabletOral50 mg
Injection; solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous0.05 g/ml
Injection, solution3 MG/ML
Syrup
SyrupNasal; Topical
TabletOral
Injection, solution10 MG/ML
Injection, solution25 MG/ML
Injection, solution
InjectionIntravenous5 mg/1mL
LiquidOral
Injection, solutionParenteral
Injection, solutionParenteral10 mg/ml
Injection, solutionParenteral50 mg/ml
Injection, solutionIntravenous10 mg/1mL
CapsuleOral25 mg / cap
TabletOral8 mg
TabletOral25 mg
SolutionNasal0.5 % w/v
CapsuleOral25 mg/1
InjectionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous50 mg/1mL
InjectionIntravenous50 mg/1mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous50 mg/1mL
Tablet, film coatedOral25 mg/1
LiquidIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous50 mg / mL
SolutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous50 mg / 1 mL
InjectionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous50 mg/ml
Injection, solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous50 mg/1mL
SolutionIntramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous50 mg / mL
TabletOral15 mg / tab
TabletOral30 mg / tab
TabletOral.13 mg
LiquidNasal1.5 %
TabletOral5.34 mg/8g
BeadOral4.6 mg/4g
OintmentTopical
Injection, solutionIntravenous30 mg/ml
JellyNasal
Injection30 mg/ml
SolutionOral80 mg/5ml
TabletOral12.5 mg/1
Injection, solutionIntravenous4.7 mg/1mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous47 mg/1mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous47 mg/10mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous9.4 mg/1mL
Solution / dropsNasal1 %
SprayNasal5 mg/1mL
SprayTopical5 mg/1mL
TabletOral
SyrupOral100 mg/5ml
TabletOral10 mg
ElixirOral4 mg/5ml
LiquidInfiltration
LiquidInfiltration; Subcutaneous
ElixirOral9 mg/5ml
ElixirOral10.0 mg/5ml
SolutionIntramuscular50.000 mg
Tablet
ElixirOral10 mg/5ml
Injection
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Ephedrine sulfate 250 mg/5 ml7.82USD ml
Ephedrine-ns 50 mg/5 ml syr2.91USD ml
Ephedrine-ns 100 mg/10 ml syr2.07USD ml
Ephedrine su 50 mg/ml vial1.75USD ml
Ephedrine 50 mg/ml ampul0.76USD ml
Ephedrine powder0.47USD g
Ephedrine sulfate powder0.46USD g
Ephedrine su 25 mg capsule0.3USD capsule
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US10869845No2020-12-222040-01-22US flag
US11090278No2021-08-172040-05-16US flag
US11241400No2020-05-162040-05-16US flag
US11464752No2020-05-162040-05-16US flag
US11478436No2020-05-162040-05-16US flag
US11571398No2020-05-162040-05-16US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)34 °CPhysProp
boiling point (°C)255 °CPhysProp
water solubility6.36E+004 mg/L (at 30 °C)YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
logP1.13AVDEEF,A (1997)
pKa10.3 (at 0 °C)PERRIN,DD (1965)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility8.26 mg/mLALOGPS
logP1ALOGPS
logP1.32Chemaxon
logS-1.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)13.89Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.52Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area32.26 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count3Chemaxon
Refractivity49.69 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability18.8 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9645
Blood Brain Barrier+0.5638
Caco-2 permeable+0.8866
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.7182
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.9795
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.984
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8965
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8001
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.7839
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.7235
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.5595
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7209
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorInhibitor0.5846
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.5737
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9431
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.907
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.9517
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.7739
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.7807
Rat acute toxicity2.3882 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9329
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.9277
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (7.84 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0a4i-9300000000-5bdf33e08e94f0c0bd26
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)MSsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-bcc578719d003732d7f8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-33d551e262321705ae8a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014j-0900000000-32a84e7b7e5332fe2026
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-82640acc94773485568a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-bdfb6079227a418eb706
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-c04df5fb623578be67ea
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00l2-1900000000-3a68bc210684b52a9fd8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0159-2900000000-e12bf9df640426404f1c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014j-0900000000-0218a677989aab76b176
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-3dd538034653edb47df1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-553c930e0970a8c1a866
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-0499cdf7955d013fca29
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-015a-1900000000-f6b6229ef8c2d7fd24ab
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0159-2900000000-7c8549f8cd727886d67d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-bcbf5073df33d11415cc
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00kb-0900000000-4a2a7c918368930693fa
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014l-6900000000-125aac34eca51135b9d1
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0900000000-56b8f9c6cad6a483eb62
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9200000000-a1773c8925eed519e99d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0aor-5900000000-e23ee25dd8123c9b13ad
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a6u-9300000000-01a6c30b0567e12cc866
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-140.5843286
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-139.9190286
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-140.1475286
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-139.83556
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+141.3247286
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+140.7224286
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+140.4529286
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+142.23112
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+140.5780286
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+140.2162286
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+140.3267286
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+148.14365
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Protein heterodimerization activity
Specific Function
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) prot...
Gene Name
ADRA1A
Uniprot ID
P35348
Uniprot Name
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
51486.005 Da
References
  1. Ma G, Bavadekar SA, Davis YM, Lalchandani SG, Nagmani R, Schaneberg BT, Khan IA, Feller DR: Pharmacological effects of ephedrine alkaloids on human alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Jul;322(1):214-21. Epub 2007 Apr 3. [Article]
  2. Wellman PJ, Miller DK, Ho DH: Noradrenergic modulation of ephedrine-induced hypophagia. Synapse. 2003 Apr;48(1):18-24. [Article]
  3. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
  4. Statler AK, Maani CV, Kohli A: Ephedrine . [Article]
  5. FDA Approved Drug Products: Rezipres (Ephedrine Hydrochloride) Intravenous Injection [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Receptor signaling protein activity
Specific Function
Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately e...
Gene Name
ADRB1
Uniprot ID
P08588
Uniprot Name
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
51322.1 Da
References
  1. Statler AK, Maani CV, Kohli A: Ephedrine . [Article]
  2. FDA Approved Drug Products: Rezipres (Ephedrine Hydrochloride) Intravenous Injection [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function
Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately ...
Gene Name
ADRB2
Uniprot ID
P07550
Uniprot Name
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
46458.32 Da
References
  1. Statler AK, Maani CV, Kohli A: Ephedrine . [Article]
  2. FDA Approved Drug Products: Rezipres (Ephedrine Hydrochloride) Intravenous Injection [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inverse agonist
General Function
Norepinephrine:sodium symporter activity
Specific Function
Amine transporter. Terminates the action of noradrenaline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
Gene Name
SLC6A2
Uniprot ID
P23975
Uniprot Name
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
Molecular Weight
69331.42 Da
References
  1. Kobayashi S, Endou M, Sakuraya F, Matsuda N, Zhang XH, Azuma M, Echigo N, Kemmotsu O, Hattori Y, Gando S: The sympathomimetic actions of l-ephedrine and d-pseudoephedrine: direct receptor activation or norepinephrine release? Anesth Analg. 2003 Nov;97(5):1239-45. [Article]
  2. McMahon LR, Cunningham KA: Discriminative stimulus effects of (-)-ephedrine in rats: analysis with catecholamine transporter and receptor ligands. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003 Jun 5;70(3):255-64. [Article]
  3. Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Riddle EL, Gibb JW, Hanson GR: New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:681-98. [Article]
  4. Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A: Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Identical protein binding
Specific Function
Esterase with broad substrate specificity. Contributes to the inactivation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Can degrade neurotoxic organophosphate esters.
Gene Name
BCHE
Uniprot ID
P06276
Uniprot Name
Cholinesterase
Molecular Weight
68417.575 Da
References
  1. Maizel' EB, Rozengart EV, Khakimov IuP, Abduvakhabov AA, Aslanov KhA: [Ephedrine, salsoline and cytisine derivatives as substrates and inhibitirs of cholinesterases]. Biokhimiia. 1978 Jul;43(7):1150-6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Serine hydrolase activity
Specific Function
Terminates signal transduction at the neuromuscular junction by rapid hydrolysis of the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft. Role in neuronal apoptosis.
Gene Name
ACHE
Uniprot ID
P22303
Uniprot Name
Acetylcholinesterase
Molecular Weight
67795.525 Da
References
  1. Singh AK, Spassova D: Effects of hexamethonium, phenothiazines, propranolol and ephedrine on acetylcholinesterase carbamylation by physostigmine, aldicarb and carbaryl: interaction between the active site and the functionally distinct peripheral sites in acetylcholinesterase. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 1998 Jan;119(1):97-105. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Volpp M, Holzgrabe U: Determination of plasma protein binding for sympathomimetic drugs by means of ultrafiltration. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2019 Jan 15;127:175-184. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.10.027. Epub 2018 Oct 31. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Monoamine transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the ATP-dependent vesicular transport of biogenic amine neurotransmitters. Pumps cytosolic monoamines including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine into synaptic vesicles...
Gene Name
SLC18A2
Uniprot ID
Q05940
Uniprot Name
Synaptic vesicular amine transporter
Molecular Weight
55712.075 Da
References
  1. Ellis JD, German CL, Birdsall E, Hanson JE, Crosby MA, Rowley SD, Sawada NA, West JN, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE: Ephedrine decreases vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function. Synapse. 2011 May;65(5):449-51. doi: 10.1002/syn.20896. [Article]
  2. Horton DB, Siripurapu KB, Norrholm SD, Culver JP, Hojahmat M, Beckmann JS, Harrod SB, Deaciuc AG, Bardo MT, Crooks PA, Dwoskin LP: meso-Transdiene analogs inhibit vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function and methamphetamine-evoked dopamine release. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011 Mar;336(3):940-51. doi: 10.1124/jpet.110.175117. Epub 2010 Dec 21. [Article]
  3. Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A: Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33. [Article]
  4. Sulzer D, Chen TK, Lau YY, Kristensen H, Rayport S, Ewing A: Amphetamine redistributes dopamine from synaptic vesicles to the cytosol and promotes reverse transport. J Neurosci. 1995 May;15(5 Pt 2):4102-8. [Article]
  5. Yasumoto S, Tamura K, Karasawa J, Hasegawa R, Ikeda K, Yamamoto T, Yamamoto H: Inhibitory effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on the vesicular monoamine transporter 2. Neurosci Lett. 2009 May 1;454(3):229-32. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.03.049. Epub 2009 Mar 18. [Article]
  6. Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Riddle EL, Gibb JW, Hanson GR: New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:681-98. [Article]

Drug created at July 06, 2007 19:56 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:54