Ginkgo biloba
Identification
- Summary
Ginkgo biloba is a herbal supplement found in over-the-counter or unapproved homeopathic products for various health conditions, such as cognitive, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and reproductive health disorders.
- Generic Name
- Ginkgo biloba
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01381
- Background
Ginkgo biloba extract contains a group of terpene lactones (notably, ginkgolides and diterpenes) and ginkgo flavone glycosides (notably, ginkgetin, bilobetin, and sciadopitysin) that have antioxidant and vasoactive properties.3 Most of the studies that investigate the effect of ginkgo biloba use the standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) 761 (EGb761), which was developed by a German pharmaceutical company in 1964.6 EGb761 contains 6% terpene lactones and 24% flavonoid glycosides.2 Flavonoids include quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin. Lactones include ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, bilobalide, and ginkgotoxin, a lactone that is structurally related to pyridoxine.10 Ginkgo biloba is an herbal plant that is now cultivated worldwide. It is originally native to China, and ginkgo biloba extract has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries.3
After its nootropic properties were discovered, ginkgo biloba has gained attention as a therapeutic ingredient for memory and concentration enhancement in cognitive impairment and neurogenerative diseases, such as dementia.7 Ginkgo biloba was investigated in preliminary studies for a variety of therapeutic purposes such as improving cardiovascular health, sexual dysfunction, psychiatric disorders, skin disorders, and glaucoma. Ginkgo biloba is found in a number of homeopathic and over-the-counter herbal products and dietary supplements, but it has no approved therapeutic indications by regulatory bodies, such as the FDA, EMA, and Health Canada.2 Ginkgo folium, the leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba, is considered an anti-dementia drug by the World Health Organization.3
- Type
- Biotech
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical
- Synonyms
- Common ginkgo leaf
- Ginkgo
- Ginkgo biloba extract
- Ginkgo biloba leaf
- Ginkgo biloba leaf dry extract
- Ginkgo biloba leaf tincture
- Ginkgo extract
- Ginkgo folium
- Ginkgo leaf
- Ginkgo macrophylla leaf
- Maidenhair extract
- Maidenhair tree leaf
- Pterophyllus salisburiensis leaf
- Salisburia adiantifolia leaf
- Salisburia biloba leaf
- Salisburia ginkgo leaf
- Salisburia macrophylla leaf
- Tanakan
- Yinxingye
- External IDs
- B1260
- EGB 761
- EGB-761
Pharmacology
- Indication
Ginkgo biloba does not currently have any approved therapeutic indications, and there is insufficient evidence to support its unapproved use.2 It is available in over-the-counter herbal products mostly for oral use, to improve memory and cognitive problems.
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Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Prevention of Cognitive dysfunctions ••• ••• •••••••• ••••••••• •••••• Maintenance of Cognitive function ••• ••• •••••••• ••••••••• •••••• Prevention of Depression ••• ••• •••••••• ••••••••• •••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Ginkgo biloba is a herbal ingredient with demonstrated antioxidant, vasoactive, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, and fibrinolytic properties.3,5 Ginkgo biloba has been investigated for use in a variety of medical conditions, but the most extensively studied area is in the context of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders. Ginkgo biloba was examined as a potential nootropic agent or cognitive enhancer but research findings supporting the therapeutic efficacy of ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) in dementia remain controversial. Some clinical studies of dementia that were up to one year long showed that EGb improves the cognitive performance and social functioning of patients. However, other studies did not support its clinical benefit for patients with cognitive impairment and dementia. Numerous meta-analysis studies showed insufficient evidence of the effectiveness of EGb in reducing both all-cause dementia incidence and Alzheimer's disease-associated dementia incidence in elderly patients with normal cognition or with mild cognitive impairment. Additionally, there is no up-to-date evidence that demonstrates the benefit of the long-term use of standardized EGb in reducing the risk of progression to Alzheimer's disease. A 2012 meta-analysis did not support the use of EGb in enhancing cognitive function in healthy adults.2
In the context of cardiovascular diseases, a limited number of studies showed that EGb improved mortality or neurological recovery in the post-stroke period, reduced cognitive and neurological impairment after acute ischemic stroke, and improved blood flow in the coronary artery in patients with coronary artery disease. However, a systemic review found no statistical or clinically significant benefit of EGb for patients with peripheral arterial disease or hypertension. Overall, there is a lack of strong evidence in the use of EGb for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular diseases.2
In a small trial, the use of EGb as an adjunctive treatment with citalopram improved depressive symptoms and cognitive function in patients with depression.2 Ginkgo biloba was also investigated as a potential treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction.1 Another study showed EGb improving the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. There is insufficient evidence to prove the effectiveness of EGb in these psychiatric disorders. Limited studies have investigated the role of ginkgo biloba in the treatment of vertigo, tinnitus, vitiligo, macular degeneration, and glaucoma, as well as the prevention of acute mountain sickness. As results are either preliminary or controversial, more quality research is warranted.2
- Mechanism of action
Two key active ingredients in ginkgo biloba are terpene lactones (notably ginkgolides and diterpenes) and ginkgo flavone glycosides (notably ginkgetin, bilobetin, and sciadopitysin), which are present at varying concentrations. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 is the standardized extract of ginkgo biloba used in studies, which contains 6% terpenoids and 24% flavonoid glycosides. Animal studies have shown that ginkgo biloba works on several neurotransmitter pathways and brain structures. Flavones were shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation; inhibit the uptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine; and inhibit platelet aggregation.6 Terpene lactones may also act as potent antagonists of the platelet-activating factor and may possess anti-ischemic and fibrinolytic effects.2 They were also shown to downregulate adrenal peripheral benzodiazepine receptors and increase adrenocorticotropic hormone levels.6 Ginkgo biloba also reversibly inhibits monoamine oxidase A; and modestly inhibits anticholinesterase activity,2,3 leading to enhanced cholinergic transmission in the brain.4
Several studies suggest that ginkgo biloba exerts neuroprotective effects by reducing free radical production in the prefrontal cortex, which may explain its improvement on short-term memory. Ginkgo biloba extract acts as a free radical scavenger, protecting neurons from oxidative damage and apoptosis related to aging, cerebral ischemia, and neurodegenerative disorders.2 Ginkgo biloba also inhibits amyloid-β neurotoxicity and protects against hypoxic challenges and increased oxidative stress.3 One study showed that bilobalide, a terpene lactone, delays the onset of hypoxic glycolysis.6 Ginkgo biloba has the potential to regulate metabolism, stabilize the membrane, and promote vasodilation. In the arterial endothelium, EGb stimulated the release of endogenous relaxing factors, such as endothelium-derived relaxing factor and prostacyclin. In the inflammatory environment that causes tissue damage, EGb promoted nitric oxide production, leading to enhanced peripheral and cerebral blood flow.2
Target Actions Organism USodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter inhibitorHumans UPhospholipase A2, membrane associated inhibitorHumans UGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1 antagonistHumans UGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 negative modulatorHumans UGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2 negative modulatorHumans UGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 negative modulatorHumans UAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] A inhibitorHumans UNitric oxide synthase, inducible inhibitorHumans - Absorption
Studies assessed the pharmacokinetic parameters of terpene lactones, the main component of ginkgo biloba. Following oral administration of ginkgo biloba solution, the mean absolute bioavailability was 80% for ginkgolide A, 88% for ginkgolide B and 79% for biloalide.11 In an early rat study, about 60% of radiolabeled EGb 761 was absorbed with a Tmax of 1.5 hours. The highest amount of radioactivity was measured in the stomach and small intestine.8
In another study, after a single oral dose of 120 mg EGb 761 in healthy volunteers, Cmax was 22.22 ± 4.57 ng/mL for ginkgolide A, 8.27 ± 1.82 ng/mL for ginkgolide B, and 54.42 ± 13.62 ng/mL for biloalide. AUC0-∞ was 121.35 ± 22.92 ng × h/mL for ginkgolide A, 59.88 ± 11.39 ng × h/mL for ginkgolide B, and 217.24 ± 44.07 ng × h/mL for biloalide. Tmax ranged from 1.17 to 1.54 hours for those three compounds.11
- Volume of distribution
No data available.
- Protein binding
No data available.
- Metabolism
In earlier studies, detectable urinary metabolites in healthy volunteers who ingested EGb were various benzoic acids, such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid conjugate, 4-hydroxyhippuric acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyhippuric acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, hippuric acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (vanillic acid).10
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- Route of elimination
At 72 hours following oral administration in rats, about 38% of the ginkgo biloba extract was excreted via expiration, 22% was excreted in urine, and 29% was excreted in feces. About 70% of ginkgolides A, 50% of ginkgolides B, and 30% of bilobalide were excreted unchanged in the urine.8
- Half-life
Unpublished human data reports that after oral administration of 80 mg EGb 761, the half-life was four hours for ginkgolides A and six hours for ginkgolides B. The half-life of bilobalide was three hours after administration of 120 mg EGb 761 extract.8
- Clearance
No data available.
- Adverse Effects
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- Toxicity
Oral LD50 of standardized extract in mice is 7730 mg/kg, which corresponds to 2300 mg/kg of active ingredients, 1900 mg/kg of flavone glycosides, and 464 mg/kg of terpene lactones. Intravenous LD50 is 1100 mg/kg.8
No case of overdose has been reported so far.11 Cyanogenic glycosides found in raw ginkgo seeds are potentially toxic compounds; thus, contact or ingestion of ginkgo seeds can lead to serious reactions such as allergic skin reaction, including acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, and convulsions. Ginkgo toxicity can manifest as bleeding, seizure, and serotonin syndrome. As there is no known antidote for ginkgo toxicity, treatment includes discontinuation of ginkgo and symptomatic and supportive care.2 Seizures may be attributed to ginkgotoxin, which can cause seizures at high doses.12
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbciximab Ginkgo biloba may increase the anticoagulant activities of Abciximab. Abemaciclib The metabolism of Abemaciclib can be decreased when combined with Ginkgo biloba. Abrocitinib The metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Ginkgo biloba. Acalabrutinib The metabolism of Acalabrutinib can be decreased when combined with Ginkgo biloba. Acebutolol Ginkgo biloba may increase the bradycardic activities of Acebutolol. - Food Interactions
- Avoid herbs and supplements with anticoagulant/antiplatelet activity. Additive anticoagulant/antiplatelet activity may increase the risk of bleeding. Examples include garlic, ginger, bilberry, danshen, piracetam, and ginkgo biloba.
- Take with or without food. Food insignificantly decreases the rate of absorption.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Dr Circu One Tablet 24 g/100g Oral HLscience Co Ltd 2015-09-23 2018-02-12 US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image DOMINGO 10/10/80 MG EFERVESAN TABLET, 30 ADET Ginkgo biloba (80 mg) + Donepezil hydrochloride (10 mg) + Memantine hydrochloride (10 mg) Tablet, effervescent NEUTEC İLAÇ SAN. TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey DOMINGO 10/10/80 MG EFERVESAN TABLET, 90 ADET Ginkgo biloba (80 mg) + Donepezil hydrochloride (10 mg) + Memantine hydrochloride (10 mg) Tablet, effervescent NEUTEC İLAÇ SAN. TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey DOMINGO 10/20/80 MG EFERVESAN TABLET, 30 ADET Ginkgo biloba (80 mg) + Donepezil hydrochloride (10 mg) + Memantine hydrochloride (20 mg) Tablet, effervescent NEUTEC İLAÇ SAN. TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey DOMINGO 10/20/80 MG EFERVESAN TABLET, 90 ADET Ginkgo biloba (80 mg) + Donepezil hydrochloride (10 mg) + Memantine hydrochloride (20 mg) Tablet, effervescent NEUTEC İLAÇ SAN. TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey DOMINGO 5/10/80 MG EFERVESAN TABLET, 30 ADET Ginkgo biloba (80 mg) + Donepezil hydrochloride (5 mg) + Memantine hydrochloride (10 mg) Tablet, effervescent NEUTEC İLAÇ SAN. TİC. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Dr Circu One Ginkgo biloba (24 g/100g) Tablet Oral HLscience Co Ltd 2015-09-23 2018-02-12 US Edge Ginkgo biloba (.124 mg/1g) + Eleuthero (.124 mg/1g) + Epimedium grandiflorum top (.012 mg/1g) + Erythroxylum catuaba bark (.025 mg/1g) + Gambir (2 mg/1g) + Mucuna pruriens seed (.025 mg/1g) + Panax notoginseng root (.018 mg/1g) + Tribulus terrestris fruit (.124 mg/1g) + Turnera diffusa leaf (.124 mg/1g) Gel Topical Aloe Vera Industries Pty Ltd 2015-04-01 Not applicable US Edge Ginkgo biloba (.124 mg/1g) + Eleuthero (.124 mg/1g) + Epimedium grandiflorum top (.012 mg/1g) + Erythroxylum catuaba bark (.025 mg/1g) + Gambir (2 mg/1g) + Mucuna pruriens seed (.025 mg/1g) + Panax notoginseng root (.018 mg/1g) + Tribulus terrestris fruit (.124 mg/1g) + Turnera diffusa leaf (.124 mg/1g) Gel Topical Sensuous Pty Ltd 2015-04-01 Not applicable US Elas gel Ginkgo biloba (70 mg/50g) + Troxerutin (1500 mg/50g) Lotion Topical Cho-A Pharm.Co.,Ltd. 2019-03-23 Not applicable US Elas gel Ginkgo biloba (140 mg/100g) + Troxerutin (3000 mg/100g) Lotion Topical Cho-A Pharm.Co.,Ltd. 2017-02-28 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- N06DX02 — Ginkgo foliumN06DA53 — Donepezil, memantine and ginkgo folium
- Drug Categories
- Anti-Dementia Drugs
- Biological Products
- Blood Circulation
- Cardiovascular Agents
- Cholinesterase Inhibitors
- Complex Mixtures
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (weak)
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Embryophyta
- Eukaryota
- Ginkgolides
- Monoamine Oxidase A Inhibitors for interaction with Monoamine Oxidase A substrates
- Nervous System
- Pharmaceutical Preparations
- Plant Extracts
- Plant Preparations
- Psychoanaleptics
- Streptophyta
- Tracheophyta
- Viridiplantae
- Classification
- Not classified
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 19FUJ2C58T
- CAS number
- 90045-36-6
References
- Synthesis Reference
Klaus-Peter Schwabe, "Method of preparation of an extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves and pharmaceuticals containing the extract." U.S. Patent US5322688, issued July, 1989.
US5322688- General References
- Cohen AJ, Bartlik B: Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther. 1998 Apr-Jun;24(2):139-43. [Article]
- Nguyen T, Alzahrani T: Ginkgo Biloba . [Article]
- Brondino N, De Silvestri A, Re S, Lanati N, Thiemann P, Verna A, Emanuele E, Politi P: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Ginkgo biloba in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: From Ancient Tradition to Modern-Day Medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:915691. doi: 10.1155/2013/915691. Epub 2013 May 28. [Article]
- Silberstein RB, Pipingas A, Song J, Camfield DA, Nathan PJ, Stough C: Examining brain-cognition effects of ginkgo biloba extract: brain activation in the left temporal and left prefrontal cortex in an object working memory task. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:164139. doi: 10.1155/2011/164139. Epub 2011 Aug 18. [Article]
- Diamond BJ, Bailey MR: Ginkgo biloba: indications, mechanisms, and safety. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013 Mar;36(1):73-83. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2012.12.006. [Article]
- Diamond BJ, Shiflett SC, Feiwel N, Matheis RJ, Noskin O, Richards JA, Schoenberger NE: Ginkgo biloba extract: mechanisms and clinical indications. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000 May;81(5):668-78. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9993(00)90052-2. [Article]
- Field BH, Vadnal R: Ginkgo biloba and Memory: An Overview. Nutr Neurosci. 1998;1(4):255-67. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.1998.11747236. [Article]
- National Toxicology Program: Ginkgo Biloba Extract Nomination Background [Link]
- European Medicines Agency: Ginkgo biloba L., folium Monograph [Link]
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Ginkgo biloba Monograph [Link]
- European Medicines Agency: Assessment report on Ginkgo biloba L., folium [Link]
- Natural Medicines: Ginkgo [Link]
- External Links
- PubChem Substance
- 46508832
- 236809
- PharmGKB
- PA449758
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Ginkgo_biloba
- MSDS
- Download (72.2 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Not Available Healthy Subjects (HS) 1 4 Completed Treatment Alzheimer's Disease (AD) / Cognitive Dysfunctions 1 4 Completed Treatment Cerebrovascular Insufficiency / Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) 1 4 Completed Treatment Herbal Medicine Allergy / Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) 1 4 Completed Treatment Memory Disorders, Age Related / Retention Disorders, Cognitive 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Chain Drug
- General Nutrition Inc.
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- Mckesson Corp.
- Mericon
- Pharmavite
- Rite Aid Corp.
- Sunmark
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution / drops Solution / drops 50 ml Tablet Oral 80 mg Tablet Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 240 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 40 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 80 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 30 mg/1 Tablet, effervescent Tablet Oral 24 g/100g Gel Topical Lotion Topical Tablet Oral 40 mg Capsule, coated Oral 60 mg Capsule Oral 40 mg Capsule Oral 120 mg Solution Oral 40 MG Capsule Oral Granule Oral Liquid Oral Tablet Oral Solution Oral 80 mg Tablet, effervescent Oral Capsule, coated Oral 80 mg Tablet, coated Oral 120 mg Tablet, coated Oral 40 mg Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet Oral 120 mg Tablet Oral 40.0000 mg Solution Oral 4.000 g Tablet Oral 40.000 mg Tablet, film coated Oral 120 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Ginkgo biloba 40 mg tablet 0.24USD tablet Ginkgo biloba 120 mg caplet 0.19USD caplet Sm ginkgo biloba 60 mg caplet 0.19USD caplet Ginkgo 60 mg tablet 0.14USD tablet Ra ginkgo biloba 40 mg tablet 0.11USD tablet Ginkgo biloba 60 mg capsule 0.1USD capsule Ginkgo biloba 50 mg tablet 0.09USD tablet Ginkgo biloba 30 mg capsule 0.04USD capsule Pv ginkgo biloba capsule 0.03USD capsule DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
Targets
![](https://go.drugbank.com/assets/locked/DrugTargets2-682eb846d210ae4bf33ca03febccfb57bb1c61318e699b729e5df4dfab2c5b67.png)
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Norepinephrine:sodium symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Amine transporter. Terminates the action of noradrenaline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
- Gene Name
- SLC6A2
- Uniprot ID
- P23975
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 69331.42 Da
References
- Fehske CJ, Leuner K, Muller WE: Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) influences monoaminergic neurotransmission via inhibition of NE uptake, but not MAO activity after chronic treatment. Pharmacol Res. 2009 Jul;60(1):68-73. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.02.012. Epub 2009 Mar 21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Phospholipid binding
- Specific Function
- Thought to participate in the regulation of the phospholipid metabolism in biomembranes including eicosanoid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-ph...
- Gene Name
- PLA2G2A
- Uniprot ID
- P14555
- Uniprot Name
- Phospholipase A2, membrane associated
- Molecular Weight
- 16082.525 Da
References
- Kim HK, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS, Kim HP: Inhibition of rat adjuvant-induced arthritis by ginkgetin, a biflavone from ginkgo biloba leaves. Planta Med. 1999 Jun;65(5):465-7. [Article]
- Weichel O, Hilgert M, Chatterjee SS, Lehr M, Klein J: Bilobalide, a constituent of Ginkgo biloba, inhibits NMDA-induced phospholipase A2 activation and phospholipid breakdown in rat hippocampus. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1999 Dec;360(6):609-15. [Article]
- Lim H, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS, Kim HP: Effects of anti-inflammatory biflavonoid, ginkgetin, on chronic skin inflammation. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 May;29(5):1046-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Transmitter-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function
- The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing).
- Gene Name
- GLRA1
- Uniprot ID
- P23415
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 52623.35 Da
References
- Heads JA, Hawthorne RL, Lynagh T, Lynch JW: Structure-activity analysis of ginkgolide binding in the glycine receptor pore. J Neurochem. 2008 May;105(4):1418-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05244.x. Epub 2008 Jan 21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Negative modulator
- General Function
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function
- Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine...
- Gene Name
- GABRA1
- Uniprot ID
- P14867
- Uniprot Name
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 51801.395 Da
References
- Hanrahan JR, Chebib M, Davucheron NL, Hall BJ, Johnston GA: Semisynthetic preparation of amentoflavone: A negative modulator at GABA(A) receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003 Jul 21;13(14):2281-4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Negative modulator
- General Function
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function
- Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine...
- Gene Name
- GABRB2
- Uniprot ID
- P47870
- Uniprot Name
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2
- Molecular Weight
- 59149.895 Da
References
- Hanrahan JR, Chebib M, Davucheron NL, Hall BJ, Johnston GA: Semisynthetic preparation of amentoflavone: A negative modulator at GABA(A) receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003 Jul 21;13(14):2281-4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Negative modulator
- General Function
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function
- Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine...
- Gene Name
- GABRG2
- Uniprot ID
- P18507
- Uniprot Name
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2
- Molecular Weight
- 54161.78 Da
References
- Hanrahan JR, Chebib M, Davucheron NL, Hall BJ, Johnston GA: Semisynthetic preparation of amentoflavone: A negative modulator at GABA(A) receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003 Jul 21;13(14):2281-4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Serotonin binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and has important functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral...
- Gene Name
- MAOA
- Uniprot ID
- P21397
- Uniprot Name
- Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A
- Molecular Weight
- 59681.27 Da
References
- Brondino N, De Silvestri A, Re S, Lanati N, Thiemann P, Verna A, Emanuele E, Politi P: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Ginkgo biloba in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: From Ancient Tradition to Modern-Day Medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:915691. doi: 10.1155/2013/915691. Epub 2013 May 28. [Article]
- Nguyen T, Alzahrani T: Ginkgo Biloba . [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Tetrahydrobiopterin binding
- Specific Function
- Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In macrophages, NO mediates tumoricidal and bactericidal actions. Also has nitrosylase activity ...
- Gene Name
- NOS2
- Uniprot ID
- P35228
- Uniprot Name
- Nitric oxide synthase, inducible
- Molecular Weight
- 131116.3 Da
References
- Cheung F, Siow YL, Chen WZ, O K: Inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Nov 15;58(10):1665-73. doi: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00255-5. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- The effect of Ginkgo on CYP2C9 is unclear and some in vitro studies do not appear to be clinically relevant.
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
References
- Yale SH, Glurich I: Analysis of the inhibitory potential of Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea, and Serenoa repens on the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9. J Altern Complement Med. 2005 Jun;11(3):433-9. [Article]
- Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, Luo Y, Perloff ES, Horan KA, Bruce A, Reynolds RC, Harmatz JS, Avula B, Khan IA, Goldman P: Ginkgo biloba does not alter clearance of flurbiprofen, a cytochrome P450-2C9 substrate. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Feb;46(2):214-21. [Article]
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Ginkgo biloba Monograph [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- InhibitorInducer
- Curator comments
- The effect of Ginkgo on CYP3A4 is unclear and some in vitro studies do not appear to be clinically relevant.
- General Function
- Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- Flavonol aglycones, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin, inhibited CYP1B1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2 in vitro.
- General Function
- Oxygen binding
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q16678
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 60845.33 Da
References
- European Medicines Agency: Assessment report on Ginkgo biloba L., folium [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- Flavonol aglycones, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin, inhibited CYP1B1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2 in vitro.
- General Function
- Vitamin d 24-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P04798
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A1
- Molecular Weight
- 58164.815 Da
References
- European Medicines Agency: Assessment report on Ginkgo biloba L., folium [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- Flavonol aglycones, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin, inhibited CYP1B1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2 in vitro.
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58293.76 Da
References
- European Medicines Agency: Assessment report on Ginkgo biloba L., folium [Link]
Drug created at July 06, 2007 20:33 / Updated at September 28, 2021 21:54