Salsalate

Identification

Summary

Salsalate is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent used in the symptomatic relief of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and related rheumatic disorders.

Generic Name
Salsalate
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01399
Background

Salsalate is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent for oral administration. Salsalate's mode of action as an anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic agent may be due to inhibition of synthesis and release of prostaglandins. The usefulness of salicylic acid, the active in vivo product of salsalate, in the treatment of arthritic disorders has been established. In contrast to aspirin, salsalate causes no greater fecal gastrointestinal blood loss than placebo. Salsalate is readily soluble in the small intestine where it is partially hydrolyzed to two molecules of salicylic acid. A significant portion of the parent compound is absorbed unchanged and undergoes rapid esterase hydrolysis in the body. The parent compound has an elimination half-life of about 1 hour. Salicylic acid (the active metabolite) biotransformation is saturated at anti-inflammatory doses of salsalate. Such capacity limited biotransformation results in an increase in the half-life of salicylic acid from 3.5 to 16 or more hours.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 258.2262
Monoisotopic: 258.05282343
Chemical Formula
C14H10O5
Synonyms
  • 2-Carboxyphenyl salicylate
  • Disalicylic acid
  • Disalicylsäure
  • O-Salicylcylsalicylsäure
  • o-Salicylsalicylic acid
  • Salicylic acid bimolecular ester
  • Salicyloxysalicylic acid
  • Salicyloylsalicylic acid
  • Salicylsalicylic acid
  • Salsalate
  • Salsalato
  • Salsalatum
  • Sasapyrin
  • Sasapyrine
  • Sasapyrinum
External IDs
  • NSC-49171

Pharmacology

Indication

For relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and related rheumatic disorders.

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Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Salsalate is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent for oral administration. Salsalate's mode of action as an anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic agent may be due to inhibition of synthesis and release of prostaglandins. The usefulness of salicylic acid, the active in vivo product of salsalate, in the treatment of arthritic disorders has been established. In contrast to aspirin, salsalate causes no greater fecal gastrointestinal blood loss than placebo.

Mechanism of action

The mode of anti-inflammatory action of salsalate and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is not fully defined, but appears to be primarily associated with inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. This inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis is done through the inactivation of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2, which are reponsible for catalyzing the formation of prostaglandins in the arachidonic acid pathway. Although salicylic acid (the primary metabolite of salsalate) is a weak inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro, salsalate appears to selectively inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in vivo, providing anti-inflammatory activity equivalent to aspirin and indomethacin. Unlike aspirin, salsalate does not inhibit platelet aggregation.

TargetActionsOrganism
AProstaglandin G/H synthase 2
inhibitor
Humans
AProstaglandin G/H synthase 1
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Salsalate is insoluble in acid gastric fluids (< 0.1 mg/ml at pH 1.0), but readily soluble in the small intestine where it is partially hydrolyzed to two molecules of salicylic acid. A significant portion of the parent compound is absorbed unchanged. The amount of salicylic acid available from salsalate is about 15% less than from aspirin, when the two drugs are administered on a salicylic acid molar equivalent basis (3.6 g salsalate/5 g aspirin). Food slows the absorption of all salicylates including salsalate.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Salicylate: 90-95% bound at plasma salicylate concentrations <100 mcg/mL; 70-85% bound at concentrations of 100-400 mcg/mL; 25-60% bound at concentrations >400 mcg/mL.

Metabolism

Salsalate is readily soluble in the small intestine where it is partially hydrolyzed to two molecules of salicylic acid. A significant portion of the parent compound is absorbed unchanged and undergoes rapid esterase hydrolysis in the body.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

The parent compound has an elimination half-life of about 1 hour. Salicylic acid (the active metabolite) biotransformation is saturated at anti-inflammatory doses of salsalate. Such capacity limited biotransformation results in an increase in the half-life of salicylic acid from 3.5 to 16 or more hours.

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Death has followed ingestion of 10 to 30 g of salicylates in adults, but much larger amounts have been ingested without fatal outcome.

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Salsalate Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirSalsalate may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AbciximabThe risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Salsalate is combined with Abciximab.
AcebutololSalsalate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Acebutolol.
AceclofenacThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Salsalate is combined with Aceclofenac.
AcemetacinThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Salsalate is combined with Acemetacin.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid excessive or chronic alcohol consumption. Ingesting alcohol may increase the risk of developing a gastrointestinal bleed.
  • Take with or without food. Taking salsalate with food may slow the absorption of salsalate but does not significantly impact the Cmax or AUC.

Products

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Product Images
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
DisalcidTablet500 mg/1OralAvion Pharmaceuticals, Llc2014-09-182016-05-31US flag
DisalcidTablet750 mg/1OralAvion Pharmaceuticals, Llc2014-09-182016-05-31US flag
Disalcid - Tab 500mgTablet500 mgOral3 M Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of 3 M Canada Company1996-10-012002-07-09Canada flag
Disalcid - Tab 750mgTablet750 mgOral3 M Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of 3 M Canada Company1996-06-012002-07-09Canada flag
Disalcid Tab 500mgTablet500 mg / tabOral3 M Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of 3 M Canada Company1993-12-311999-10-27Canada flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
DisalcidSalsalate (500 mg/1)TabletOralAvion Pharmaceuticals, Llc2014-09-182016-05-31US flag
DisalcidSalsalate (750 mg/1)TabletOralAvion Pharmaceuticals, Llc2014-09-182016-05-31US flag
SalsalateSalsalate (500 mg/1)TabletOralAvera McKennan Hospital2015-08-252017-05-24US flag
SalsalateSalsalate (500 mg/1)TabletOralWestminster Pharmaceuticals, LLC2023-11-15Not applicableUS flag
SalsalateSalsalate (500 mg/1)TabletOralAv Pak2014-11-182017-05-01US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
N02BA06 — Salsalate
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as depsides and depsidones. These are polycyclic compounds that is either a polyphenolic compound composed of two or more monocyclic aromatic units linked by an ester bond (depside), or a compound containing the depsidone structure (depsidone).
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
Class
Depsides and depsidones
Sub Class
Not Available
Direct Parent
Depsides and depsidones
Alternative Parents
o-Hydroxybenzoic acid esters / Salicylic acid and derivatives / Phenol esters / Benzoic acids / Phenoxy compounds / Benzoyl derivatives / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives / Vinylogous acids
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Substituents
1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Benzenoid / Benzoate ester / Benzoic acid / Benzoic acid or derivatives / Benzoyl / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative
show 14 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
phenols, salicylates, benzoate ester, benzoic acids (CHEBI:9014)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
V9MO595C9I
CAS number
552-94-3
InChI Key
WVYADZUPLLSGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C14H10O5/c15-11-7-3-1-5-9(11)14(18)19-12-8-4-2-6-10(12)13(16)17/h1-8,15H,(H,16,17)
IUPAC Name
2-(2-hydroxybenzoyloxy)benzoic acid
SMILES
OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O

References

General References
Not Available
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015471
KEGG Drug
D00428
PubChem Compound
5161
PubChem Substance
46506882
ChemSpider
4977
BindingDB
85244
RxNav
36108
ChEBI
9014
ChEMBL
CHEMBL154111
ZINC
ZINC000000002062
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000734
PharmGKB
PA164745462
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Salsalate

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • 3M Health Care
  • Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
  • Amarin Pharmaceuticals
  • Amerisource Health Services Corp.
  • Amneal Pharmaceuticals
  • Apotheca Inc.
  • AQ Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • Boca Pharmacal
  • Caraco Pharmaceutical Labs
  • Comprehensive Consultant Services Inc.
  • DHHS Program Support Center Supply Service Center
  • Direct Dispensing Inc.
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
  • Golden State Medical Supply Inc.
  • H.J. Harkins Co. Inc.
  • Heartland Repack Services LLC
  • Innoviant Pharmacy Inc.
  • Ivax Pharmaceuticals
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
  • Liberty Pharmaceuticals
  • Major Pharmaceuticals
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Pharmedix
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Pliva Inc.
  • Prepackage Specialists
  • Prepak Systems Inc.
  • Professional Co.
  • Ranbaxy Laboratories
  • Rebel Distributors Corp.
  • Remedy Repack
  • Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
  • Sandhills Packaging Inc.
  • Schwarz Pharma Inc.
  • Southwood Pharmaceuticals
  • Sunrise Pharmaceutical Inc.
  • Superior Pharmeceuticals
  • United Research Laboratories Inc.
  • Va Cmop Dallas
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral500 mg
TabletOral750 mg
TabletOral500 mg / tab
TabletOral750 mg / tab
TabletOral500 mg/1
TabletOral750 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral500 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral750 mg/1
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Salsalate powder16.8USD g
Salsalate 750 mg tablet0.55USD tablet
Salflex-750 tablet0.5USD tablet
Salflex-500 tablet0.37USD tablet
Salsalate 500 mg tablet0.26USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)147 °CPhysProp
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.246 mg/mLALOGPS
logP3.44ALOGPS
logP3.64Chemaxon
logS-3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.4Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-4.3Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area83.83 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity67.1 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability24.93 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9161
Blood Brain Barrier+0.8946
Caco-2 permeable+0.5186
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.6391
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8819
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9074
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8788
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7946
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9353
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.7281
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.7887
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.5411
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9409
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8028
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9568
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.8116
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.9731
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.8579
BiodegradationReady biodegradable0.5723
Rat acute toxicity2.4607 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9607
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.9403
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (7.76 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-08ef63493442bd429803
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-2900000000-877d855eb0e31561d592
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9020000000-5cb0d31a1e70ce62b40f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-006x-4960000000-f6312de41eaf6f2deb52
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0fdo-9320000000-e5afcab66661807b7555
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9200000000-9b5e5e6ab11accce2457
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00kf-9310000000-dd434d8bc7654fb69ec1
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-167.6327483
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-167.1765483
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-152.32887
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+165.4325483
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+164.2925483
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+154.72444
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+165.7800483
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+165.5864483
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+160.76604
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
Specific Function
Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Constitutively expressed in some tissues in physiological conditions, such as the endothelium, kidney and...
Gene Name
PTGS2
Uniprot ID
P35354
Uniprot Name
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
Molecular Weight
68995.625 Da
References
  1. Stichtenoth DO, Zeidler H, Frolich JC: [New non-steroidal anti-rheumatic drugs: selective inhibitors of inducible cyclooxygenase]. Med Klin (Munich). 1998 Jul 15;93(7):407-15. [Article]
  2. Schaefer MG, Plowman BK, Morreale AP, Egan M: Interaction of rofecoxib and celecoxib with warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2003 Jul 1;60(13):1319-23. [Article]
  3. Motsko SP, Rascati KL, Busti AJ, Wilson JP, Barner JC, Lawson KA, Worchel J: Temporal relationship between use of NSAIDs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors, and cardiovascular risk. Drug Saf. 2006;29(7):621-32. [Article]
  4. Josephs MD, Cheng G, Ksontini R, Moldawer LL, Hocking MP: Products of cyclooxygenase-2 catalysis regulate postoperative bowel motility. J Surg Res. 1999 Sep;86(1):50-4. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
Specific Function
Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Involved in the constitutive production of prostanoids in particular in the stomach and platelets. In gas...
Gene Name
PTGS1
Uniprot ID
P23219
Uniprot Name
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1
Molecular Weight
68685.82 Da
References
  1. Stevenson DD: Aspirin and NSAID sensitivity. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2004 Aug;24(3):491-505, vii. [Article]
  2. Schmidt A, Hescheler J, Offermanns S, Spicher K, Hinsch KD, Klinz FJ, Codina J, Birnbaumer L, Gausepohl H, Frank R, et al.: Involvement of pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins in the hormonal inhibition of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ currents in an insulin-secreting cell line (RINm5F). J Biol Chem. 1991 Sep 25;266(27):18025-33. [Article]
  3. Josephs MD, Cheng G, Ksontini R, Moldawer LL, Hocking MP: Products of cyclooxygenase-2 catalysis regulate postoperative bowel motility. J Surg Res. 1999 Sep;86(1):50-4. [Article]
  4. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]

Drug created at July 08, 2007 17:05 / Updated at September 28, 2021 21:54