Theobromine

Identification

Generic Name
Theobromine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01412
Background

Theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine) is the principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than theophylline and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9)

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 180.164
Monoisotopic: 180.06472552
Chemical Formula
C7H8N4O2
Synonyms
  • 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione
  • 3,7-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione
  • 3,7-dimethylxanthine
  • Theobromin
  • Theobromine
  • Théobromine
External IDs
  • FEMA NO. 3591
  • NSC-5039
  • SC 15090
  • SC-15090

Pharmacology

Indication

theobromine is used as a vasodilator, a diuretic, and heart stimulant. And similar to caffeine, it may be useful in management of fatigue and orthostatic hypotension.

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Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Theobromine, a xanthine derivative like caffeine and the bronchodilator theophylline, is used as a CNS stimulant, mild diuretic, and respiratory stimulant (in neonates with apnea of prematurity).

Mechanism of action

Theobromine stimulates medullary, vagal, vasomotor, and respiratory centers, promoting bradycardia, vasoconstriction, and increased respiratory rate. This action was previously believed to be due primarily to increased intracellular cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) following inhibition of phosphodiesterase, the enzyme that degrades cyclic AMP. It is now thought that xanthines such as caffeine and theobromine act as antagonist at adenosine-receptors within the plasma membrane of virtually every cell. As adenosine acts as an autocoid, inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic sites but augmenting the actions of norepinephrine or angiotensin, antagonism of adenosine receptors promotes neurotransmitter release. This explains the stimulatory effects of xanthine derivatives such as theobromine and caffeine. Blockade of the adenosine A1 receptor in the heart leads to the accelerated, pronounced "pounding" of the heart upon caffeine intake.

TargetActionsOrganism
AAdenosine receptor A1
antagonist
Humans
AAdenosine receptor A2a
antagonist
Humans
UcAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Caffeine MetabolismMetabolic
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
1,2-BenzodiazepineThe therapeutic efficacy of 1,2-Benzodiazepine can be decreased when used in combination with Theobromine.
AbacavirTheobromine may increase the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Theobromine can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Theobromine can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbirateroneThe serum concentration of Theobromine can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone.
Food Interactions
Not Available

Categories

ATC Codes
C03BD01 — TheobromineR03DA07 — TheobromineR03DA57 — Theobromine, combinations
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as xanthines. These are purine derivatives with a ketone group conjugated at carbons 2 and 6 of the purine moiety.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Imidazopyrimidines
Sub Class
Purines and purine derivatives
Direct Parent
Xanthines
Alternative Parents
6-oxopurines / Alkaloids and derivatives / Pyrimidones / N-substituted imidazoles / Vinylogous amides / Heteroaromatic compounds / Ureas / Lactams / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds
show 4 more
Substituents
6-oxopurine / Alkaloid or derivatives / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Azole / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Imidazole / Lactam / N-substituted imidazole
show 12 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
dimethylxanthine (CHEBI:28946) / Purine alkaloids (C07480) / a small molecule (3-7-DIMETHYLXANTHINE)
Affected organisms
Not Available

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
OBD445WZ5P
CAS number
83-67-0
InChI Key
YAPQBXQYLJRXSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C7H8N4O2/c1-10-3-8-5-4(10)6(12)9-7(13)11(5)2/h3H,1-2H3,(H,9,12,13)
IUPAC Name
3,7-dimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione
SMILES
CN1C=NC2=C1C(=O)NC(=O)N2C

References

Synthesis Reference

Misako Mizuno, Hiroshi Ashihara, Kouichi Mizuno, Tatsuhito Fujimura, "CAMELLIA SINENSIS GENE ENCODING A CAFFEINE SYNTHESIS ASSOCIATED N-METHYL TRANSFERASE WITH 7-METHYLXANTHINE N3 METHYL TRANSFERASE, THEOBROMINE N1 METHYL TRANSFERASE, AND PARAXANTHINE N3 METHYL TRANSFERASE ACTIVITIES AND USE THEREOF." U.S. Patent US06930227, issued August 16, 2005.

US06930227
General References
  1. Usmani OS, Belvisi MG, Patel HJ, Crispino N, Birrell MA, Korbonits M, Korbonits D, Barnes PJ: Theobromine inhibits sensory nerve activation and cough. FASEB J. 2005 Feb;19(2):231-3. Epub 2004 Nov 17. [Article]
  2. Slattery ML, West DW: Smoking, alcohol, coffee, tea, caffeine, and theobromine: risk of prostate cancer in Utah (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1993 Nov;4(6):559-63. [Article]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0002825
KEGG Compound
C07480
PubChem Compound
5429
PubChem Substance
46508574
ChemSpider
5236
BindingDB
50014260
RxNav
10437
ChEBI
28946
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1114
ZINC
ZINC000000002151
PharmGKB
PA451646
PDBe Ligand
37T
Wikipedia
Theobromine
PDB Entries
2efj / 6icq / 7vro / 7vrq
MSDS
Download (74.2 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
3CompletedTreatmentAcute Tracheobronchitis1
3CompletedTreatmentCough1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
Not Available
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)357 °CPhysProp
water solubility330 mg/L (at 25 °C)YALKOWSKY,SH & HE,Y (2003)
logP-0.78HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
pKa9.9KORTUM,G ET AL (1961)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility9.74 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-0.46ALOGPS
logP-0.77Chemaxon
logS-1.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)9.28Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-0.91Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area67.23 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count0Chemaxon
Refractivity44.93 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability16.85 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+1.0
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9902
Caco-2 permeable+0.6172
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.7281
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8939
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.911
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8807
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7738
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9117
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.5974
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9045
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9933
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9827
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9895
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9616
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9956
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.9132
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9447
BiodegradationReady biodegradable0.5942
Rat acute toxicity2.7898 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.8819
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8927
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (8.9 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-0079-7980000000-efb14ee11aad17b6b4d2
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0zgr-0900000000-87a73eda89d8ce593ee8
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-BGC-MSsplash10-001i-6900000000-7d44855bbf11e559d96e
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSGC-MSsplash10-0079-7980000000-efb14ee11aad17b6b4d2
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)MSsplash10-001i-9700000000-770b2dc556ada7d97cae
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0900000000-8d639c53ad9b2b8f508e
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-9300000000-0d20b5fe9b93b113a29e
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-014l-9000000000-55968ca3e94ce5a05cfe
MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (Unknown) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-6900000000-7d44855bbf11e559d96e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-1900000000-1932568f11357ae32f55
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-2900000000-3918185c5a4afb18f11a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0910-5900000000-b590772083f824ea0fc6
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-9400000000-c06ac99fd6e0c84d9653
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-9100000000-3802e577174b5a4acced
MS/MS Spectrum - DI-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-02a9-2900000400-2ae0058f4f5f9fc23c01
MS/MS Spectrum - , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004j-7900000000-54365e34320abc3c8f2e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-1900000000-599d34de0bc963388dc0
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-2900000000-8a0fd0cd87c35684d19f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0910-5900000000-b590772083f824ea0fc6
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-9400000000-c06ac99fd6e0c84d9653
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-9100000000-3802e577174b5a4acced
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0900000000-b1202b5f491f2aaaf542
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-01qi-0900000000-d58a783853c528b7d126
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-01b9-8900000000-d9e4a4411ab0ed3620a0
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-9200000000-3e4c74d70eb361d592a2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-9000000000-b8b687b3b9ae3c76bc63
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0900000000-9969958696e82ec648a8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-01p9-0900000000-9b6882138a54379ed1f8
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-1900000000-7a6ca221466a7b3d83d5
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0900000000-79f9d425a871d43d6a4d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0900000000-decc6b712594a13c3698
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-1900000000-3142031c4e2014173736
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0900000000-000f07dbb945f6314ca0
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a6u-3900000000-fac28841a0386e437415
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9200000000-b6972e620c715bfb805d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udl-9500000000-e38f9d412dea3d4a8dae
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum2D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-138.6849361
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-138.8836361
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-138.6400361
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-138.6053361
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-133.40092
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+139.1440361
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+138.9795361
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+139.0759361
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+138.9908361
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+135.65422
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+138.8649361
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+138.7403361
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+138.7573361
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+142.52332
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Purine nucleoside binding
Specific Function
Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase.
Gene Name
ADORA1
Uniprot ID
P30542
Uniprot Name
Adenosine receptor A1
Molecular Weight
36511.325 Da
References
  1. Chou CC, Vickroy TW: Antagonism of adenosine receptors by caffeine and caffeine metabolites in equine forebrain tissues. Am J Vet Res. 2003 Feb;64(2):216-24. [Article]
  2. Gaytan SP, Saadani-Makki F, Bodineau L, Frugiere A, Larnicol N, Pasaro R: Effect of postnatal exposure to caffeine on the pattern of adenosine A1 receptor distribution in respiration-related nuclei of the rat brainstem. Auton Neurosci. 2006 Jun 30;126-127:339-46. Epub 2006 May 15. [Article]
  3. Wang SJ: Caffeine facilitation of glutamate release from rat cerebral cortex nerve terminals (synaptosomes) through activation protein kinase C pathway: an interaction with presynaptic adenosine A1 receptors. Synapse. 2007 Jun;61(6):401-11. [Article]
  4. Rieg T, Schnermann J, Vallon V: Adenosine A1 receptors determine effects of caffeine on total fluid intake but not caffeine appetite. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Jan 26;555(2-3):174-7. Epub 2006 Oct 25. [Article]
  5. Mustafa S, Venkatesh P, Pasha K, Mullangi R, Srinivas NR: Altered intravenous pharmacokinetics of topotecan in rats with acute renal failure (ARF) induced by uranyl nitrate: do adenosine A1 antagonists (selective/non-selective) normalize the altered topotecan kinetics in ARF? Xenobiotica. 2006 Dec;36(12):1239-58. [Article]
  6. Listos J, Malec D, Fidecka S: Adenosine receptor antagonists intensify the benzodiazepine withdrawal signs in mice. Pharmacol Rep. 2006 Sep-Oct;58(5):643-51. [Article]
  7. Fisone G, Borgkvist A, Usiello A: Caffeine as a psychomotor stimulant: mechanism of action. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004 Apr;61(7-8):857-72. [Article]
  8. Daly JW, Jacobson KA, Ukena D: Adenosine receptors: development of selective agonists and antagonists. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987;230:41-63. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Identical protein binding
Specific Function
Receptor for adenosine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
Gene Name
ADORA2A
Uniprot ID
P29274
Uniprot Name
Adenosine receptor A2a
Molecular Weight
44706.925 Da
References
  1. Chou CC, Vickroy TW: Antagonism of adenosine receptors by caffeine and caffeine metabolites in equine forebrain tissues. Am J Vet Res. 2003 Feb;64(2):216-24. [Article]
  2. Riksen NP, Franke B, van den Broek P, Smits P, Rongen GA: The 1976C>T polymorphism in the adenosine A2A receptor gene does not affect the vasodilator response to adenosine in humans in vivo. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007 Jul;17(7):551-4. [Article]
  3. Zhao G, Messina E, Xu X, Ochoa M, Sun HL, Leung K, Shryock J, Belardinelli L, Hintze TH: Caffeine attenuates the duration of coronary vasodilation and changes in hemodynamics induced by regadenoson (CVT-3146), a novel adenosine A2A receptor agonist. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2007 Jun;49(6):369-75. [Article]
  4. Cornelis MC, El-Sohemy A, Campos H: Genetic polymorphism of the adenosine A2A receptor is associated with habitual caffeine consumption. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jul;86(1):240-4. [Article]
  5. Fisone G, Borgkvist A, Usiello A: Caffeine as a psychomotor stimulant: mechanism of action. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004 Apr;61(7-8):857-72. [Article]
  6. Daly JW, Jacobson KA, Ukena D: Adenosine receptors: development of selective agonists and antagonists. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987;230:41-63. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Metal ion binding
Specific Function
Hydrolyzes the second messenger cAMP, which is a key regulator of many important physiological processes. May be involved in mediating central nervous system effects of therapeutic agents ranging f...
Gene Name
PDE4B
Uniprot ID
Q07343
Uniprot Name
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B
Molecular Weight
83342.695 Da
References
  1. Essayan DM: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Nov;108(5):671-80. [Article]
  2. Fisone G, Borgkvist A, Usiello A: Caffeine as a psychomotor stimulant: mechanism of action. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004 Apr;61(7-8):857-72. [Article]
  3. Daly JW: Caffeine analogs: biomedical impact. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 Aug;64(16):2153-69. [Article]
  4. Deree J, Martins JO, Melbostad H, Loomis WH, Coimbra R: Insights into the regulation of TNF-alpha production in human mononuclear cells: the effects of non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibition. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2008 Jun;63(3):321-8. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Curator comments
Data are limited to an in vitro study.
General Function
Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID
P05177
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight
58293.76 Da
References
  1. Gates S, Miners JO: Cytochrome P450 isoform selectivity in human hepatic theobromine metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Mar;47(3):299-305. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic ...
Gene Name
CYP2E1
Uniprot ID
P05181
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2E1
Molecular Weight
56848.42 Da
References
  1. Gates S, Miners JO: Cytochrome P450 isoform selectivity in human hepatic theobromine metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Mar;47(3):299-305. [Article]

Drug created at July 17, 2007 12:41 / Updated at June 12, 2020 16:51