Identification
- Summary
Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a coenzyme form of vitamin B2 used in clinical conditions associated with vitamin B2 deficiency.
- Brand Names
- EnBrace HR, EnLyte
- Generic Name
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB03147
- Background
A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972) Flavin adenine dinucleotide is approved for use in Japan under the trade name Adeflavin as an ophthalmic treatment for vitamin B2 deficiency.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
Structure for Flavin adenine dinucleotide (DB03147)
- Weight
- Average: 785.5497
Monoisotopic: 785.157134455 - Chemical Formula
- C27H33N9O15P2
- Synonyms
- Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate), 5'-5'-ester with riboflavine
- adenosine 5'-[3-(riboflavin-5'-yl) dihydrogen diphosphate]
- FAD
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide
- Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide
- Flavine adenine dinucleotide
- Riboflavin 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), 5'-5'-ester with adenosine
- Riboflavin 5'-adenosine diphosphate
Pharmacology
- Indication
Used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin B2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis.
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- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Not Available
- Mechanism of action
Target Actions Organism UNADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial cofactorHumans Up-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase Not Available Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / PAO1 / 1C / PRS 101 / LMG 12228) UNitric oxide synthase, brain Not Available Humans UNAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 Not Available Humans Up-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase Not Available Pseudomonas fluorescens UFumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit Not Available Shewanella oneidensis (strain MR-1) UERO1-like protein beta Not Available Humans UGlutathione reductase, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UNADPH-ferredoxin reductase FprA Not Available Mycobacterium tuberculosis UNADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3 Not Available Humans UCholesterol oxidase Not Available Streptomyces sp. (strain SA-COO) UThymidylate synthase ThyX Not Available Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099) UPyruvate oxidase Not Available Lactobacillus plantarum (strain ATCC BAA-793 / NCIMB 8826 / WCFS1) UGlutathione reductase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UMonomeric sarcosine oxidase Not Available Bacillus sp. (strain B-0618) UTrypanothione reductase Not Available Trypanosoma cruzi URibosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone] Not Available Humans UIsovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase Not Available Humans UCholesterol oxidase Not Available Brevibacterium sterolicum UDihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)] Not Available Humans UD-lactate dehydrogenase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UThioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic Not Available Humans UIsobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UApoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UUDP-galactopyranose mutase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UFlavohemoprotein Not Available Cupriavidus necator (strain ATCC 17699 / H16 / DSM 428 / Stanier 337) UGlycine oxidase Not Available Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) UNADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase Not Available Humans UGlutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UMedium-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UD-amino-acid oxidase Not Available Humans UBifunctional protein PutA Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UDeoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase Not Available Thermus thermophilus (strain HB8 / ATCC 27634 / DSM 579) UAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] A Not Available Humans UShort-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UL-amino-acid oxidase Not Available Humans U2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase [NADPH] Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) U2-oxopropyl-CoM reductase, carboxylating Not Available Xanthobacter autotrophicus (strain ATCC BAA-1158 / Py2) UFumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit Not Available Shewanella frigidimarina UThioredoxin reductase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) U5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UN,N-dimethylglycine oxidase Not Available Arthrobacter globiformis UNADH peroxidase Not Available Enterococcus faecalis (strain ATCC 700802 / V583) UFerredoxin--NADP reductase Not Available Anabaena sp. (strain PCC 7119) USulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha-component Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UFerredoxin--NADP reductase Not Available Azotobacter vinelandii UAcyl-CoA dehydrogenase, short-chain specific Not Available Megasphaera elsdenii UFerredoxin reductase Not Available Pseudomonas sp. (strain KKS102) UDihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase Not Available Azotobacter vinelandii UAmine oxidase, flavin-containing protein Not Available Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (strain DC3000) UDeoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UDeoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase Not Available Synechococcus sp. (strain ATCC 27144 / PCC 6301 / SAUG 1402/1) UL-aspartate oxidase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UCryptochrome DASH Not Available Synechocystis sp. (strain PCC 6803 / Kazusa) UDihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UFumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit Not Available Shewanella frigidimarina (strain NCIMB 400) UNADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 1 Not Available Humans UOxidoreductase Not Available Brevibacterium sterolicum UAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] B Not Available Humans UNADPH:adrenodoxin oxidoreductase, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UPeroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 Not Available Humans UUDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UFAD-linked sulfhydryl oxidase ALR Not Available Humans UUDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase Not Available Staphylococcus aureus (strain MW2) UFlavohemoprotein Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UPhenol 2-hydroxylase component B Not Available Bacillus thermoglucosidasius UMethylenetetrahydrofolate reductase Not Available Thermus thermophilus UPutidaredoxin reductase Not Available Pseudomonas putida UNAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) Not Available Mycobacterium tuberculosis UUDP-galactopyranose mutase Not Available Mycobacterium tuberculosis U4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase/vinylacetyl-CoA-Delta-isomerase Not Available Clostridium aminobutyricum U4-cresol dehydrogenase [hydroxylating] flavoprotein subunit Not Available Pseudomonas putida UAlkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit F Not Available Salmonella typhimurium (strain LT2 / SGSC1412 / ATCC 700720) UOuter membrane protein p64k or PM-6 Not Available Neisseria meningitidis UGlutathione reductase Not Available Plasmodium falciparum (isolate K1 / Thailand) UPhenylacetone monooxygenase Not Available Thermobifida fusca (strain YX) UBenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase electron transfer component Not Available Acinetobacter sp. (strain ADP1) UPutative acyl-CoA dehydrogenase Not Available Thermus thermophilus (strain HB27 / ATCC BAA-163 / DSM 7039) UFkbI Not Available Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. ascomyceticus UDihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase Not Available Pseudomonas putida UDihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase Not Available Pseudomonas fluorescens UAlkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit F Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UFerredoxin--NADP reductase Not Available Nostoc sp. (strain PCC 7120 / UTEX 2576) UFerredoxin--NADP reductase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UMersacidin decarboxylase Not Available Bacillus sp. (strain HIL-Y85/54728) - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
- Not Available
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Oral mouse LD50 > 7000 mg/kg. Intravenous mouse LD50 589 mg/kg.
- Pathways
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- Avoid alcohol. Ingesting alcohol may reduce the absorption of FAD.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Flavin adenine dinucleotide disodium 67U7UHJ04C 84366-81-4 XLRHXNIVIZZOON-WFUPGROFSA-N - International/Other Brands
- Adeflavin / Flaziren
- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image PramLyte Flavin adenine dinucleotide (25 ug/1) + 1,2-docosahexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine calcium (6.4 mg/1) + 1,2-icosapentoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine calcium (800 ug/1) + Betaine (500 ug/1) + Citric acid monohydrate (1.83 mg/1) + Cobamamide (50 ug/1) + Cocarboxylase (25 ug/1) + Escitalopram oxalate (10 mg/1) + Ferrous cysteine glycinate (13.6 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Leucovorin (2.5 mg/1) + Levomefolate magnesium (7 mg/1) + Magnesium ascorbate (24 mg/1) + NADH (25 ug/1) + Phosphatidyl serine (12 mg/1) + Pyridoxal phosphate (25 ug/1) + Sodium citrate (3.67 mg/1) + Zinc ascorbate (1 mg/1) Kit Oral Allegis Pharmaceuticals, LLC 2015-09-11 2016-01-04 US 
- Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image BumP DHA Flavin adenine dinucleotide (1 mg/1) + Cobamamide (500 mg/1) + Flavin mononucleotide (2 mg/1) + Iron (15 mg/1) + Leucovorin (1 mg/1) + Levomefolate magnesium (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (125 mg/1) + NADH (25 ug/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (300 mg/1) + Potassium Iodide (250 ug/1) + Pyridoxal phosphate (5 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Zinc glycinate (15 1/1) Capsule Oral Centurion Labs 2017-03-24 2017-04-17 US EnBrace HR Flavin adenine dinucleotide (25 ug/1) + 1,2-docosahexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine calcium (6.4 mg/1) + 1,2-icosapentoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine calcium (800 ug/1) + Betaine (500 ug/1) + Cobamamide (50 ug/1) + Cocarboxylase (25 ug/1) + Ferrous cysteine glycinate (13.6 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium L-threonate (1 mg/1) + Leucovorin (2.5 mg/1) + Levomefolate magnesium (5.23 mg/1) + Magnesium ascorbate (24 mg/1) + NADH (25 ug/1) + Phosphatidyl serine (12 mg/1) + Pyridoxal phosphate (25 ug/1) + Zinc ascorbate (1 mg/1) Capsule, delayed release pellets Oral Jaymac Pharma 2011-08-12 Not applicable US
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues
- Class
- Flavin nucleotides
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- Flavin nucleotides
- Alternative Parents
- (3'->5')-dinucleotides / Purine ribonucleoside diphosphates / Purine ribonucleoside monophosphates / Flavins / Pentose phosphates / Glycosylamines / 6-aminopurines / Quinoxalines / Monosaccharide phosphates / Organic pyrophosphates show 19 more
- Substituents
- (3'->5')-dinucleotide / (3'->5')-dinucleotide or analogue / 6-aminopurine / Alcohol / Alkyl phosphate / Amine / Aminopyrimidine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Azole show 44 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- flavin adenine dinucleotide (CHEBI:16238)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- ZC44YTI8KK
- CAS number
- 146-14-5
- InChI Key
- VWWQXMAJTJZDQX-UYBVJOGSSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C27H33N9O15P2/c1-10-3-12-13(4-11(10)2)35(24-18(32-12)25(42)34-27(43)33-24)5-14(37)19(39)15(38)6-48-52(44,45)51-53(46,47)49-7-16-20(40)21(41)26(50-16)36-9-31-17-22(28)29-8-30-23(17)36/h3-4,8-9,14-16,19-21,26,37-41H,5-7H2,1-2H3,(H,44,45)(H,46,47)(H2,28,29,30)(H,34,42,43)/t14-,15+,16+,19-,20+,21+,26+/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- {[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}[({[(2R,3S,4S)-5-{7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-2H,3H,4H,10H-benzo[g]pteridin-10-yl}-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl]oxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphinic acid
- SMILES
- CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)N1C=NC3=C1N=CN=C3N)C1=NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=N2
References
- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0001248
- KEGG Drug
- D00005
- KEGG Compound
- C00016
- PubChem Compound
- 643975
- PubChem Substance
- 46508543
- ChemSpider
- 559059
- 1314412
- ChEBI
- 16238
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1232653
- ZINC
- ZINC000008215434
- PDBe Ligand
- FAD
- Wikipedia
- Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide
- PDB Entries
- 1a8p / 1ahv / 1ahz / 1amo / 1an9 / 1aog / 1b2r / 1b37 / 1b4v / 1b5q … show 2749 more
- MSDS
- Download (692 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Withdrawn Treatment Menstrual Related Mood Disorder / Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) / Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) / Premenstrual tension with edema 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule Oral Capsule, liquid filled Oral Capsule, delayed release pellets Oral Kit Oral - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 4.25 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -0.78 ALOGPS logP -4.8 Chemaxon logS -2.3 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 1.85 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 4.89 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 19 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 9 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 356.42 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 13 Chemaxon Refractivity 177.43 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 70.53 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 6 Chemaxon Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption - 0.6156 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.5 Caco-2 permeable - 0.6995 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.6464 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.7931 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9705 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9561 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8093 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8312 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.5632 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.8426 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8818 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8636 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.872 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.7323 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.8967 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.8242 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8105 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9965 Rat acute toxicity 2.5009 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9501 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.578
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (â„«2) Source type Source [M-H]- 277.5674337 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 273.0312337 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 293.8611337 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 243.13689 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 277.4043337 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 273.2360337 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 244.86061 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 275.9832337 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 272.8946337 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 251.18956 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Protein complex binding
- Specific Function
- Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons ...
- Gene Name
- NDUFA9
- Uniprot ID
- Q16795
- Uniprot Name
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 42509.18 Da
References
- Bhatia C, Oerum S, Bray J, Kavanagh KL, Shafqat N, Yue W, Oppermann U: Towards a systematic analysis of human short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR): Ligand identification and structure-activity relationships. Chem Biol Interact. 2015 Jun 5;234:114-25. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.013. Epub 2014 Dec 16. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / PAO1 / 1C / PRS 101 / LMG 12228)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Monooxygenase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- pobA
- Uniprot ID
- P20586
- Uniprot Name
- p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase
- Molecular Weight
- 44323.175 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Tetrahydrobiopterin binding
- Specific Function
- Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is a messenger molecule with diverse functions throughout the body. In the brain and peripheral nervous system, NO displays many properties of a neurotransmitter. P...
- Gene Name
- NOS1
- Uniprot ID
- P29475
- Uniprot Name
- Nitric oxide synthase, brain
- Molecular Weight
- 160969.095 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Superoxide dismutase activity
- Specific Function
- The enzyme apparently serves as a quinone reductase in connection with conjugation reactions of hydroquinons involved in detoxification pathways as well as in biosynthetic processes such as the vit...
- Gene Name
- NQO1
- Uniprot ID
- P15559
- Uniprot Name
- NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1
- Molecular Weight
- 30867.405 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Pseudomonas fluorescens
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Fad binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- pobA
- Uniprot ID
- P00438
- Uniprot Name
- p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase
- Molecular Weight
- 44321.205 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Shewanella oneidensis (strain MR-1)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Succinate dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes fumarate reduction using artificial electron donors such as methyl viologen. The physiological reductant is unknown, but evidence indicates that flavocytochrome c participates in electron...
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- P83223
- Uniprot Name
- Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 62447.475 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Unfolded protein binding
- Specific Function
- Oxidoreductase involved in disulfide bond formation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Efficiently reoxidizes P4HB/PDI, the enzyme catalyzing protein disulfide formation, in order to allow P4HB to susta...
- Gene Name
- ERO1B
- Uniprot ID
- Q86YB8
- Uniprot Name
- ERO1-like protein beta
- Molecular Weight
- 53542.62 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nadp binding
- Specific Function
- Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol.
- Gene Name
- GSR
- Uniprot ID
- P00390
- Uniprot Name
- Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 56256.565 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- May serve as electron transfer protein and supply electrons to P450 systems.
- Specific Function
- Ferredoxin-nad+ reductase activity
- Gene Name
- fprA
- Uniprot ID
- P9WIQ3
- Uniprot Name
- NADPH-ferredoxin reductase FprA
- Molecular Weight
- 49340.605 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nad binding
- Specific Function
- Desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, cholesterol biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and, in erythrocyte, methemoglobin reduction.
- Gene Name
- CYB5R3
- Uniprot ID
- P00387
- Uniprot Name
- NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3
- Molecular Weight
- 34234.55 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Streptomyces sp. (strain SA-COO)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Steroid delta-isomerase activity
- Specific Function
- Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of the 3-beta-hydroxy group of cholesterol and the isomerization of the double bond of the resulting product.
- Gene Name
- choA
- Uniprot ID
- P12676
- Uniprot Name
- Cholesterol oxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 58993.275 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermotoga maritima (strain ATCC 43589 / MSB8 / DSM 3109 / JCM 10099)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Thymidylate synthase (fad) activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the formation of dTMP and tetrahydrofolate from dUMP and methylenetetrahydrofolate.
- Gene Name
- thyX
- Uniprot ID
- Q9WYT0
- Uniprot Name
- Thymidylate synthase ThyX
- Molecular Weight
- 26003.785 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Lactobacillus plantarum (strain ATCC BAA-793 / NCIMB 8826 / WCFS1)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Thiamine pyrophosphate binding
- Specific Function
- Important for the aerobic growth. Decarboxylates pyruvate in four steps. The energy released is partially stored in acetyl phosphate.
- Gene Name
- pox5
- Uniprot ID
- P37063
- Uniprot Name
- Pyruvate oxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 66110.5 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nadp binding
- Specific Function
- Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol.
- Gene Name
- gor
- Uniprot ID
- P06715
- Uniprot Name
- Glutathione reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 48772.195 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus sp. (strain B-0618)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Sarcosine oxidase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of sarcosine. Can also oxidize other secondary amino acids such as N-methyl-L-alanine.
- Gene Name
- soxA
- Uniprot ID
- P40859
- Uniprot Name
- Monomeric sarcosine oxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 43181.395 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Trypanosoma cruzi
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Trypanothione-disulfide reductase activity
- Specific Function
- Trypanothione is the parasite analog of glutathione; this enzyme is the equivalent of glutathione reductase.
- Gene Name
- TPR
- Uniprot ID
- P28593
- Uniprot Name
- Trypanothione reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 53867.475 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nadph dehydrogenase (quinone) activity
- Specific Function
- The enzyme apparently serves as a quinone reductase in connection with conjugation reactions of hydroquinones involved in detoxification pathways as well as in biosynthetic processes such as the vi...
- Gene Name
- NQO2
- Uniprot ID
- P16083
- Uniprot Name
- Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone]
- Molecular Weight
- 25918.4 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on the ch-ch group of donors, with a flavin as acceptor
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- IVD
- Uniprot ID
- P26440
- Uniprot Name
- Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 46319.05 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Xanthine oxidase activity
- Specific Function
- Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Ha...
- Gene Name
- XDH
- Uniprot ID
- P47989
- Uniprot Name
- Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 146422.99 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Brevibacterium sterolicum
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Steroid delta-isomerase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the oxidation and isomerization of cholesterol to cholestenone (4-cholesten-3-one), which is an initial step in the cholesterol degradation process.
- Gene Name
- choB
- Uniprot ID
- P22637
- Uniprot Name
- Cholesterol oxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 59357.765 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- Involved in pyrimidine base degradation. Catalyzes the reduction of uracil and thymine. Also involved the degradation of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil.
- Gene Name
- DPYD
- Uniprot ID
- Q12882
- Uniprot Name
- Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)]
- Molecular Weight
- 111400.32 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on the ch-oh group of donors, quinone or similar compound as acceptor
- Specific Function
- First component of the membrane-bound D-lactate oxidase, which is believed to play an important role in the energization of the active transport of a variety of sugars and amino acids.
- Gene Name
- dld
- Uniprot ID
- P06149
- Uniprot Name
- D-lactate dehydrogenase
- Molecular Weight
- 64611.82 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Thioredoxin-disulfide reductase activity
- Specific Function
- Isoform 1 may possess glutaredoxin activity as well as thioredoxin reductase activity and induces actin and tubulin polymerization, leading to formation of cell membrane protrusions. Isoform 4 enha...
- Gene Name
- TXNRD1
- Uniprot ID
- Q16881
- Uniprot Name
- Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic
- Molecular Weight
- 70905.58 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on the ch-ch group of donors, with a flavin as acceptor
- Specific Function
- Has very high activity toward isobutyryl-CoA. Is an isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase that functions in valine catabolism. Plays a role in transcriptional coactivation within the ARC complex.
- Gene Name
- ACAD8
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UKU7
- Uniprot Name
- Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 45069.39 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on nad(p)h
- Specific Function
- Functions both as NADH oxidoreductase and as regulator of apoptosis. In response to apoptotic stimuli, it is released from the mitochondrion intermembrane space into the cytosol and to the nucleus,...
- Gene Name
- AIFM1
- Uniprot ID
- O95831
- Uniprot Name
- Apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 66900.09 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Udp-galactopyranose mutase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the interconversion through a 2-keto intermediate of uridine diphosphogalactopyranose (UDP-GalP) into uridine diphosphogalactofuranose (UDP-GalF).
- Gene Name
- glf
- Uniprot ID
- P37747
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-galactopyranose mutase
- Molecular Weight
- 42965.62 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Cupriavidus necator (strain ATCC 17699 / H16 / DSM 428 / Stanier 337)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Is involved in NO detoxification in an aerobic process, termed nitric oxide dioxygenase (NOD) reaction that utilizes O(2) and NAD(P)H to convert NO to nitrate, which protects the bacterium from var...
- Gene Name
- hmp
- Uniprot ID
- P39662
- Uniprot Name
- Flavohemoprotein
- Molecular Weight
- 44781.75 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus subtilis (strain 168)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Glycine oxidase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the FAD-dependent oxidative deamination of various amines and D-amino acids to yield the corresponding alpha-keto acids, ammonia/amine, and hydrogen peroxide. Oxidizes sarcosine (N-methyl...
- Gene Name
- thiO
- Uniprot ID
- O31616
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine oxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 40936.53 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, nad(p)h as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
- Specific Function
- This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5.
- Gene Name
- POR
- Uniprot ID
- P16435
- Uniprot Name
- NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 76689.12 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on the ch-ch group of donors, with a flavin as acceptor
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of glutaryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA and CO(2) in the degradative pathway of L-lysine, L-hydroxylysine, and L-tryptophan metabolism. It uses electron transfer fla...
- Gene Name
- GCDH
- Uniprot ID
- Q92947
- Uniprot Name
- Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 48126.715 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on the ch-ch group of donors, with a flavin as acceptor
- Specific Function
- Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase specific for acyl chain lengths of 4 to 16 that catalyzes the initial step of fatty acid beta-oxidation. Utilizes the electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) as an electron acce...
- Gene Name
- ACADM
- Uniprot ID
- P11310
- Uniprot Name
- Medium-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 46587.98 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Receptor binding
- Specific Function
- Regulates the level of the neuromodulator D-serine in the brain. Has high activity towards D-DOPA and contributes to dopamine synthesis. Could act as a detoxifying agent which removes D-amino acids...
- Gene Name
- DAO
- Uniprot ID
- P14920
- Uniprot Name
- D-amino-acid oxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 39473.75 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transcriptional repressor activity, bacterial-type rna polymerase core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
- Specific Function
- Oxidizes proline to glutamate for use as a carbon and nitrogen source and also function as a transcriptional repressor of the put operon.
- Gene Name
- putA
- Uniprot ID
- P09546
- Uniprot Name
- Bifunctional protein PutA
- Molecular Weight
- 143813.665 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermus thermophilus (strain HB8 / ATCC 27634 / DSM 579)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- Involved in repair of UV radiation-induced DNA damage. Catalyzes the light-dependent monomerization (300-600 nm) of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers (in cis-syn configuration), which are formed between...
- Gene Name
- phr
- Uniprot ID
- P61497
- Uniprot Name
- Deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase
- Molecular Weight
- 47900.455 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Serotonin binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and has important functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral...
- Gene Name
- MAOA
- Uniprot ID
- P21397
- Uniprot Name
- Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A
- Molecular Weight
- 59681.27 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- Introduces a double bond at position 2 in saturated acyl-CoA's of short chain length, i.e. less than 6 carbon atoms.
- Gene Name
- ACADS
- Uniprot ID
- P16219
- Uniprot Name
- Short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 44296.705 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- L-amino-acid oxidase activity
- Specific Function
- Lysosomal L-amino-acid oxidase with highest specific activity with phenylalanine. May play a role in lysosomal antigen processing and presentation (By similarity).
- Gene Name
- IL4I1
- Uniprot ID
- Q96RQ9
- Uniprot Name
- L-amino-acid oxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 62880.52 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nadph dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the NADP-dependent reduction of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA to yield trans-2- enoyl-CoA.
- Gene Name
- fadH
- Uniprot ID
- P42593
- Uniprot Name
- 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase [NADPH]
- Molecular Weight
- 72677.545 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Xanthobacter autotrophicus (strain ATCC BAA-1158 / Py2)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the reductive cleavage of the thioether linkage of 2-ketopropyl-coenzyme M, and the subsequent carboxylation of the ketopropyl cleavage product, yielding the products acetoacetate and fre...
- Gene Name
- xecC
- Uniprot ID
- Q56839
- Uniprot Name
- 2-oxopropyl-CoM reductase, carboxylating
- Molecular Weight
- 57347.19 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Shewanella frigidimarina
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Succinate dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes fumarate reduction using artificial electron donors such as methyl viologen. The physiological reductant is unknown, but evidence indicates that flavocytochrome c participates in electron...
- Gene Name
- fccA
- Uniprot ID
- P0C278
- Uniprot Name
- Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 60620.95 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Thioredoxin-disulfide reductase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- trxB
- Uniprot ID
- P0A9P4
- Uniprot Name
- Thioredoxin reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 34622.76 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (nad(p)h) activity
- Specific Function
- Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase required to generate the methyl groups necessary for methionine synthetase to convert homocysteine to methionine.
- Gene Name
- metF
- Uniprot ID
- P0AEZ1
- Uniprot Name
- 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 33102.375 Da
References
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Arthrobacter globiformis
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of N,N-dimethylglycine to yield sarcosine, formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. The oxidation of dimethylglycine is coupled to the synthesis of 5,10-methylenete...
- Gene Name
- dmg
- Uniprot ID
- Q9AGP8
- Uniprot Name
- Dimethylglycine oxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 89983.935 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Enterococcus faecalis (strain ATCC 700802 / V583)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nadh peroxidase activity
- Specific Function
- Peroxidase whose active site is a redox-active cysteine-sulfenic acid.
- Gene Name
- npr
- Uniprot ID
- P37062
- Uniprot Name
- NADH peroxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 49565.17 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Anabaena sp. (strain PCC 7119)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nadp binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- petH
- Uniprot ID
- P21890
- Uniprot Name
- Ferredoxin--NADP reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 48865.145 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Sulfite reductase (nadph) activity
- Specific Function
- Component of the sulfite reductase complex that catalyzes the 6-electron reduction of sulfite to sulfide. This is one of several activities required for the biosynthesis of L-cysteine from sulfate....
- Gene Name
- cysJ
- Uniprot ID
- P38038
- Uniprot Name
- Sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha-component
- Molecular Weight
- 66269.23 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Azotobacter vinelandii
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Ferredoxin-nadp+ reductase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- fpr
- Uniprot ID
- Q44532
- Uniprot Name
- Ferredoxin--NADP reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 29416.405 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Megasphaera elsdenii
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- Has an optimum specificity for 4-carbon length fatty acyl-CoAs.
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q06319
- Uniprot Name
- Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, short-chain specific
- Molecular Weight
- 41407.87 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Pseudomonas sp. (strain KKS102)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- bphA4
- Uniprot ID
- Q52437
- Uniprot Name
- Ferredoxin reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 43172.815 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Azotobacter vinelandii
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihy...
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- P18925
- Uniprot Name
- Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
- Molecular Weight
- 49566.78 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (strain DC3000)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q888A4
- Uniprot Name
- Amine oxidase, flavin-containing protein
- Molecular Weight
- 35839.285 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- Involved in repair of UV radiation-induced DNA damage. Catalyzes the light-dependent monomerization (300-600 nm) of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers (in cis-syn configuration), which are formed between...
- Gene Name
- phrB
- Uniprot ID
- P00914
- Uniprot Name
- Deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase
- Molecular Weight
- 53666.505 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Synechococcus sp. (strain ATCC 27144 / PCC 6301 / SAUG 1402/1)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- Involved in repair of UV radiation-induced DNA damage. Catalyzes the light-dependent monomerization (300-600 nm) of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers (in cis-syn configuration), which are formed between...
- Gene Name
- phr
- Uniprot ID
- P05327
- Uniprot Name
- Deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase
- Molecular Weight
- 54461.235 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- L-aspartate:fumarate oxidoreductase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the oxidation of L-aspartate to iminoaspartate.
- Gene Name
- nadB
- Uniprot ID
- P10902
- Uniprot Name
- L-aspartate oxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 60336.885 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Synechocystis sp. (strain PCC 6803 / Kazusa)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Dna photolyase activity
- Specific Function
- May have a photoreceptor function. Binds DNA; represses transcription of at least 8 genes, including slr0364 and slr1866. Does not encode a DNA photolyase function. Its disruption does not affect c...
- Gene Name
- cry
- Uniprot ID
- P77967
- Uniprot Name
- Cryptochrome DASH
- Molecular Weight
- 57039.58 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nad binding
- Specific Function
- Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the glycine cleavage system as well as of the alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. Involved in the hyperactivation of spermatazoa during capacitation an...
- Gene Name
- DLD
- Uniprot ID
- P09622
- Uniprot Name
- Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 54176.91 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Shewanella frigidimarina (strain NCIMB 400)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Succinate dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes unidirectional fumarate reduction using artificial electron donors such as methyl viologen. The physiological reductant is unknown.
- Gene Name
- ifcA
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Z4P0
- Uniprot Name
- Fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 62946.005 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Cytochrome-b5 reductase activity, acting on nad(p)h
- Specific Function
- NADH-cytochrome b5 reductases are involved in desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, cholesterol biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and, in erythrocyte, methemoglobin reduction.
- Gene Name
- CYB5R1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UHQ9
- Uniprot Name
- NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 34094.57 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Brevibacterium sterolicum
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on ch-oh group of donors
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q7SID9
- Uniprot Name
- Oxidoreductase
- Molecular Weight
- 61519.03 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Primary amine oxidase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and has important functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral...
- Gene Name
- MAOB
- Uniprot ID
- P27338
- Uniprot Name
- Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B
- Molecular Weight
- 58762.475 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nadph-adrenodoxin reductase activity
- Specific Function
- Serves as the first electron transfer protein in all the mitochondrial P450 systems. Including cholesterol side chain cleavage in all steroidogenic tissues, steroid 11-beta hydroxylation in the adr...
- Gene Name
- FDXR
- Uniprot ID
- P22570
- Uniprot Name
- NADPH:adrenodoxin oxidoreductase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 53836.36 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Receptor binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the desaturation of acyl-CoAs to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs. Isoform 1 shows highest activity against medium-chain fatty acyl-CoAs and activity decreases with increasing chain length. Isoform 2 i...
- Gene Name
- ACOX1
- Uniprot ID
- Q15067
- Uniprot Name
- Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 74423.035 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Udp-n-acetylmuramate dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function
- Cell wall formation.
- Gene Name
- murB
- Uniprot ID
- P08373
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 37850.835 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Thiol oxidase activity
- Specific Function
- Isoform 1: FAD-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase that regenerates the redox-active disulfide bonds in CHCHD4/MIA40, a chaperone essential for disulfide bond formation and protein folding in the mitochon...
- Gene Name
- GFER
- Uniprot ID
- P55789
- Uniprot Name
- FAD-linked sulfhydryl oxidase ALR
- Molecular Weight
- 23448.95 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Staphylococcus aureus (strain MW2)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Udp-n-acetylmuramate dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function
- Cell wall formation.
- Gene Name
- murB
- Uniprot ID
- P61432
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 33797.18 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxygen transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Is involved in NO detoxification in an aerobic process, termed nitric oxide dioxygenase (NOD) reaction that utilizes O(2) and NAD(P)H to convert NO to nitrate, which protects the bacterium from var...
- Gene Name
- hmp
- Uniprot ID
- P24232
- Uniprot Name
- Flavohemoprotein
- Molecular Weight
- 43867.385 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus thermoglucosidasius
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- pheA2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9LAG2
- Uniprot Name
- Phenol 2-hydroxylase component B
- Molecular Weight
- 17658.25 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermus thermophilus
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- metF
- Uniprot ID
- Q9RA47
- Uniprot Name
- Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 25475.8 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Pseudomonas putida
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity
- Specific Function
- The oxidation of camphor by cytochrome P450-CAM requires the participation of a flavoprotein, putidaredoxin reductase, and an iron-sulfur protein, putidaredoxin, to mediate the transfer of electron...
- Gene Name
- camA
- Uniprot ID
- P16640
- Uniprot Name
- Putidaredoxin reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 45578.655 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- May contribute to virulence by increasing resistance to reactive oxygen intermediates. It can reduce 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ), 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthaquinone (5-HNQ) and menadione. NADPH is the physiological reductant rather than NADH.
- Specific Function
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
- Gene Name
- lpdA
- Uniprot ID
- P9WHH7
- Uniprot Name
- NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)
- Molecular Weight
- 51488.44 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Catalyzes the interconversion through a 2-keto intermediate of uridine diphosphogalactopyranose (UDP-GalP) into uridine diphosphogalactofuranose (UDP-GalF) which is a key building block for cell wall construction in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Specific Function
- Udp-galactopyranose mutase activity
- Gene Name
- glf
- Uniprot ID
- P9WIQ1
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-galactopyranose mutase
- Molecular Weight
- 45814.07 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Clostridium aminobutyricum
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Vinylacetyl-coa delta-isomerase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the reversible conversion of 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA. The mechanism of the reaction seems to go through three steps: (1) the FAD-dependent oxidation of 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA t...
- Gene Name
- abfD
- Uniprot ID
- P55792
- Uniprot Name
- 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase/vinylacetyl-CoA-Delta-isomerase
- Molecular Weight
- 54421.685 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Pseudomonas putida
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on ch-oh group of donors
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- pchF
- Uniprot ID
- P09788
- Uniprot Name
- 4-cresol dehydrogenase [hydroxylating] flavoprotein subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 57944.95 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Salmonella typhimurium (strain LT2 / SGSC1412 / ATCC 700720)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity
- Specific Function
- Serves to protect the cell against DNA damage by alkyl hydroperoxides. It can use either NADH or NADPH as electron donor for direct reduction of redox dyes or of alkyl hydroperoxides when combined ...
- Gene Name
- ahpF
- Uniprot ID
- P19480
- Uniprot Name
- Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit F
- Molecular Weight
- 55949.41 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- m-6
- Uniprot ID
- Q51225
- Uniprot Name
- Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
- Molecular Weight
- 61882.415 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Plasmodium falciparum (isolate K1 / Thailand)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Glutathione-disulfide reductase activity
- Specific Function
- Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol.
- Gene Name
- GR2
- Uniprot ID
- Q94655
- Uniprot Name
- Glutathione reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 56560.695 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermobifida fusca (strain YX)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Phenylacetone monooxygenase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction, i.e. the insertion of an oxygen atom into a carbon-carbon bond adjacent to a carbonyl, which converts ketones to esters. Is most efficient with pheny...
- Gene Name
- pamO
- Uniprot ID
- Q47PU3
- Uniprot Name
- Phenylacetone monooxygenase
- Molecular Weight
- 61123.225 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Acinetobacter sp. (strain ADP1)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function
- Electron transfer component of benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase system.
- Gene Name
- benC
- Uniprot ID
- P07771
- Uniprot Name
- Benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase electron transfer component
- Molecular Weight
- 38782.465 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Thermus thermophilus (strain HB27 / ATCC BAA-163 / DSM 7039)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q72JJ3
- Uniprot Name
- Putative acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- Molecular Weight
- 42159.22 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. ascomyceticus
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- fkbI
- Uniprot ID
- Q9KIE5
- Uniprot Name
- FkbI
- Molecular Weight
- 38183.945 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Pseudomonas putida
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- The branched-chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to acyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of 3 enzymatic components: branched-chain...
- Gene Name
- lpdV
- Uniprot ID
- P09063
- Uniprot Name
- Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
- Molecular Weight
- 48158.33 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Pseudomonas fluorescens
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
- Specific Function
- The branched-chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to acyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of 3 enzymatic components: branched-chain...
- Gene Name
- lpd
- Uniprot ID
- P14218
- Uniprot Name
- Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
- Molecular Weight
- 50150.535 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity
- Specific Function
- Serves to protect the cell against DNA damage by alkyl hydroperoxides. It can use either NADH or NADPH as electron donor for direct reduction of redox dyes or of alkyl hydroperoxides when combined ...
- Gene Name
- ahpF
- Uniprot ID
- P35340
- Uniprot Name
- Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit F
- Molecular Weight
- 56176.63 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Nostoc sp. (strain PCC 7120 / UTEX 2576)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Ferredoxin-nadp+ reductase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- petH
- Uniprot ID
- P58558
- Uniprot Name
- Ferredoxin--NADP reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 48838.075 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity
- Specific Function
- Transports electrons between flavodoxin or ferredoxin and NADPH. Involved in the reductive activation of cobalamin-independent methionine synthase, pyruvate formate lyase and anaerobic ribonucleoti...
- Gene Name
- fpr
- Uniprot ID
- P28861
- Uniprot Name
- Ferredoxin--NADP reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 27750.735 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus sp. (strain HIL-Y85/54728)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of the C-terminal cysteine residue of mersacidin to an aminoenethiol residue.
- Gene Name
- mrsD
- Uniprot ID
- Q9RC23
- Uniprot Name
- Mersacidin decarboxylase
- Molecular Weight
- 21677.045 Da
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Primary amine oxidase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and has important functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral...
- Gene Name
- MAOB
- Uniprot ID
- P27338
- Uniprot Name
- Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B
- Molecular Weight
- 58762.475 Da
References
- Edmondson DE, Binda C, Mattevi A: The FAD binding sites of human monoamine oxidases A and B. Neurotoxicology. 2004 Jan;25(1-2):63-72. doi: 10.1016/S0161-813X(03)00114-1. [Article]
- Edmondson DE, Newton-Vinson P: The covalent FAD of monoamine oxidase: structural and functional role and mechanism of the flavinylation reaction. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2001 Oct;3(5):789-806. doi: 10.1089/15230860152664984. [Article]
- Guerin JF, Ouhibi N, Regnier-Vigouroux G, Menezo Y: Movement characteristics and hyperactivation of human sperm on different epithelial cell monolayers. Int J Androl. 1991 Dec;14(6):412-22. [Article]
- Gerlach M, Riederer P, Youdim MB: The molecular pharmacology of L-deprenyl. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Jun 5;226(2):97-108. doi: 10.1016/0922-4106(92)90170-z. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 19, 2024 14:27