NAV

Trioxsalen

Identification

Summary

Trioxsalen is a psoralen derivative that has been used in combination with UV light to treat vitiligo, but has been discontinued by its manufacturer.

Generic Name
Trioxsalen
DrugBank Accession Number
DB04571
Background

Trioxsalen (trimethylpsoralen, trioxysalen or trisoralen) is a furanocoumarin and a psoralen derivative obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. Like other psoralens it causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A (the least damaging form of ultraviolet light) for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and hand eczema. The photoactivated form produces interstrand linkages in DNA resulting in cell apoptosis. In research it can be conjugated to dyes for confocal microscopy and used to visualize sites of DNA damage.[3] The compound is has been explored for development of antisense oligonucleotides that can be cross-linked specifically to a mutant mRNA sequence without affecting normal transcripts differing at even a single base pair.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
3D
Similar Structures
Weight
Average: 228.2433
Monoisotopic: 228.07864425
Chemical Formula
C14H12O3
Synonyms
  • 2',4,8-Trimethylpsoralen
  • 4,5',8-Trimethylpsoralen
  • 4,8,5'-Trimethylpsoralen
  • 6-hydroxy-β,2,7-trimethyl-5-benzofuranacrylic acid, δ-lactone
  • Trimethylpsoralen
  • Trioxisaleno
  • Trioxsalen
  • Trioxysalen
  • Trioxysalene
  • Trioxysalenum
  • Trisoralen
External IDs
  • NSC-71047
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Pharmacology

Indication

Trioxsalen is a pigmenting photosensitizing agent used in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.

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Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Trioxsalen ispharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight it is converted to its active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue.

Mechanism of action

After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, which can cause programmed cell death.

TargetActionsOrganism
ADNA
cross-linking/alkylation
Humans
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software
AcetohexamideThe therapeutic efficacy of Acetohexamide can be increased when used in combination with Trioxsalen.
ChlorpropamideThe therapeutic efficacy of Chlorpropamide can be increased when used in combination with Trioxsalen.
DexmethylphenidateThe serum concentration of the active metabolites of Trioxsalen can be increased when Trioxsalen is used in combination with Dexmethylphenidate.
DiazoxideThe serum concentration of Trioxsalen can be increased when it is combined with Diazoxide.
DoxycyclineThe therapeutic efficacy of Trioxsalen can be increased when used in combination with Doxycycline.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid foods high in furanocoumarins. Eating these foods while you are taking trioxsalen may increase your skin's sensitivity to sunlight. Examples include limes, figs, parsley, parsnips, mustard, carrots, and celery.

Products

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Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Trisoralen Tab 5mgTablet5 mgOralIcn Pharmaceuticals1993-12-312005-04-26Canada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
D05BA01 — TrioxysalenD05AD01 — Trioxysalen
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
Class
Coumarins and derivatives
Sub Class
Furanocoumarins
Direct Parent
Psoralens
Alternative Parents
1-benzopyrans / Benzofurans / Pyranones and derivatives / Benzenoids / Heteroaromatic compounds / Furans / Lactones / Oxacyclic compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Organic oxides
show 1 more
Substituents
1-benzopyran / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Benzenoid / Benzofuran / Benzopyran / Furan / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Lactone / Organic oxide
show 7 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
psoralens (CHEBI:28329) / Furanocoumarins (C09314)
Affected organisms
Not Available

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
Y6UY8OV51T
CAS number
3902-71-4
InChI Key
FMHHVULEAZTJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C14H12O3/c1-7-4-12(15)17-14-9(3)13-10(6-11(7)14)5-8(2)16-13/h4-6H,1-3H3
IUPAC Name
2,5,9-trimethyl-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one
SMILES
CC1=CC2=CC3=C(OC(=O)C=C3C)C(C)=C2O1

References

General References
  1. van Coevorden AM, Kamphof WG, van Sonderen E, Bruynzeel DP, Coenraads PJ: Comparison of oral psoralen-UV-A with a portable tanning unit at home vs hospital-administered bath psoralen-UV-A in patients with chronic hand eczema: an open-label randomized controlled trial of efficacy. Arch Dermatol. 2004 Dec;140(12):1463-6. [Article]
  2. Thazhathveetil AK, Liu ST, Indig FE, Seidman MM: Psoralen conjugates for visualization of genomic interstrand cross-links localized by laser photoactivation. Bioconjug Chem. 2007 Mar-Apr;18(2):431-7. [Article]
  3. Higuchi M, Yamayoshi A, Kobori A, Yamaoka T, Murakami A: Synthesis and properties of photo-reactive antisense oligonucleotides containing 2'-O-psoralen-conjugated adenosine. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf). 2005;(49):331-2. [Article]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015575
KEGG Drug
D01034
KEGG Compound
C09314
PubChem Compound
5585
PubChem Substance
46508755
ChemSpider
5383
BindingDB
50240033
RxNav
10844
ChEBI
28329
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1475
ZINC
ZINC000000002226
PharmGKB
PA164747186
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Trioxsalen

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Pill
TabletOral5 mg
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)234.5 °CPhysProp
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0627 mg/mLALOGPS
logP3.26ALOGPS
logP2.95Chemaxon
logS-3.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2.8Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area39.44 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count0Chemaxon
Refractivity64.86 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability24.77 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings3Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9972
Blood Brain Barrier+0.948
Caco-2 permeable+0.6552
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.6143
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.5919
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.8382
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8471
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7878
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8831
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.6234
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.9217
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8415
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.7328
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorInhibitor0.6141
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.6083
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.8038
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9169
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.8998
Rat acute toxicity1.6608 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9098
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.9549
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (8.79 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0h10-0960000000-966d52d94de4b47d3acd
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0090000000-4c12b8ca5235a37e20b6
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0190000000-c59336bc58b29152e955
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0090000000-cdc2f86517847c70c7a6
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0190000000-b5b18981adcd5409922e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01pa-0910000000-5d564225760be9914f3f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-057i-1950000000-df526964e38f4d627aed
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-159.7991539
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-159.9132539
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-159.4166539
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-153.46445
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+159.9808539
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+160.5062539
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+160.5301539
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+155.82245
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+160.2402539
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+160.2212539
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+160.4012539
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+161.91557
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Details1. DNA
Kind
Nucleotide
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Cross-linking/alkylation
DNA is the molecule of heredity, as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. It is a polynucleic acid that carries genetic information on cell growth, division, and function. DNA consists of two long strands of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds. The sequence of nucleotides determines hereditary characteristics. Each strand serves as the template for subsequent DNA replication and as a template for mRNA production, leading to protein synthesis via ribosomes.
References
  1. Thazhathveetil AK, Liu ST, Indig FE, Seidman MM: Psoralen conjugates for visualization of genomic interstrand cross-links localized by laser photoactivation. Bioconjug Chem. 2007 Mar-Apr;18(2):431-7. [Article]
  2. Vasquez KM, Wensel TG, Hogan ME, Wilson JH: High-efficiency triple-helix-mediated photo-cross-linking at a targeted site within a selectable mammalian gene. Biochemistry. 1996 Aug 20;35(33):10712-9. [Article]
  3. Dardare N, Platz MS: Binding affinities of commonly employed sensitizers of viral inactivation. Photochem Photobiol. 2002 Jun;75(6):561-4. [Article]
  4. Jimenez-Ruiz A, Zhang Q, Shen CK: In vivo binding of trimethylpsoralen detects DNA structural alterations associated with transcribing regions in the human beta-globin cluster. J Biol Chem. 1995 Dec 1;270(48):28978-81. [Article]

Drug created at September 07, 2007 20:54 / Updated at February 21, 2021 18:51