Identification
- Summary
Ezogabine is an antiepileptic agent used as an adjuvant treatment of partial-onset seizures.
- Generic Name
- Ezogabine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB04953
- Background
Ezogabine (D23129) is a close structural analog of the centrally acting analgesic flupitrine. It is a neuronal potassium channel opener being developed as a first-in-class antiepileptic drug (AED) and is currently being studied in Phase 3 trials as an adjunctive treatment for partial-onset seizures in adult patients with refractory epilepsy. FDA approved in June 10, 2011 under the name of ezogabine.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Ezogabine (DB04953)
- Weight
- Average: 303.3314
Monoisotopic: 303.13830504 - Chemical Formula
- C16H18FN3O2
- Synonyms
- ethyl {2-amino-4-[(4-fluorobenzyl)amino]phenyl}carbamate
- Ethyl 2-amino-4-((p-fluorobenzyl)amino)carbanilate
- EZG
- Ezogabine
- N-(2-Amino-4-(4-fluorobenzylamino)-phenyl) carbamic acid ethyl ester
- N-(2-Amino-4-(4-fluorobenzylamino)phenyl)carbamic acid ethyl ester
- Retigabina
- Retigabine
- RTG
- External IDs
- AWD-21360
- AWD21-360
- D-23129
- D23129
- GKE-841
- GW-582892X
- GW582892X
- WAY-143841
Pharmacology
- Indication
Adjuvant treatment of partial-onset seizures.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Adjunct therapy in treatment of Refractory partial onset seizure •••••••••••• ••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
As compared to other antiepileptic agents, ezogabine is unique in that it selectively activates potassium ion channels Kv 7.2-Kv7.5 and not cardiac Kv 7.1, thereby avoiding cardiac side effects. The antiepileptics, as a drug class, are routinely used in the treatment of a number of disease states in addition to epilepsy. Ezogabine is highly efficacious in a broad-spectrum of in vivo epilepsy and seizure models. A comparison of antiepileptic form activity of ezogabine with that of conventional anticonvulsants in in vitro models suggests that retigabine is especially likely to be useful in the treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Retigabine clearly attenuates pain-like behaviors in various animal models of neuropathic pain; it may also prove to be useful in treatment of clinical anxiety disorders. Clinical data obtained thus far indicate that retigabine is well tolerated in humans when titrated up to its therapeutic dose range. No tolerance, drug dependence, or withdrawal liability has been reported. Thus, retigabine may prove to be useful in the treatment of a diverse range of disease states in which neuronal hyperexcitability is a common underlying factor.
- Mechanism of action
Ezogabine has a novel mechanism of action that involves opening of neuronal Kv7.2-7.5 (formerly KCNQ2-5) voltage activated potassium channels. These channels (primarily Kv7.2/7.3) enable generation of the M-current, a sub-threshold potassium current that serves to stabilize the membrane potential and control neuronal excitability. In addition to acting on potassium ion channels, retigabine also affects GABA neurotransmission in the GABA-A receptor, which is a key inhibitory receptor in the central nervous system and is implicated in epilepsy. Malfunctioning of the GABA-A receptor leads to hyperexcitability in the brain, which causes seizures, making this receptor an important target for antiepileptic therapeutics. Apart from increasing the concentration of GABA in the brain (by either enhancing GABA synthesis or blocking GABA metabolism), retigabine allosterically potentiates GABA-induced current in rat cortical neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. Numerous studies have demonstrated that retigabine is effective in a broad spectrum of in vivo epilepsy and seizure models.
Target Actions Organism UPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 Not Available Humans UPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 Not Available Humans UPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 Not Available Humans UPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 Not Available Humans - Absorption
Rapidly absorbed and distributed, with an absolute oral bioavailability of 60%. Pharmacokinetics of ezogabine suggest first-order kinetics. Tmax, single oral dose = 30-120 minutes; Time to steady state = 3 days
- Volume of distribution
8.7 L/kg
- Protein binding
Approximately 80% protein bound.
- Metabolism
Ezogabine is metabolized exclusively via phase II hepatic N-glucurodination and acetylation. N-glucurodination is the major metabolic pathway of the two and form two major N-glucuronide metabolites. The enzymes involved are UGT1A1, 1A9, 1A4, and 1A3. However, the product of the N-acetyl pathway is a weak, active metabolite referred to as NAMR. The enzyme that is involved in the N-acetyl pathway is called N-acetyltransferase 2. The pharmacokinetics of NAMR and ezogabine are similar. The cytochrome P450 enzyme system is not involved with the metabolism of ezogabine.
- Route of elimination
Urine (85%, 36% of total dose as unchanged drug, 18% of total dose as NAMR) and feces (14%, 3% of total dose as unchanged drug)
- Half-life
Terminal half-life = 7.5 hours
- Clearance
0.58 - 0.76 L/h·kg. Clearance may differ between ethnic groups with Black Americans having 20% lower clearance than Caucasian Americans.
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Lethal Dose, acute, oral, rat = 100 mg/kg; Lethal Dose, chronic, oral, rat = 5.1 mg/kg/day, 90-day; Most common adverse effects that lead to discontinuation of therapy include dizziness and somnolence.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Ezogabine is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine. Abacavir Abacavir may decrease the excretion rate of Ezogabine which could result in a higher serum level. Aceclofenac Aceclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Ezogabine which could result in a higher serum level. Acemetacin Acemetacin may decrease the excretion rate of Ezogabine which could result in a higher serum level. Acetaminophen Acetaminophen may decrease the excretion rate of Ezogabine which could result in a higher serum level. - Food Interactions
- Take with or without food. High-fat meals alter drug absorption, but not to a clinically significant extent.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Potiga Tablet, film coated 400 mg/1 Oral GlaxoSmithKline LLC 2012-04-19 2019-06-30 US 
Potiga Tablet, film coated 50 mg/1 Oral GlaxoSmithKline LLC 2012-04-19 2019-07-31 US Potiga Tablet, film coated 300 mg/1 Oral GlaxoSmithKline LLC 2012-04-19 2018-08-31 US Potiga Tablet, film coated 200 mg/1 Oral GlaxoSmithKline LLC 2012-04-19 2019-07-31 US Trobalt Tablet, film coated 400 mg Oral Glaxo Group Limited 2016-09-08 2018-11-19 EU 
Categories
- ATC Codes
- N03AX21 — Retigabine
- Drug Categories
- Acids, Acyclic
- Amines
- Aniline Compounds
- Anticonvulsants
- Central Nervous System Agents
- Central Nervous System Depressants
- Diamines
- Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted
- Membrane Transport Modulators
- Nervous System
- Polyamines
- Potassium Channel Opener
- Potential QTc-Prolonging Agents
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- UGT1A1 Substrates
- UGT1A3 substrates
- UGT1A4 substrates
- UGT1A9 Substrates
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylbenzamines. These are aromatic compounds consisting of a benzyl group that is N-linked to a benzamine.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Phenylmethylamines
- Direct Parent
- Phenylbenzamines
- Alternative Parents
- Phenylalkylamines / Benzylamines / Aniline and substituted anilines / Secondary alkylarylamines / Fluorobenzenes / Aryl fluorides / Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds / Carboximidic acids and derivatives / Primary amines / Organopnictogen compounds show 3 more
- Substituents
- Amine / Aniline or substituted anilines / Aralkylamine / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Aryl fluoride / Aryl halide / Benzylamine / Carboximidic acid derivative / Fluorobenzene / Halobenzene show 15 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- organofluorine compound, carbamate ester, substituted aniline, secondary amino compound (CHEBI:68584)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 12G01I6BBU
- CAS number
- 150812-12-7
- InChI Key
- PCOBBVZJEWWZFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C16H18FN3O2/c1-2-22-16(21)20-15-8-7-13(9-14(15)18)19-10-11-3-5-12(17)6-4-11/h3-9,19H,2,10,18H2,1H3,(H,20,21)
- IUPAC Name
- ethyl N-(2-amino-4-{[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]amino}phenyl)carbamate
- SMILES
- CCOC(=O)NC1=C(N)C=C(NCC2=CC=C(F)C=C2)C=C1
References
- General References
- Porter RJ, Nohria V, Rundfeldt C: Retigabine. Neurotherapeutics. 2007 Jan;4(1):149-54. [Article]
- Hermann R, Ferron GM, Erb K, Knebel N, Ruus P, Paul J, Richards L, Cnota HP, Troy S: Effects of age and sex on the disposition of retigabine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Jan;73(1):61-70. [Article]
- Hermann R, Knebel NG, Niebch G, Richards L, Borlak J, Locher M: Pharmacokinetic interaction between retigabine and lamotrigine in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Apr;58(12):795-802. Epub 2003 Feb 28. [Article]
- Dost R, Rostock A, Rundfeldt C: The anti-hyperalgesic activity of retigabine is mediated by KCNQ potassium channel activation. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 Apr;369(4):382-90. Epub 2004 Mar 9. [Article]
- Mikkelsen JD: The KCNQ channel activator retigabine blocks haloperidol-induced c-Fos expression in the striatum of the rat. Neurosci Lett. 2004 May 27;362(3):240-3. [Article]
- Punke MA, Friederich P: Retigabine stimulates human KCNQ2/Q3 channels in the presence of bupivacaine. Anesthesiology. 2004 Aug;101(2):430-8. [Article]
- Wuttke TV, Seebohm G, Bail S, Maljevic S, Lerche H: The new anticonvulsant retigabine favors voltage-dependent opening of the Kv7.2 (KCNQ2) channel by binding to its activation gate. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;67(4):1009-17. Epub 2005 Jan 20. [Article]
- Fatope MO: Retigabine (ASTA Medica). IDrugs. 2001 Jan;4(1):93-8. [Article]
- Orhan G, Wuttke TV, Nies AT, Schwab M, Lerche H: Retigabine/Ezogabine, a KCNQ/K(V)7 channel opener: pharmacological and clinical data. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2012 Aug;13(12):1807-16. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2012.706278. Epub 2012 Jul 12. [Article]
- Amabile CM, Vasudevan A: Ezogabine: a novel antiepileptic for adjunctive treatment of partial-onset seizures. Pharmacotherapy. 2013 Feb;33(2):187-94. doi: 10.1002/phar.1185. [Article]
- External Links
- KEGG Drug
- D09569
- KEGG Compound
- C13826
- PubChem Compound
- 121892
- PubChem Substance
- 175426917
- ChemSpider
- 108740
- BindingDB
- 50143558
- 1112990
- ChEBI
- 68584
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL41355
- ZINC
- ZINC000000016154
- PharmGKB
- PA144997862
- PDBe Ligand
- FBX
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Retigabine
- PDB Entries
- 7bym / 7cr2 / 7cr7
- FDA label
- Download (516 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (132 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet, film coated Oral 200 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 300 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 400 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 50 mg/1 Tablet, film coated Oral 100 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 200 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 300 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 400 MG Tablet, film coated Oral 50 MG/100MG Tablet, film coated Oral 50 MG - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source pKa 10.8 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0307 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 3.07 ALOGPS logP 2.7 Chemaxon logS -4 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 13.6 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 3.99 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 76.38 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 6 Chemaxon Refractivity 87.02 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 31.97 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 2 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9876 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9382 Caco-2 permeable - 0.5245 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.5295 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.6642 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9155 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8998 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8602 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8045 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.679 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.8417 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.607 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.5995 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.5221 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.5085 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.6414 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.5119 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.621 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 1.0 Rat acute toxicity 2.4793 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9807 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.6007
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0f89-0096000000-55fff99281eb03ec7868 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-000w-6091000000-240f53405b19f9c732cd Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0pc0-0193000000-ab3f244a41d928f6fdbd Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0036-4090000000-88ce3d7bde1c43f340c5 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0002-0952000000-de014d114a0ad1d7e2d5 Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS splash10-0006-9320000000-bf946f1d62ec54bb66b1 Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 175.40086 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 177.75887 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 183.852 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Voltage-gated potassium channel activity
- Specific Function
- Probably important in the regulation of neuronal excitability. Associates with KCNQ3 to form a potassium channel with essentially identical properties to the channel underlying the native M-current...
- Gene Name
- KCNQ2
- Uniprot ID
- O43526
- Uniprot Name
- Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 95846.575 Da
References
- Wuttke TV, Seebohm G, Bail S, Maljevic S, Lerche H: The new anticonvulsant retigabine favors voltage-dependent opening of the Kv7.2 (KCNQ2) channel by binding to its activation gate. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;67(4):1009-17. Epub 2005 Jan 20. [Article]
- Hirano K, Kuratani K, Fujiyoshi M, Tashiro N, Hayashi E, Kinoshita M: Kv7.2-7.5 voltage-gated potassium channel (KCNQ2-5) opener, retigabine, reduces capsaicin-induced visceral pain in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2007 Feb 14;413(2):159-62. Epub 2006 Dec 20. [Article]
- Punke MA, Friederich P: Amitriptyline is a potent blocker of human Kv1.1 and Kv7.2/7.3 channels. Anesth Analg. 2007 May;104(5):1256-64, tables of contents. [Article]
- Main MJ, Cryan JE, Dupere JR, Cox B, Clare JJ, Burbidge SA: Modulation of KCNQ2/3 potassium channels by the novel anticonvulsant retigabine. Mol Pharmacol. 2000 Aug;58(2):253-62. [Article]
- Wickenden AD, Yu W, Zou A, Jegla T, Wagoner PK: Retigabine, a novel anti-convulsant, enhances activation of KCNQ2/Q3 potassium channels. Mol Pharmacol. 2000 Sep;58(3):591-600. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Voltage-gated potassium channel activity
- Specific Function
- Probably important in the regulation of neuronal excitability. Associates with KCNQ2 or KCNQ5 to form a potassium channel with essentially identical properties to the channel underlying the native ...
- Gene Name
- KCNQ3
- Uniprot ID
- O43525
- Uniprot Name
- Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3
- Molecular Weight
- 96741.515 Da
References
- Hirano K, Kuratani K, Fujiyoshi M, Tashiro N, Hayashi E, Kinoshita M: Kv7.2-7.5 voltage-gated potassium channel (KCNQ2-5) opener, retigabine, reduces capsaicin-induced visceral pain in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2007 Feb 14;413(2):159-62. Epub 2006 Dec 20. [Article]
- Punke MA, Friederich P: Amitriptyline is a potent blocker of human Kv1.1 and Kv7.2/7.3 channels. Anesth Analg. 2007 May;104(5):1256-64, tables of contents. [Article]
- Main MJ, Cryan JE, Dupere JR, Cox B, Clare JJ, Burbidge SA: Modulation of KCNQ2/3 potassium channels by the novel anticonvulsant retigabine. Mol Pharmacol. 2000 Aug;58(2):253-62. [Article]
- Wickenden AD, Yu W, Zou A, Jegla T, Wagoner PK: Retigabine, a novel anti-convulsant, enhances activation of KCNQ2/Q3 potassium channels. Mol Pharmacol. 2000 Sep;58(3):591-600. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Potassium channel activity
- Specific Function
- Probably important in the regulation of neuronal excitability. May underlie a potassium current involved in regulating the excitability of sensory cells of the cochlea. KCNQ4 channels are blocked b...
- Gene Name
- KCNQ4
- Uniprot ID
- P56696
- Uniprot Name
- Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4
- Molecular Weight
- 77099.99 Da
References
- Hirano K, Kuratani K, Fujiyoshi M, Tashiro N, Hayashi E, Kinoshita M: Kv7.2-7.5 voltage-gated potassium channel (KCNQ2-5) opener, retigabine, reduces capsaicin-induced visceral pain in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2007 Feb 14;413(2):159-62. Epub 2006 Dec 20. [Article]
- Schroder RL, Jespersen T, Christophersen P, Strobaek D, Jensen BS, Olesen SP: KCNQ4 channel activation by BMS-204352 and retigabine. Neuropharmacology. 2001 Jun;40(7):888-98. [Article]
- Borlak J, Gasparic A, Locher M, Schupke H, Hermann R: N-Glucuronidation of the antiepileptic drug retigabine: results from studies with human volunteers, heterologously expressed human UGTs, human liver, kidney, and liver microsomal membranes of Crigler-Najjar type II. Metabolism. 2006 Jun;55(6):711-21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Voltage-gated potassium channel activity
- Specific Function
- Probably important in the regulation of neuronal excitability. Associates with KCNQ3 to form a potassium channel which contributes to M-type current, a slowly activating and deactivating potassium ...
- Gene Name
- KCNQ5
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NR82
- Uniprot Name
- Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5
- Molecular Weight
- 102178.015 Da
References
- Hirano K, Kuratani K, Fujiyoshi M, Tashiro N, Hayashi E, Kinoshita M: Kv7.2-7.5 voltage-gated potassium channel (KCNQ2-5) opener, retigabine, reduces capsaicin-induced visceral pain in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2007 Feb 14;413(2):159-62. Epub 2006 Dec 20. [Article]
- Hermann R, Ferron GM, Erb K, Knebel N, Ruus P, Paul J, Richards L, Cnota HP, Troy S: Effects of age and sex on the disposition of retigabine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Jan;73(1):61-70. [Article]
- Borlak J, Gasparic A, Locher M, Schupke H, Hermann R: N-Glucuronidation of the antiepileptic drug retigabine: results from studies with human volunteers, heterologously expressed human UGTs, human liver, kidney, and liver microsomal membranes of Crigler-Najjar type II. Metabolism. 2006 Jun;55(6):711-21. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid binding
- Specific Function
- UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the...
- Gene Name
- UGT1A1
- Uniprot ID
- P22309
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1
- Molecular Weight
- 59590.91 Da
References
- Hiller A, Nguyen N, Strassburg CP, Li Q, Jainta H, Pechstein B, Ruus P, Engel J, Tukey RH, Kronbach T: Retigabine N-glucuronidation and its potential role in enterohepatic circulation. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 May;27(5):605-12. [Article]
- Borlak J, Gasparic A, Locher M, Schupke H, Hermann R: N-Glucuronidation of the antiepileptic drug retigabine: results from studies with human volunteers, heterologously expressed human UGTs, human liver, kidney, and liver microsomal membranes of Crigler-Najjar type II. Metabolism. 2006 Jun;55(6):711-21. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Retinoic acid binding
- Specific Function
- UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. Isoform 2 lacks transferase activity but acts as a negative reg...
- Gene Name
- UGT1A3
- Uniprot ID
- P35503
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3
- Molecular Weight
- 60337.835 Da
References
- Hiller A, Nguyen N, Strassburg CP, Li Q, Jainta H, Pechstein B, Ruus P, Engel J, Tukey RH, Kronbach T: Retigabine N-glucuronidation and its potential role in enterohepatic circulation. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 May;27(5):605-12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the...
- Gene Name
- UGT1A4
- Uniprot ID
- P22310
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-4
- Molecular Weight
- 60024.535 Da
References
- Hiller A, Nguyen N, Strassburg CP, Li Q, Jainta H, Pechstein B, Ruus P, Engel J, Tukey RH, Kronbach T: Retigabine N-glucuronidation and its potential role in enterohepatic circulation. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 May;27(5):605-12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Retinoic acid binding
- Specific Function
- UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform has specificity for phenols. Isoform 2 lacks trans...
- Gene Name
- UGT1A9
- Uniprot ID
- O60656
- Uniprot Name
- UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9
- Molecular Weight
- 59940.495 Da
References
- Hiller A, Nguyen N, Strassburg CP, Li Q, Jainta H, Pechstein B, Ruus P, Engel J, Tukey RH, Kronbach T: Retigabine N-glucuronidation and its potential role in enterohepatic circulation. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 May;27(5):605-12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Arylamine n-acetyltransferase activity
- Specific Function
- Participates in the detoxification of a plethora of hydrazine and arylamine drugs. Catalyzes the N- or O-acetylation of various arylamine and heterocyclic amine substrates and is able to bioactivat...
- Gene Name
- NAT2
- Uniprot ID
- P11245
- Uniprot Name
- Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 33542.235 Da
References
- Amabile CM, Vasudevan A: Ezogabine: a novel antiepileptic for adjunctive treatment of partial-onset seizures. Pharmacotherapy. 2013 Feb;33(2):187-94. doi: 10.1002/phar.1185. [Article]
Drug created at October 21, 2007 22:23 / Updated at February 21, 2021 18:51