Pizotifen

Identification

Summary

Pizotifen is a serotonin and tryptamine antagonist indicated for migraine prophylaxis.

Brand Names
Sandomigran
Generic Name
Pizotifen
DrugBank Accession Number
DB06153
Background

Pizotifen belongs to the class of antamines and is related to cyproheptadine.1 It is a potent serotonin and tryptamine antagonist that has been used for migraine prevention for many years. It exhibits weak anticholinergic, antihistamine, and antikinin actions in addition to sedative and appetite-stimulating properties 10. Some patients receiving pizotifen treatment developed tolerance with the prolonged use of the drug 10. Numerous studies have revealed the potential antidepressant effects of pizotifen, which are independent of its antimigraine action 5. While it is suggested that pizotifen may act similarly to the classic tricyclic antidepressants 5, its full mechanism of antidepressant action is not fully elucidated. Pizotifen hydrochloride is an active ingredient in Sandomigran, which is used for the prophylactic management of migraines. Sandomigran is available in a number of countries but is not approved by the FDA nor EMA.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 295.44
Monoisotopic: 295.139470854
Chemical Formula
C19H21NS
Synonyms
  • Pizotifen
  • pizotifeno
  • Pizotyline
External IDs
  • BC-105

Pharmacology

Indication

Indicated for the prophylactic management of migraines 10.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Prophylaxis ofMigraine••••••••••••
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Pharmacodynamics

Various studies have shown pizotifen to be effective in the prophylaxis of migraines in reducing the frequency and severity of vascular headaches 3. Evidence from studies in vivo and in vitro demonstrate antagonistic actions towards serotonin and histamine. Pizotifen blocks the postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors, as supported by antagonism of several direct agonists of 5-HT receptors 5. It is an antagonist at histamine H1 receptors, and is weakly anticholinergic 9. It also binds to α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors, and dopamine receptors 9. Pizotifen elicits a minimal effect as an epinephrine or bradykinin antagonist 10. Pizotifen exhibits weak sedative properties in mouse and monkey studies, as indicated by inhibition of locomotion and potentiation of barbiturates, without changes in cardiac or respiratory rates 10. In dogs, intravenous administration of pizotifen cause rapid hypotension but was reversed to normal within 30 minutes 10. Pizotifen was shown to inhibit serotonin uptake in the isolated perfused cat spleen and, in vivo, inhibits serotonin-induced contractions in rat uterus and cat nictiating membrane 2. In contrast, pizotifen demonstrated a venoconstrictor activity in vivo when orally or intravenously administered to saphenous veins in conscious dogs 4. Pizotifen has the potential to stimulate the appetite and may cause weight gain upon treatment 2.

In a double-blind clinical study of patients with mild to moderate depression, treatment of pizotifen led to clinical improvement of the depressive symptoms. However, deterioration of the schizophrenic emotional symptoms was also observed in patients with depression and chronic schizophrenia 1. This indicates that pizotifen may potentially improve the symptoms of patients with depressions in conjunction with migraines 1.

Neuroprotective effect of pizotifen was investigated in vitro in a mouse cell model of Huntington's disease (HD). According to a chemical screen of a mouse HdhQ111/Q111 striatal cell model of HD, treatment of pizotifen was associated with increased ATP levels and decreased activation of caspase-3, leading to enhanced cell viability 6. Transient activation of ERK signalling pathway lasting for less than 3 hours was also observed. In the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD, rotarod performance of the mouse treated with pizotifen was seen, accompanied by an increase in DARPP-32 protein expression and restoration of striatal area 6. However these effects being reflected in vivo are not established.

Mechanism of action

While the mechanism of action is not fully understood, it is proposed that pizotifen works by inhibiting the peripheral actions of serotonin and histamine in increasing the membrane permeability of cranial vessels and transudation of plasmakinin, while altering pain thresholds in migraines 10. By blocking 5-HT receptors, pizotifen attenuates the signalling of serotonin in causing cranial vasoconstriction, as well as serotonin-enhanced platelet function and aggregation 7,9. There is evidence that it also inhibits the peripheral actions of bradykinin 2. Pizotifen may inhibit serotonin reuptake by blood platelets, which affects the tonicity and decreases passive distension of extracranial arteries 10. The effects of pizotifen leading to appetite stimulation may be due to the drug acting at the metabolic level rather than a direct stimulation of the appetite centre 3.

TargetActionsOrganism
UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
antagonist
Humans
UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
antagonist
Humans
UMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
antagonist
Humans
U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A
antagonist
Humans
U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B
antagonist
Humans
U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C
antagonist
Humans
U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A
partial agonist
Humans
U5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B
antagonist
Humans
UHistamine H1 receptor
antagonist
Humans
UAlpha-1A adrenergic receptor
antagonist
Humans
UAlpha-1B adrenergic receptor
antagonist
Humans
UAlpha-1D adrenergic receptor
antagonist
Humans
UAlpha-2A adrenergic receptor
antagonist
Humans
UAlpha-2B adrenergic receptor
antagonist
Humans
UAlpha-2C adrenergic receptor
antagonist
Humans
Absorption

The absorption half-life of pizotifen following oral administration is 0.5 to 0.8 hours in an adult male with nearly complete absorption rate of 80%. Maximum blood levels are reached 5 hours post-administration and the absolute bioavailability is 78% 10.

Volume of distribution

The volume of distribution in an adult male is 833L for pizotifen and 70L for the N-glucuronide conjugate 10.

Protein binding

Plasma protein binding of pizotifen is > 90% 10.

Metabolism

Pizotifen is extensively metabolized in the liver, where it primarily undergoes N-glucuronidation to form the main metabolite, N-glucuronide conjugate 10. N-glucuronide conjugate accounts for at least 50% of the plasma and 60-70% of the urinary-excreted radioactivity 10.

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Route of elimination

About one third of the total orally administered dose is excreted into the feces. Less than 1% of the total dose is excreted in the urine as the unchanged parent drug, and up to 55% of the dose is excreted as its metabolites 10.

Half-life

The elimination half-life for pizotifen and N-glucuronide conjugate is about 23 hours 10.

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The oral Lowest published toxic dose (TDLo) is 12.86 mg/kg in man MSDS. Oral LD50 ranges from 410 to 1500 mg/kg in rat MSDS,10. Oral LD50 in mouse and rabbit is 880 mg/kg and 700 mg/kg, respectively 10. The LD50 following intravenous administration in rat was 17 mg/kg 10.

In adults, the symptoms of overdosage include sedation, drowsiness (preceding excitement, convulsions, and postictal depression), dizziness, hypotension, dryness of the mouth, confusion, tachycardia, ataxia, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, cyanosis, convulsions, coma, respiratory paralysis and CNS depression 10. Antihistamine toxicity of pizotifen in children may involve excitation, hallucinations, ataxia, incoordination, convulsions, fixed dilated pupils, flushed faces, and fever, leading to coma and cardiorespiratory collapse 10. The use of activated charcoal is recommended in the management of overdose. For drug recent uptake, induction of emesis or gastric lavage and diuresis should be performed 10. Supportive measures should be initiated to maintain effective respiration while closely monitoring vital signs. While severe hypotension must be corrected, the use of adrenaline may produce paradoxical effects 10.

As pizotifen has the potential to cause tachycardia, an ECG should be performed and attention directed at the QRS and QT intervals 10. Excitatory states or convulsions induced by pizotifen may be treated with short-acting barbiturates or benzodiazepines. However analeptics should be avoided 10.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
1,2-BenzodiazepineThe risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Pizotifen is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine.
AcebutololAcebutolol may increase the orthostatic hypotensive activities of Pizotifen.
AceclofenacThe risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Pizotifen is combined with Aceclofenac.
AcemetacinThe risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Pizotifen is combined with Acemetacin.
AcenocoumarolThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pizotifen is combined with Acenocoumarol.
Food Interactions
  • Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Pizotifen malate99O99YVR4C5189-11-7IWAWCPZVTXCFKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
SandomigranTablet0.50 mgOralPaladin Labs Inc.1975-01-012021-07-28Canada flag
Sandomigran DSTablet1 mgOralPaladin Labs Inc1980-12-31Not applicableCanada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
N02CX01 — Pizotifen
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cycloheptathiophenes. These are polycyclic compounds containing a thiophene ring fused to a 7 member carbocyclic moiety. Thiophene is 5-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Cycloheptathiophenes
Sub Class
Not Available
Direct Parent
Cycloheptathiophenes
Alternative Parents
Piperidines / Benzenoids / Thiophenes / Heteroaromatic compounds / Trialkylamines / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
Amine / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Cycloheptathiophene / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound / Organonitrogen compound / Organopnictogen compound
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
benzocycloheptathiophene (CHEBI:50212)
Affected organisms
Not Available

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
0BY8440V3N
CAS number
15574-96-6
InChI Key
FIADGNVRKBPQEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C19H21NS/c1-20-11-8-15(9-12-20)19-16-5-3-2-4-14(16)6-7-18-17(19)10-13-21-18/h2-5,10,13H,6-9,11-12H2,1H3
IUPAC Name
1-methyl-4-{6-thiatricyclo[8.4.0.0³,⁷]tetradeca-1(14),3(7),4,10,12-pentaen-2-ylidene}piperidine
SMILES
CN1CCC(CC1)=C1C2=C(CCC3=CC=CC=C13)SC=C2

References

General References
  1. Standal JE: Pizotifen as an antidepressant. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1977 Oct;56(4):276-9. [Article]
  2. Peet KM: Use of pizotifen in severe migraine: a long-term study. Curr Med Res Opin. 1977;5(2):192-9. doi: 10.1185/03007997709110164 . [Article]
  3. Carroll JD, Maclay WP: Pizotifen (BC 105) in migraine prophylaxis. Curr Med Res Opin. 1975;3(2):68-71. doi: 10.1185/03007997509113649 . [Article]
  4. Muller-Schweinitzer E: Pizotifen, an antimigraine drug with venoconstrictor activity in vivo. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1986 Jul-Aug;8(4):805-10. [Article]
  5. Przegalinski E, Baran L, Palider W, Siwanowicz J: The central action of pizotifen. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1979 Apr 25;62(3):295-300. [Article]
  6. Sarantos MR, Papanikolaou T, Ellerby LM, Hughes RE: Pizotifen Activates ERK and Provides Neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo in Models of Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis. 2012;1(2):195-210. doi: 10.3233/JHD-120033. [Article]
  7. Lin OA, Karim ZA, Vemana HP, Espinosa EV, Khasawneh FT: The antidepressant 5-HT2A receptor antagonists pizotifen and cyproheptadine inhibit serotonin-enhanced platelet function. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 23;9(1):e87026. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087026. eCollection 2014. [Article]
  8. Peroutka SJ, Banghart SB, Allen GS: Calcium channel antagonism by pizotifen. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985 Apr;48(4):381-3. [Article]
  9. Mylecharane EJ: 5-HT2 receptor antagonists and migraine therapy. J Neurol. 1991;238 Suppl 1:S45-52. [Article]
  10. Paladin Labs - Product Monograph: SANDOMIGRAN (Pizotifen hydrogen malate 0.5 mg and 1 mg tablets) [Link]
PubChem Compound
27400
PubChem Substance
347827758
ChemSpider
25497
BindingDB
82088
RxNav
8373
ChEBI
50212
ChEMBL
CHEMBL294951
ZINC
ZINC000000001968
Wikipedia
Pizotifen
MSDS
Download (340 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
2Active Not RecruitingPreventionMigraine1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral
TabletOral0.5 mg
TabletOral0.50 mg
Tablet, coatedOral0.5 MG
TabletOral1 mg
Tablet, sugar coatedOral0.5 mg
Syrup0.25 mg/5ml
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
water solubilityPartly miscibleMSDS
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00706 mg/mLALOGPS
logP4.7ALOGPS
logP4.49Chemaxon
logS-4.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)7.98Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area3.24 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count0Chemaxon
Refractivity101.1 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability34.36 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0090000000-b21f77aa98b43b3771f9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0090000000-0957d431e75fb4de2199
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-2090000000-1658d01f592e66995fa9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0190000000-4236ad739eb7121855e1
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4s-2690000000-dbab36317aa3c9a1a734
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03yr-1190000000-ba972b1a6df02bafc4b4
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-175.1331306
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-169.58752
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+176.4179306
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+171.94554
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+175.8776306
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+178.03868
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c activity
Specific Function
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
Gene Name
CHRM1
Uniprot ID
P11229
Uniprot Name
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
Molecular Weight
51420.375 Da
References
  1. Eltze M, Mutschler E, Lambrecht G: Affinity profiles of pizotifen, ketotifen and other tricyclic antimuscarinics at muscarinic receptor subtypes M1, M2 and M3. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Feb 18;211(3):283-93. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
Specific Function
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
Gene Name
CHRM2
Uniprot ID
P08172
Uniprot Name
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
Molecular Weight
51714.605 Da
References
  1. Richards MH: Effects of cyproheptadine and pizotifen on central muscarinic receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991 Apr 3;195(3):403-5. [Article]
  2. Eltze M, Mutschler E, Lambrecht G: Affinity profiles of pizotifen, ketotifen and other tricyclic antimuscarinics at muscarinic receptor subtypes M1, M2 and M3. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Feb 18;211(3):283-93. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Receptor activity
Specific Function
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
Gene Name
CHRM3
Uniprot ID
P20309
Uniprot Name
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
Molecular Weight
66127.445 Da
References
  1. Eltze M, Mutschler E, Lambrecht G: Affinity profiles of pizotifen, ketotifen and other tricyclic antimuscarinics at muscarinic receptor subtypes M1, M2 and M3. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Feb 18;211(3):283-93. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Virus receptor activity
Specific Function
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances, including mescaline, psilocybin, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodop...
Gene Name
HTR2A
Uniprot ID
P28223
Uniprot Name
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A
Molecular Weight
52602.58 Da
References
  1. Przegalinski E, Baran L, Palider W, Siwanowicz J: The central action of pizotifen. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1979 Apr 25;62(3):295-300. [Article]
  2. Mylecharane EJ: 5-HT2 receptor antagonists and migraine therapy. J Neurol. 1991;238 Suppl 1:S45-52. [Article]
  3. Lin OA, Karim ZA, Vemana HP, Espinosa EV, Khasawneh FT: The antidepressant 5-HT2A receptor antagonists pizotifen and cyproheptadine inhibit serotonin-enhanced platelet function. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 23;9(1):e87026. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087026. eCollection 2014. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Serotonin receptor activity
Specific Function
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various ergot alkaloid derivatives and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation...
Gene Name
HTR2B
Uniprot ID
P41595
Uniprot Name
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B
Molecular Weight
54297.41 Da
References
  1. Przegalinski E, Baran L, Palider W, Siwanowicz J: The central action of pizotifen. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1979 Apr 25;62(3):295-300. [Article]
  2. Mylecharane EJ: 5-HT2 receptor antagonists and migraine therapy. J Neurol. 1991;238 Suppl 1:S45-52. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Serotonin receptor activity
Specific Function
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances, including ergot alkaloid derivatives, 1-2,5,-dimethoxy-4-...
Gene Name
HTR2C
Uniprot ID
P28335
Uniprot Name
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C
Molecular Weight
51820.705 Da
References
  1. National Institutes of Health - National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences: Pizotifen Hydrochloride [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Partial agonist
General Function
Serotonin receptor activity
Specific Function
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for various drugs and psychoactive substances. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers...
Gene Name
HTR1A
Uniprot ID
P08908
Uniprot Name
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A
Molecular Weight
46106.335 Da
References
  1. Newman-Tancredi A, Conte C, Chaput C, Verriele L, Audinot-Bouchez V, Lochon S, Lavielle G, Millan MJ: Agonist activity of antimigraine drugs at recombinant human 5-HT1A receptors: potential implications for prophylactic and acute therapy. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1997 Jun;355(6):682-8. doi: 10.1007/pl00005000. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Serotonin receptor activity
Specific Function
G-protein coupled receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Also functions as a receptor for ergot alkaloid derivatives, various anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs and other psychoactive subst...
Gene Name
HTR1B
Uniprot ID
P28222
Uniprot Name
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B
Molecular Weight
43567.535 Da
References
  1. Mylecharane EJ: 5-HT2 receptor antagonists and migraine therapy. J Neurol. 1991;238 Suppl 1:S45-52. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Histamine receptor activity
Specific Function
In peripheral tissues, the H1 subclass of histamine receptors mediates the contraction of smooth muscles, increase in capillary permeability due to contraction of terminal venules, and catecholamin...
Gene Name
HRH1
Uniprot ID
P35367
Uniprot Name
Histamine H1 receptor
Molecular Weight
55783.61 Da
References
  1. Mylecharane EJ: 5-HT2 receptor antagonists and migraine therapy. J Neurol. 1991;238 Suppl 1:S45-52. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Protein heterodimerization activity
Specific Function
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) prot...
Gene Name
ADRA1A
Uniprot ID
P35348
Uniprot Name
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
51486.005 Da
References
  1. Mylecharane EJ: 5-HT2 receptor antagonists and migraine therapy. J Neurol. 1991;238 Suppl 1:S45-52. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Protein heterodimerization activity
Specific Function
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) prot...
Gene Name
ADRA1B
Uniprot ID
P35368
Uniprot Name
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
56835.375 Da
References
  1. Mylecharane EJ: 5-HT2 receptor antagonists and migraine therapy. J Neurol. 1991;238 Suppl 1:S45-52. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
Specific Function
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its effect through the influx of extracellular calcium.
Gene Name
ADRA1D
Uniprot ID
P25100
Uniprot Name
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
60462.205 Da
References
  1. Mylecharane EJ: 5-HT2 receptor antagonists and migraine therapy. J Neurol. 1991;238 Suppl 1:S45-52. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Thioesterase binding
Specific Function
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is oxymetazo...
Gene Name
ADRA2A
Uniprot ID
P08913
Uniprot Name
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
48956.275 Da
References
  1. Mylecharane EJ: 5-HT2 receptor antagonists and migraine therapy. J Neurol. 1991;238 Suppl 1:S45-52. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Epinephrine binding
Specific Function
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is clonidine...
Gene Name
ADRA2B
Uniprot ID
P18089
Uniprot Name
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
49565.8 Da
References
  1. Mylecharane EJ: 5-HT2 receptor antagonists and migraine therapy. J Neurol. 1991;238 Suppl 1:S45-52. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins.
Gene Name
ADRA2C
Uniprot ID
P18825
Uniprot Name
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
49521.585 Da
References
  1. Mylecharane EJ: 5-HT2 receptor antagonists and migraine therapy. J Neurol. 1991;238 Suppl 1:S45-52. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.
Specific Function
Glucuronosyltransferase activity
Gene Name
UGT2B10
Uniprot ID
P36537
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10
Molecular Weight
60773.485 Da
References
  1. Kato Y, Izukawa T, Oda S, Fukami T, Finel M, Yokoi T, Nakajima M: Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B10 in drug N-glucuronidation: substrate screening and comparison with UGT1A3 and UGT1A4. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Jul;41(7):1389-97. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.051565. Epub 2013 Apr 23. [Article]

Drug created at January 21, 2008 12:21 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55