Beta carotene

Identification

Summary

Beta carotene is a vitamin A precursor found in various nutritional supplements and health products.

Brand Names

Pregvit

Generic Name

Beta carotene

DrugBank Accession Number

DB06755

Background

Beta-carotene, with the molecular formula C40H56, belongs to the group of carotenoids consisting of isoprene units. The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds donates beta-carotene with specific colors.⁸ It is the most abundant form of carotenoid and it is a precursor of the vitamin A. Beta-carotene is composed of two retinyl groups. It is an antioxidant that can be found in yellow, orange and green leafy vegetables and fruits.⁴ Under the FDA, beta-carotene is considered as a generally recognized as safe substance (GRAS).¹¹

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved, Nutraceutical

Structure

Similar Structures

Weight: Average: 536.888
Monoisotopic: 536.438201803
Chemical Formula: C₄₀H₅₆

Synonyms

all-trans-β-carotene
Beta carotene
beta-carotene
Betacarotene
β-Karotin

External IDs

C.I.-40800
CI 75130
NSC-62794

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Pharmacology

Indication

Beta-carotene is FDA approved to be used as a nutrient supplement and to be even added in infant formula as a source of vitamin A.¹¹ It is also approved to be used as a color additive for food products,¹² drugs (with the label of "only as a color additive")¹³ and cosmetics.¹⁴

It is used commonly for the reduction of photosensitivity in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria and other photosensitivity diseases.¹

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Associated Conditions

Indication Type	Indication	Combined Product Details	Approval Level	Age Group	Patient Characteristics	Dose Form
Treatment of	Deficiency, vitamin a		••• •••			•••••••• •••••• ••••••

Associated Therapies

Nutritional supplementation

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

Oral administration of beta-carotene increases the serum concentration of beta-carotene by 60% but it does not change the concentration found in the heart, liver or kidneys.⁵ In vitro studies in hepatocytes have shown that beta-carotene ameliorates oxidative stress, enhances antioxidant activity and decreases apoptosis.⁷

Other than the antioxidant activities, some other actions have been correlated to beta-carotene. It is thought to have detoxifying properties, as well as to help increase resistance to inflammation and infection and increase immune response and enhance RNA production.¹⁵

Mechanism of action

Beta-carotene is an antioxidant that presents significant efficacy against the reactive oxygen species singlet oxygen.⁵ Beta-carotene acts as a scavenger of lipophilic radicals within the membranes of every cell compartments. It also presents an oxidative modification of LDL.⁶ The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds is responsible for its antioxidative properties by allowing beta-carotene to chelate oxygen-free radicals and dissipate their energy.⁸ The chelation of free radicals inhibits the peroxidation of lipids.⁹

The effect of beta-carotene in the immune response is thought to be related to the direct effect on the thymus which increases the production of immune cells.¹⁵

Target	Actions	Organism
AFree radicals	binder	Humans

Absorption

After administration of beta-carotene, some of the administered dose is absorbed into the circulatory system unchanged and stored in the fat tissue. The coadministration of beta-carotene and a high-fat content diet is correlated to a better absorption of beta-carotene. The absorption is also dependent on the isomeric form of the molecule where the cis conformation seems to present a higher bioavailability. The absorption of beta-carotene is thought to be performed in 6-7 hours.¹⁵

The reported AUC of beta-carotene when administered orally from 0 to 440 hours after initial administration was reported to be 26.3 mcg.h/L. The maximal concentration of beta-carotene is attained in a dual pharmacokinetic profile after 6 hours and again after 32 hours with a concentration of 0.58 micromol/L.³

Volume of distribution

No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed regarding the volume of distribution of beta-carotene.

Protein binding

Beta-carotene is thought to be highly bound to plasma proteins. It is registered to be retained by the chylomicron and transported in VLDL. After absorption, beta-carotene is rapidly transformed to retinol which is highly bound to a high number of plasma proteins.¹⁰

Metabolism

Beta-carotene is broken down in the mucosa of the small intestine and liver by beta-carotene dioxygenase to retinal which is a form of vitamin A.⁴ The function of this enzyme is vital as it decides if the beta-carotene is transformed to vitamin A or if it circulates in the plasma as beta-carotene.⁶ Less than a quarter of the ingested beta-carotene from root vegetables and about half of the beta-carotene from leafy green vegetables are converted to vitamin A.¹⁵

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Beta carotene
- Retinol
  - retinoic acid

Route of elimination

The unabsorbed carotene is excreted in feces.¹⁵ It is also excreted in feces and urine as metabolites.¹⁶ The consumption of dietary fiber can increase the fecal excretion of fats and other fat-soluble compounds such as beta-carotene.¹⁷

Half-life

The apparent half-life of beta-carotene is of 6-11 days after initial administration.²

Clearance

The clearance rate of beta-carotene administered orally is 0.68 nmol/L each hour.³

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

Beta-carotene is not toxic but the high and constant administration of this substance can translate into skin yellow coloration.⁶ Some reports have indicated that administration of high and periodic doses of beta-carotene are correlated to the increase in cancer incidence. This risk seems to be very elevated in the case of smokers.¹⁵ The registered LD50 of beta-carotene is >5000 mg/kg.^MSDS

Pathways

Not Available

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Not Available

Interactions

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This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

Drug	Interaction
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Orlistat	Orlistat can cause a decrease in the absorption of Beta carotene resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy.

Food Interactions

No interactions found.

Products

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Active Moieties

Name	Kind	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Vitamin A	unknown	G2SH0XKK91	68-26-8	FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N

Product Images

Over the Counter Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Absorbene	Capsule	30000 unit	Oral	Au Naturel, Inc.	Not applicable	Not applicable
Beta A 10000 Cap	Capsule	10000 unit / cap	Oral	Vita Health Products Inc	1987-12-31	2002-07-31
Beta Carotene	Capsule	10000 unit / cap	Oral	Quantofill Inc.	Not applicable	Not applicable
Beta Carotene	Liquid	10000 unit / .04 mL	Oral	Seroyal International Inc.	1982-12-31	2001-08-09
Beta Carotene - Capsule 25000 Iu	Capsule	25000 unit / tab	Oral	Sisu Inc.	1995-12-31	2003-09-12

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
24 Multivitamins + Minerals	Beta carotene (10000 unit) + Ascorbic acid (150 mg) + Biotin (25 mcg) + Calcium (130 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Choline bitartrate (25 mg) + Chromium (20 mcg) + Copper (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (15 mg) + Folic acid (.8 mg) + Inositol (25 mg) + Magnesium (65 mg) + Manganese (2 mg) + Molybdenum (20 mcg) + Niacin (25 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg) + Potassium (15 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.1 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Racemethionine (25 mg) + Riboflavin (25 mg) + Selenium (20 mcg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Vanadium (20 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (5000 unit) + Vitamin E (50 unit) + Zinc (10 mg)	Tablet	Oral	Stanley Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of Vita Health Products Inc.	1997-04-30	2002-07-31
A.B.C. Formula #1	Beta carotene (1000 unit / tab) + Zinc (4 mg / tab)	Tablet	Oral	Vallee Import/Export	1997-01-01	1999-06-28
A.C.E.S. Capsules	Beta carotene (10000 unit / cap) + Ascorbic acid (250 mg / cap) + Selenium (.025 mg / cap) + Vitamin E (400 unit / cap)	Capsule	Oral	Bioforce Canada Inc.	1994-12-31	1997-04-04
A/o-26 - Caplet	Beta carotene (7500 unit) + Calcium (75 mg) + Calcium ascorbate (250 mg) + Copper (1 mg) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (100 unit) + Folic acid (.4 mg) + Manganese (2.5 mg) + Racemethionine (50 mg) + Selenium (100 mcg) + Zinc (7.5 mg)	Tablet	Oral	Enviro Tech International Canada	1996-12-19	1999-07-26
ACE PLUS SELENYUM YUMUSAK KAPSUL, 30 ADET	Beta carotene (200 mg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Selenium (50 mg) + Vitamin E (200 mg)	Capsule	Oral	KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş.	2009-09-30	Not applicable

Unapproved/Other Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Active FE	Beta carotene (2100 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (160 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (1 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (30 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (40 [iU]/1) + Folic acid (1250 ug/1) + Iron (75 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (30 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine hydrochloride (4 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (20 mg/1)	Tablet	Oral	Gm Pharmaceuticals	2013-11-11	Not applicable
Bal-Care DHA	Beta carotene (2850 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (219 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (840 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (.012 mg/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (.223 mg/1) + Iron sucrose (1.35 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (430 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (25.65 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Pru Gen Pharmaceuticals	2012-05-01	Not applicable
Bal-Care DHA Essential	Beta carotene (2850 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (219 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (840 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (.012 mg/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (.223 mg/1) + Iron sucrose (1.35 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (374 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Sodium feredetate (25.65 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Pru Gen Pharmaceuticals	2012-05-01	Not applicable
Cavan Alpha	Beta carotene (3000 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (230 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (800 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (3 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iodine (220 ug/1) + Iron (27 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Omega-3 fatty acids (300 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.8 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Seton Pharmaceuticals	2010-07-01	2013-09-30
Cavan Folate DHA	Beta carotene (2700 [iU]/1) + Beta carotene (2700 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (70 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (70 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (100 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cupric oxide (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Doconexent (250 mg/1) + Ferrous fumarate (65 mg/1) + Ferrous fumarate (65 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (18 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (18 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (25 mg/1)	Kit	Oral	Seton Pharmaceuticals	2010-06-04	2012-03-31

Chemical Identifiers

UNII: 01YAE03M7J
CAS number: 7235-40-7
InChI Key: OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-22,25-28H,15-16,23-24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,19-13+,20-14+,27-25+,28-26+,31-17+,32-18+,33-21+,34-22+
IUPAC Name: 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl]cyclohex-1-ene
SMILES: C\C(\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)=C/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C

References

General References

Mathews-Roth MM, Pathak MA, Fitzpatrick TB, Harber LH, Kass EH: Beta carotene therapy for erythropoietic protoporphyria and other photosensitivity diseases. Arch Dermatol. 1977 Sep;113(9):1229-32. [Article]
Thurmann PA, Steffen J, Zwernemann C, Aebischer CP, Cohn W, Wendt G, Schalch W: Plasma concentration response to drinks containing beta-carotene as carrot juice or formulated as a water dispersible powder. Eur J Nutr. 2002 Oct;41(5):228-35. doi: 10.1007/s00394-002-0381-3. [Article]
Kostic D, White WS, Olson JA: Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and beta-carotene when administered to human adults in separate or combined oral doses. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Sep;62(3):604-10. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/62.3.604. [Article]
Pattani K. (2010). Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer series: Head and Neck Cancer. Elsevier.
Lustgarten M., Muller F. and Van Remmen H. (2011). Handbook of the Biology of Aging (7th ed.). Academic press.
Dasgupta A. and Klein K. (2014). Antioxidants in food, vitamins and supplements. Elsevier.
Ramachandrayya A., Venkatesh S., Bhat H., Palatty P. and Shrinath M. (2015). Foods and dietary supplements in the prevention and treatment of disease in older adults. Academic press.
Flora G., Mittal M. and Flora S. (2015). Handbook of arsenic toxicology. Academic press.
Abrahao E., Ambrosano L., Lage R., Zugaib B. and Costa A. (2017). Nutrition and functional foods for healthy aging. Academic press.
Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.
FDA Code of Federal Regulations [Link]
FDA Code of Federal Regulations [Link]
FDA Code of Federal Regulations [Link]
FDA Code of Federal Regulations [Link]
UCSD lecture [Link]
AHFS [Link]
Meeting the vitamin A requirements [Link]

External Links

Human Metabolome Database: HMDB0000561
KEGG Drug: D03101
KEGG Compound: C02094
PubChem Compound: 5280489
PubChem Substance: 347827791
ChemSpider: 4444129
BindingDB: 54988
RxNav: 19143
ChEBI: 17579
ChEMBL: CHEMBL1293
ZINC: ZINC000006845076
PDBe Ligand: BCR
Wikipedia: Beta-Carotene

PDB Entries

1izl / 1jb0 / 1q90 / 1s5l / 1vf5 / 1w5c / 2axt / 2d2c / 2e74 / 2e75 …

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MSDS

Download (129 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Completed	Basic Science	Premature Births	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Lung Cancer	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Hyperemesis Gravidarum / Morning Sickness / Nausea / Pregnancy / Vomiting	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Pregnancy	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Men Infertility	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Not Available

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Capsule	Oral	30000 unit
Solution / drops	Oral
Liquid	Oral	10000 unit / .04 mL
Capsule	Oral	25000 unit / tab
Tablet	Oral	25000 unit / tab
Capsule	Oral	25000 unit
Tablet	Oral	30000 unit / tab
Capsule	Oral	10000 unit
Capsule	Oral	25000 unit / cap
Capsule	Oral	30000 unit / cap
Tablet	Oral	25000 unit / unit
Capsule	Oral	10000 unit / cap
Tablet	Oral	2500 unit / tab
Tablet	Oral	10000 unit / tab
Tablet	Oral	10000 unit
Tablet	Oral	25000 unit
Tablet	Oral	30000 unit
Capsule, liquid filled	Oral	15 mg
Capsule, liquid filled	Oral	6 mg
Capsule	Oral	5712.96 unit / cap
Capsule	Oral	924 unit / cap
Capsule	Oral	5.9 mg / cap
Capsule	Oral
Capsule	Oral	20 mg
Tablet	Oral	5000 unit
Tablet	Oral	12500 unit
Tablet, extended release	Oral
Capsule, gelatin coated; kit; tablet	Oral
Tablet	Oral
Capsule, liquid filled; kit; tablet	Oral
Capsule	Oral
Capsule	Oral	6 mg / cap
Syrup	Oral
Tablet, effervescent	Oral
Capsule, liquid filled	Oral
Liquid	Oral
Capsule	Oral	15 mg
Gum, chewing	Oral
Capsule, coated	Oral	15 mg
Capsule, liquid filled; kit; tablet, film coated	Oral
Capsule, gelatin coated	Oral
Capsule, coated	Oral
Tablet, film coated	Oral
Tablet, chewable	Oral
Capsule; kit; tablet, coated	Oral
Capsule; kit; tablet, film coated	Oral
Powder, for solution	Oral
Capsule; kit; tablet	Oral
Tablet, coated	Oral
Kit	Oral
Powder	Oral
Tablet, film coated
Capsule	Oral	6 mg

Prices

Not Available

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	176-184ºC	'MSDS'
boiling point (°C)	633-577ºC	UCSD
water solubility	0.0006 g/l at 25ºC	'MSDS'
logP	17.62	US EPA

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.000391 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	9.72	ALOGPS
logP	11.12	Chemaxon
logS	-6.1	ALOGPS
Physiological Charge	0	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area	0 Å²	Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count	10	Chemaxon
Refractivity	191.61 m³·mol^-1	Chemaxon
Polarizability	71.84 Å³	Chemaxon
Number of Rings	2	Chemaxon
Bioavailability	0	Chemaxon
Rule of Five	No	Chemaxon
Ghose Filter	No	Chemaxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	Chemaxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	Chemaxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	splash10-00di-3211290000-f968c686d39ae0f0fc50
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	MS	splash10-05mx-9810010000-9a261fb8602890c2481e
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0016-2794670000-c5bc2a4dbcd0f12cbf7f
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-2687970000-782d048d873c21fc6b82
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-05ai-1009510000-585581456b10671692bd
MS/MS Spectrum - FAB-EBEB (JMS-HX/HX 110A, JEOL) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-05mx-2920010000-471219f3e66bafb29bee
MS/MS Spectrum - , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-0144900000-2fa7b609c7300ff8aba3
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-001a-0156930000-0e7740b874c02e44255d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-01p9-0009080000-3d4388b5f78ac13f164e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-000j-0398060000-df31da1615c4e55bcb02
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-007a-0496710000-0188447673ea500faf12
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-014i-0539020000-cc11a23c14a754d3f6de
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-01q1-0249410000-72333b80bb733c93ea19
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum	2D NMR	Not Applicable

Chromatographic Properties

Collision Cross Sections (CCS)

Adduct	CCS Value (Å²)	Source type	Source
[M-H]-	317.8996178	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-	317.3409178	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-	317.7167178	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-	260.6548	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+	262.55014	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+	268.29745	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.

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1. Free radicals

Kind

Group

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Yes

Actions

Binder

References

Dasgupta A. and Klein K. (2014). Antioxidants in food, vitamins and supplements. Elsevier.
Lustgarten M., Muller F. and Van Remmen H. (2011). Handbook of the Biology of Aging (7th ed.). Academic press.
Pattani K. (2010). Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer series: Head and Neck Cancer. Elsevier.

Enzymes

Details1. Beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: No
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Symmetrically cleaves beta-carotene into two molecules of retinal using a dioxygenase mechanism.
Specific Function: Beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase activity
Gene Name: BCO1
Uniprot ID: Q9HAY6
Uniprot Name: Beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase
Molecular Weight: 62636.69 Da

References

Pattani K. (2010). Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer series: Head and Neck Cancer. Elsevier.

Carriers

Details1. Very low-density lipoprotein receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: No
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Very-low-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity
Specific Function: Binds VLDL and transports it into cells by endocytosis. In order to be internalized, the receptor-ligand complexes must first cluster into clathrin-coated pits. Binding to Reelin induces tyrosine p...
Gene Name: VLDLR
Uniprot ID: P98155
Uniprot Name: Very low-density lipoprotein receptor
Molecular Weight: 96097.45 Da

References

Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.

Details2. Retinol-binding protein 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: No
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Transporter activity
Specific Function: Intracellular transport of retinol.
Gene Name: RBP1
Uniprot ID: P09455
Uniprot Name: Retinol-binding protein 1
Molecular Weight: 15850.13 Da

References

Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.

Details3. Retinol-binding protein 2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: No
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Transporter activity
Specific Function: Intracellular transport of retinol.
Gene Name: RBP2
Uniprot ID: P50120
Uniprot Name: Retinol-binding protein 2
Molecular Weight: 15706.595 Da

References

Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.

Details4. Retinol-binding protein 3

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: No
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Serine-type peptidase activity
Specific Function: IRBP shuttles 11-cis and all trans retinoids between the retinol isomerase in the pigment epithelium and the visual pigments in the photoreceptor cells of the retina.
Gene Name: RBP3
Uniprot ID: P10745
Uniprot Name: Retinol-binding protein 3
Molecular Weight: 135361.46 Da

References

Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.

Details5. Retinol-binding protein 4

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: No
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Retinol transporter activity
Specific Function: Delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the RBP-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin, this prevents its loss by filtration through the kidney glomeruli.
Gene Name: RBP4
Uniprot ID: P02753
Uniprot Name: Retinol-binding protein 4
Molecular Weight: 23009.8 Da

References

Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.

Details6. Retinol-binding protein 5

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: No
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Transporter activity
Specific Function: Intracellular transport of retinol.
Gene Name: RBP5
Uniprot ID: P82980
Uniprot Name: Retinol-binding protein 5
Molecular Weight: 15931.17 Da

References

Combs G. (2012). The vitamins (4th ed.). Elsevier.

Drug created at September 14, 2010 16:20 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55

Beta carotene

Identification

Structure for Beta carotene (DB06755)

Pharmacology

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Enzymes

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