Agmatine

Identification

Generic Name
Agmatine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB08838
Background

Agmantine is a natural metabolite of the amino acid arginine. It is formed when arginine is decarboxylated by the enzyme arginine decarboxylase and is found naturally in ragweed pollen, ergot fungi, octopus muscle, herring sperm, sponges, and the mammalian brain. Agmatine is both an experimental and investigational drug. As an investigational drug, it is being studied in a non-blinded prospective case study in the United States looking at patients who have been diagnosed with small fiber peripheral neuropathy between the ages of 18 to 75 years. Up to now (July 2013), the results of this study have not yet been published. As an experimental drug, agmatine is being studied for several indications such as cardioprotection, diabetes, decreased kidney function, neuroprotection (stroke, severe CNS injuries, epilepsy, glaucoma, and neuropathic pain), and psychiatric conditions (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and cognition). The exact mechanism of action is still being investigated for all of the potential indications of agmatine.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Experimental
Structure
Weight
Average: 130.1915
Monoisotopic: 130.121846468
Chemical Formula
C5H14N4
Synonyms
  • (4-aminobutyl) guanidine
  • (4-aminobutyl)guanidine
  • 1-amino-4-guanidobutane
  • N-(4-aminobutyl)guanidine
External IDs
  • NSC-56332

Pharmacology

Indication

Agmatine is being studied experimentally for several indications such as cardioprotection, diabetes, decreased kidney function, neuroprotection (stroke, severe CNS injuries, epilepsy, glaucoma, and neuropathic pain), and psychiatric conditions (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and cognition). As an investigational drug, agamatine is being studied in a non-blinded prospective case study in the United States looking at patients who have been diagnosed with small fiber peripheral neuropathy.

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Pharmacodynamics

Agmatine has several physiological effects. Its cardiovascular effects include mildly reducing heart rate and blood pressure. Also it promotes a mild hypoglycemic state, reduces cellular oxidative stress, and enhances glomerular filtration rate.

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism of action is still being investigated for all of the potential indications of agmatine. Some of the biochemical mechanisms discovered so far concern agmatine's indication for diabetes, neuroprotection, and psychiatric conditions. In diabetes, agmatine produces hypoglycemia by increasing the release of insulin form pancreatic islet cells and increasing glucose uptake by the cells through increased endorphin release from the adrenal glands. Concerning neuroprotection, agmatine's effects are thought to involve modulation of receptors (NMDA, alpha 2, and imidazoline) and ion channels (ATP sensitive potassium channels and voltage-gated calcium channels) as well as blocking nitric oxide synthesis. Agmatine blocks nitric oxide synthesis by reducing the nitric oxide synthase -2 (NOS-2) protein in astroglial cells and macrophages. With respect to agmatine's benefit in psychiatric disorders, it is suggested that the mechanism involves neurotransmitter receptor modulation of the NMDA, alpha-2, serotonin, opioid, and imidazoline receptors. Specifically when agmatine binds to the imidazoline and alpha 2 receptors, it acts as a neurotransmitter and releases catecholamines from the adrenal gland.

TargetActionsOrganism
AAlpha-2C adrenergic receptor
agonist
Humans
ANischarin
agonist
Humans
AAcetylcholine receptor subunit alpha
antagonist
Humans
AGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1
antagonist
Humans
AATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1
antagonist
Humans
AVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B
antagonist
Humans
AAcid-sensing ion channel 3
agonist
Humans
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Agmatine can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AcarboseThe risk or severity of hypoglycemia can be increased when Agmatine is combined with Acarbose.
AcebutololAcebutolol may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Agmatine.
AceclofenacThe risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Aceclofenac is combined with Agmatine.
AcemetacinThe risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Agmatine is combined with Acemetacin.
Food Interactions
Not Available

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Agmatine sulfateRU0176QL8I2482-00-0PTAYFGHRDOMJGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Categories

Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as guanidines. These are compounds containing a guanidine moiety, with the general structure (R1R2N)(R3R4N)C=N-R5.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic nitrogen compounds
Class
Organonitrogen compounds
Sub Class
Guanidines
Direct Parent
Guanidines
Alternative Parents
Carboximidamides / Organopnictogen compounds / Monoalkylamines / Imines / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
Aliphatic acyclic compound / Amine / Carboximidamide / Guanidine / Hydrocarbon derivative / Imine / Organopnictogen compound / Primary aliphatic amine / Primary amine
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
guanidines, primary amino compound (CHEBI:17431) / Amines (C00179)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
70J407ZL5Q
CAS number
306-60-5
InChI Key
QYPPJABKJHAVHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C5H14N4/c6-3-1-2-4-9-5(7)8/h1-4,6H2,(H4,7,8,9)
IUPAC Name
N-(4-aminobutyl)guanidine
SMILES
NCCCCNC(N)=N

References

General References
  1. Li G, Regunathan S, Barrow CJ, Eshraghi J, Cooper R, Reis DJ: Agmatine: an endogenous clonidine-displacing substance in the brain. Science. 1994 Feb 18;263(5149):966-9. [Article]
  2. Payandemehr B, Rahimian R, Bahremand A, Ebrahimi A, Saadat S, Moghaddas P, Fadakar K, Derakhshanian H, Dehpour AR: Role of nitric oxide in additive anticonvulsant effects of agmatine and morphine. Physiol Behav. 2013 Jun 13;118:52-7. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.022. Epub 2013 May 14. [Article]
  3. Huang YC, Tzeng WS, Wang CC, Cheng BC, Chang YK, Chen HH, Lin PC, Huang TY, Chuang TJ, Lin JW, Chang CP: Neuroprotective effect of agmatine in rats with transient cerebral ischemia using MR imaging and histopathologic evaluation. Magn Reson Imaging. 2013 Sep;31(7):1174-81. doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.03.026. Epub 2013 May 1. [Article]
  4. Piletz JE, Aricioglu F, Cheng JT, Fairbanks CA, Gilad VH, Haenisch B, Halaris A, Hong S, Lee JE, Li J, Liu P, Molderings GJ, Rodrigues AL, Satriano J, Seong GJ, Wilcox G, Wu N, Gilad GM: Agmatine: clinical applications after 100 years in translation. Drug Discov Today. 2013 Sep;18(17-18):880-93. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.05.017. Epub 2013 Jun 13. [Article]
  5. Regunathan S, Piletz JE: Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and agmatine synthesis in macrophages and astrocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Dec;1009:20-9. [Article]
  6. O'Neil, Maryadele J. (2013). The Merck Index : An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (15th ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry, The. [ISBN:978-1849736701]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0001432
KEGG Compound
C00179
PubChem Compound
199
PubChem Substance
175427116
ChemSpider
194
BindingDB
85213
ChEBI
17431
ChEMBL
CHEMBL58343
ZINC
ZINC000001532560
PDBe Ligand
AG2
Wikipedia
Agmatine
PDB Entries
1aq7 / 1mt1 / 1n13 / 2qqc / 2qqd / 3amu / 3au7 / 3iqd / 3n2o / 4xqe
show 16 more
MSDS
Download (125 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
Not Available
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)234-238 degress CelciusFrom MSDS.
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility3.61 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-1ALOGPS
logP-1.2Chemaxon
logS-1.6ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)12.61Chemaxon
Physiological Charge2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area87.92 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity48.09 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability15.01 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings0Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9113
Blood Brain Barrier+0.8116
Caco-2 permeable+0.576
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.5247
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.9574
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.6373
Renal organic cation transporterInhibitor0.5877
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8348
CYP450 2D6 substrateSubstrate0.609
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.8303
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.8126
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9396
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9261
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9428
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9583
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.7871
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.8883
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.7355
Rat acute toxicity2.7458 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.8538
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.9246
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)GC-MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-a9f6a71ff1ddda580ea9
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)GC-MSsplash10-00di-1910000000-4c97cf5e84d752009d1a
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-00di-1910000000-de398de0f062b85c083c
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-008c-9000000000-ba695487db67f42d2617
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSGC-MSsplash10-00di-1910000000-de398de0f062b85c083c
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSGC-MSsplash10-00di-1910000000-de398de0f062b85c083c
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-00e9-9700000000-dcb266f2466b6490a487
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9000000000-e4747ffbbb1c0aa02f4e
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9000000000-e97e998997ab8bfcedb5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0900000000-4843789c1dd06e41493d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9200000000-a6b84c1241179a3739f8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9000000000-57f390519e8ddbcb80a8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9000000000-e38858b8c1a4fb2a6b14
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9000000000-2e6fd942608b84941a7d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0900000000-075bad34dbbb7544e053
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9600000000-368edccb095766335b38
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0900000000-6599222abf093d406584
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0900000000-4843789c1dd06e41493d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9200000000-a6b84c1241179a3739f8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9000000000-57f390519e8ddbcb80a8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9000000000-e38858b8c1a4fb2a6b14
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9000000000-2e6fd942608b84941a7d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0900000000-075bad34dbbb7544e053
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9600000000-368edccb095766335b38
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0229-9500000000-1c515d08e5bc52668dc4
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01x0-3900000000-2d27e766a0302b656ff4
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-3900000000-63677f56869e0e2b448c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-9000000000-95ea68ff75fa499c6edf
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-41468166e703cf275a37
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-052f-9000000000-bac387f7a6dd84b5bc76
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-75990dca630e017eedd9
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
[1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum2D NMRNot Applicable
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum2D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-130.7677999
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-130.9257999
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-130.8130999
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-130.7004999
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-131.42274
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+131.2823999
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+131.2673734
predicted
DarkChem Standard v0.1.0
[M+H]+130.4169999
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+131.6278999
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+133.41353
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+130.9847999
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+130.9949999
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+130.9827999
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+130.8984999
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+141.57024
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins.
Gene Name
ADRA2C
Uniprot ID
P18825
Uniprot Name
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
49521.585 Da
References
  1. Li G, Regunathan S, Barrow CJ, Eshraghi J, Cooper R, Reis DJ: Agmatine: an endogenous clonidine-displacing substance in the brain. Science. 1994 Feb 18;263(5149):966-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Phosphatidylinositol binding
Specific Function
Acts either as the functional imidazoline-1 receptor (I1R) candidate or as a membrane-associated mediator of the I1R signaling. Binds numerous imidazoline ligands that induces initiation of cell-si...
Gene Name
NISCH
Uniprot ID
Q9Y2I1
Uniprot Name
Nischarin
Molecular Weight
166627.105 Da
References
  1. Li G, Regunathan S, Barrow CJ, Eshraghi J, Cooper R, Reis DJ: Agmatine: an endogenous clonidine-displacing substance in the brain. Science. 1994 Feb 18;263(5149):966-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Ion channel activity
Specific Function
After binding acetylcholine, the AChR responds by an extensive change in conformation that affects all subunits and leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel across the plasma membrane.
Gene Name
CHRNA1
Uniprot ID
P02708
Uniprot Name
Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha
Molecular Weight
54545.235 Da
References
  1. Loring RH: Agmatine acts as an antagonist of neuronal nicotinic receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 1990 Jan;99(1):207-11. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Voltage-gated cation channel activity
Specific Function
NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. This protein plays a key role in synaptic p...
Gene Name
GRIN1
Uniprot ID
Q05586
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1
Molecular Weight
105371.945 Da
References
  1. Yang XC, Reis DJ: Agmatine selectively blocks the N-methyl-D-aspartate subclass of glutamate receptor channels in rat hippocampal neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Feb;288(2):544-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding
Specific Function
In the kidney, probably plays a major role in potassium homeostasis. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than...
Gene Name
KCNJ1
Uniprot ID
P48048
Uniprot Name
ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1
Molecular Weight
44794.6 Da
References
  1. Shepherd RM, Hashmi MN, Kane C, Squires PE, Dunne MJ: Elevation of cytosolic calcium by imidazolines in mouse islets of Langerhans: implications for stimulus-response coupling of insulin release. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Nov;119(5):911-6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
Gene Name
CACNA1B
Uniprot ID
Q00975
Uniprot Name
Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B
Molecular Weight
262493.84 Da
References
  1. Weng XC, Gai XD, Zheng JQ, Li J: Agmatine blocked voltage-gated calcium channel in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2003 Aug;24(8):746-50. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Sodium channel activity
Specific Function
Cation channel with high affinity for sodium, which is gated by extracellular protons and inhibited by the diuretic amiloride. Generates a biphasic current with a fast inactivating and a slow susta...
Gene Name
ASIC3
Uniprot ID
Q9UHC3
Uniprot Name
Acid-sensing ion channel 3
Molecular Weight
58904.72 Da
References
  1. Li WG, Yu Y, Zhang ZD, Cao H, Xu TL: ASIC3 channels integrate agmatine and multiple inflammatory signals through the nonproton ligand sensing domain. Mol Pain. 2010 Dec 8;6:88. doi: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-88. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Uesawa Y, Takeuchi T, Mohri K: Integrated analysis on the physicochemical properties of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers in grapefruit juice interactions. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012 Jul;13(9):1705-17. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Secondary active organic cation transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnico...
Gene Name
SLC22A1
Uniprot ID
O15245
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 1
Molecular Weight
61153.345 Da
References
  1. Grundemann D, Hahne C, Berkels R, Schomig E: Agmatine is efficiently transported by non-neuronal monoamine transporters extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT) and organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Feb;304(2):810-7. [Article]
  2. Winter TN, Elmquist WF, Fairbanks CA: OCT2 and MATE1 provide bidirectional agmatine transport. Mol Pharm. 2011 Feb 7;8(1):133-42. doi: 10.1021/mp100180a. Epub 2010 Dec 3. [Article]
  3. Molderings GJ, Bonisch H, Gothert M, Bruss M: Agmatine and putrescine uptake in the human glioma cell line SK-MG-1. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2001 Jun;363(6):671-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Quaternary ammonium group transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates tubular uptake of organic compounds from circulation. Mediates the influx of agmatine, dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, choline, famotidine, ranitidine, histamin, creat...
Gene Name
SLC22A2
Uniprot ID
O15244
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 2
Molecular Weight
62579.99 Da
References
  1. Grundemann D, Hahne C, Berkels R, Schomig E: Agmatine is efficiently transported by non-neuronal monoamine transporters extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT) and organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Feb;304(2):810-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Toxin transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates potential-dependent transport of a variety of organic cations. May play a significant role in the disposition of cationic neurotoxins and neurotransmitters in the brain.
Gene Name
SLC22A3
Uniprot ID
O75751
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 3
Molecular Weight
61279.485 Da
References
  1. Grundemann D, Hahne C, Berkels R, Schomig E: Agmatine is efficiently transported by non-neuronal monoamine transporters extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT) and organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Feb;304(2):810-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the sodium-independent uptake of dibasic amino acids and sodium-dependent uptake of some neutral amino acids. Requires coexpression with SLC3A2/4F2hc to mediate the uptake of arginine, ...
Gene Name
SLC7A7
Uniprot ID
Q9UM01
Uniprot Name
Y+L amino acid transporter 1
Molecular Weight
55990.01 Da
References
  1. Satriano J, Isome M, Casero RA Jr, Thomson SC, Blantz RC: Polyamine transport system mediates agmatine transport in mammalian cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001 Jul;281(1):C329-34. [Article]

Drug created at February 21, 2013 23:04 / Updated at January 02, 2024 23:49