Sodium oxybate
Identification
- Summary
Sodium oxybate is a central nervous system depressant used to treat cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) associated with narcolepsy.
- Brand Names
- Lumryz, Xyrem, Xywav
- Generic Name
- Sodium oxybate
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB09072
- Background
Sodium oxybate (Xyrem) is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant used to treat cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy.9 It is a sodium salt of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, an endogenous cerebral inhibitory neurotransmitter 8 and a metabolite of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.4 Due to its physiological effects, sodium oxybate is associated with a risk for substance misuse and abuse. Sodium oxybate has been misused to stimulate body growth and to induce euphoria, disinhibition, and sexual arousal as a "party drug" or "club drug."1 For safety reasons, sodium oxybate is a controlled substance only available through a restricted program in approved countries.9
An extended-release oral suspension formulation of sodium oxybate for narcolepsy, marketed under the brand name LUMRYZ, gained tentative FDA approval in July 2022 11 and was fully approved in May 2023.14 In some countries, sodium oxybate has been investigated and used in alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) to aid abstinence maintenance in alcohol use disorders.7,8
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 126.087
Monoisotopic: 126.02928837 - Chemical Formula
- C4H7NaO3
- Synonyms
- Oxybate sodium
- Sodium oxybate
- External IDs
- NSC-84223
- WY-3478
Pharmacology
- Indication
Sodium oxybate is a central nervous system depressant indicated for the treatment of cataplexy 9,12,13 or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients with narcolepsy.14 In the US and in Europe, the drug is approved for use in patients 7 years of age and older 9,13 while in Canada, it is not recommended in children under the age of 18, unless clearly needed.12
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Management of Cataplexy •••••••••••• ••••• •••••••• Management of Cataplexy •••••••••••• •••••••• Management of Sleepiness, excessive daytime •••••••••••• ••••• ••••••••••• •••••••• ••••••• Management of Sleepiness, excessive daytime •••••••••••• •••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Sodium oxybate works to improve nocturnal sleep, improve alertness the following day, and ameliorate cataplexy. Decreased excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy is observed in higher doses 3 and at a delayed time.6 It is proposed that sodium oxybate increases the time spent in Stages N2 and N3 of sleep and decreases the shift to stages N1/Wake/REM,4 resulting in improved continuity of sleep 5 and deeper sleep.4
Sodium oxybate is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant that can cause significant respiratory depression. Due to its physiological and psychological effects, sodium oxybate is associated with a risk for substance misuse and abuse,9 addiction, withdrawal syndrome, and overdoses.1 Sodium oxybate is a sodium salt of GHB, a naturally occurring CNS depressant that increases dopamine levels and increases serotonin turnover.1 Sodium oxybate stimulates growth hormone release, often leading to its misuse as a dietary supplement for bodybuilding.1 In patients with narcolepsy, sodium oxybate increases nocturnal growth hormone secretion and slow-wave sleep at night, which is when growth hormone is typically released.3
- Mechanism of action
The physiological actions of sodium oxybate are mediated by gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), its active compound. While the exact mechanism of action of GHB in narcolepsy is not fully understood, it is suggested that GHB has multiple modes of action.3
At low doses, GHB binds to high- and low-affinity G-protein-coupled GHB receptors. Activation of GHB receptors leads to the release of glutamate, which is an excitatory neurotransmitter. At higher doses, GHB activates GABAB receptors 2,5 at noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons, as well as at thalamocortical neurons 9 that are involved in sleep-wake regulation, attention and vigilance.5 GHB metabolizes to GABA, which modulates GABAA and GABAC receptors.5
Target Actions Organism UGABA(B) Receptor agonistUGamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) receptor agonistHumans - Absorption
Following oral administration of sodium oxybate, GHB is released and rapidly absorbed with an absolute bioavailability of about 88%. The plasma levels of GHB increases more than dose-proportionally, with blood levels increasing 3.7‐fold as total daily dose is doubled from 4.5 g to 9 g.9 After administration of a single oral dose of 2.25g to 4.5g sodium oxybate, the Cmax was 27–90 μg/mL and the mean Tmax ranged from 25 to 75 minutes.5
A high-fat meal delays absorption (average Tmax increased from 0.75 hr to 2 hr), reduces Cmax of GHB by 59%, and decreases systemic exposure (AUC) by 37%.9
- Volume of distribution
The apparent volume of distribution of GHB ranges from 190 mL/kg to 384 mL/kg.9
- Protein binding
At GHB concentrations ranging from 3 mcg/mL to 300 mcg/mL, less than 1% is bound to plasma proteins.9
- Metabolism
Animal studies suggest that metabolism is the major elimination pathway for GHB, producing carbon dioxide and water via the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle and secondarily by beta-oxidation. GHB dehydrogenase, a cytosolic NADP+-linked enzyme, converts GHB to succinic semialdehyde, which is then biotransformed to succinic acid by succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Succinic acid enters the Krebs cycle where it is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water. A second mitochondrial oxidoreductase enzyme, a transhydrogenase, also catalyzes the conversion to succinic semialdehyde in the presence of α-ketoglutarate. GHB can alternatively be converted to carbon dioxide and water via β-oxidation mediated by 3,4-dihydroxybutyrate. No active metabolites have been identified.9
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- Route of elimination
The clearance of GHB is almost entirely by biotransformation to carbon dioxide, which is then eliminated by expiration. On average, less than 5% of unchanged drug appears in human urine within 6 to 8 hours after dosing. Fecal excretion is negligible.9
- Half-life
GHB has an elimination half-life of 0.5 to 1 hour.9
- Clearance
In healthy GHB-naïve subjects who received a single oral dose of 25 mg GHB per kg of body weight, the total clearance 1228 ± 233 μL/min.2
- Adverse Effects
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- Toxicity
The oral LD50 in rats is 9690 mg/kg.10
There are several cases of GHB overdose in literature where individuals ingested GHB illicitly in conjunction with other drugs and alcohol. These individuals exhibited varying degrees of depressed consciousness that may fluctuate rapidly between a confusional, agitated, combative state with ataxia and coma. Emesis (even when obtunded), diaphoresis, headache, and impaired psychomotor skills have been observed. No typical pupillary changes have been described to assist in diagnosis; pupillary reactivity to light is maintained. Blurred vision has been reported. An increasing depth of coma and acidosis have been observed at higher doses. Myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures have been reported. Respiration may be unaffected or compromised in rate and depth. Cheyne-Stokes respiration and apnea have been observed. Bradycardia and hypothermia may accompany unconsciousness, as well as muscular hypotonia, but tendon reflexes remain intact.9
In clinical trials, two adults experienced sodium oxybate overdose. One patient received an estimated dose of 150 g, which was more than 15 times the maximum recommended dose: this patient became unresponsive with brief periods of apnea and incontinent of urine and feces. The patient recovered without sequelae. The other patient died following a multiple drug overdose consisting of sodium oxybate and numerous other drugs.9
There is no known antidote for sodium oxybate; therefore, overdose should be managed with general symptomatic and supportive care, with a consideration of gastric decontamination if co-ingestants are suspected.9
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your software1,2-Benzodiazepine 1,2-Benzodiazepine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Sodium oxybate. Acetazolamide Acetazolamide may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Sodium oxybate. Acetophenazine Acetophenazine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Sodium oxybate. Agomelatine Agomelatine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Sodium oxybate. Alfentanil The risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Alfentanil is combined with Sodium oxybate. - Food Interactions
- Avoid alcohol. Alcohol can potentiate central nervous system (CNS) depression (respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, syncope, and death) caused by sodium oxybate.
- Take separate from meals. Take the first nightly dose of sodium oxybate at least two hours after eating.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Active Moieties
Name Kind UNII CAS InChI Key gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid salt 30IW36W5B2 591-81-1 SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Lumryz For suspension, extended release 6 g/1 Oral Avadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC 2023-05-01 Not applicable US Lumryz For suspension, extended release 9 g/1 Oral Avadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC 2023-05-01 Not applicable US Lumryz For suspension, extended release 4.5 g/1 Oral Avadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC 2023-05-01 Not applicable US Lumryz For suspension, extended release 7.5 g/1 Oral Avadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC 2023-05-01 Not applicable US Xyrem Solution 500 mg/ml Oral Ucb Pharma 2020-12-23 Not applicable EU - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Sodium Oxybate Solution .5 g/1mL Oral Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. 2023-01-03 Not applicable US Sodium Oxybate Solution .5 g/1mL Oral Amneal Pharmaceuticals NY LLC 2023-07-03 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Xywav Sodium oxybate (0.5 g/1mL) + Calcium oxybate (0.5 g/1mL) + Potassium oxybate (0.5 g/1mL) + Magnesium oxybate (0.5 g/1mL) Solution Oral Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2020-11-02 Not applicable US Xywav Sodium oxybate (0.04 g / mL) + Calcium oxybate (0.234 g / mL) + Magnesium oxybate (0.096 g / mL) + Potassium oxybate (0.13 g / mL) Solution Oral Jazz Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited 2023-10-04 Not applicable Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- N01AX11 — Sodium oxybateN07XX04 — Sodium oxybate
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as short-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives. These are hydroxy acids with an alkyl chain the contains less than 6 carbon atoms.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Hydroxy acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Short-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives
- Direct Parent
- Short-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Fatty acids and conjugates / Carboxylic acid salts / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Primary alcohols / Organic zwitterions / Organic sodium salts / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
- Substituents
- Alcohol / Aliphatic acyclic compound / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid salt / Fatty acid / Hydrocarbon derivative / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives / Organic alkali metal salt
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic acyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 7G33012534
- CAS number
- 502-85-2
- InChI Key
- XYGBKMMCQDZQOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C4H8O3.Na/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7;/h5H,1-3H2,(H,6,7);/q;+1/p-1
- IUPAC Name
- sodium 4-hydroxybutanoate
- SMILES
- [Na+].OCCCC([O-])=O
References
- General References
- Lemon MD, Strain JD, Farver DK: Sodium oxybate for cataplexy. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Mar;40(3):433-40; quiz 581-2. Epub 2006 Feb 28. [Article]
- Brenneisen R, Elsohly MA, Murphy TP, Passarelli J, Russmann S, Salamone SJ, Watson DE: Pharmacokinetics and excretion of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in healthy subjects. J Anal Toxicol. 2004 Nov-Dec;28(8):625-30. [Article]
- Donjacour CE, Aziz NA, Roelfsema F, Frolich M, Overeem S, Lammers GJ, Pijl H: Effect of sodium oxybate on growth hormone secretion in narcolepsy patients and healthy controls. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jun;300(6):E1069-75. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00623.2010. Epub 2011 Mar 29. [Article]
- Dominguez A, Soca Gallego L, Parmar M: Sodium Oxybate . [Article]
- Robinson DM, Keating GM: Sodium oxybate: a review of its use in the management of narcolepsy. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(4):337-54. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200721040-00007. [Article]
- Huang YS, Guilleminault C: Narcolepsy: action of two gamma-aminobutyric acid type B agonists, baclofen and sodium oxybate. Pediatr Neurol. 2009 Jul;41(1):9-16. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.02.008. [Article]
- van den Brink W, Addolorato G, Aubin HJ, Benyamina A, Caputo F, Dematteis M, Gual A, Lesch OM, Mann K, Maremmani I, Nutt D, Paille F, Perney P, Rehm J, Reynaud M, Simon N, Soderpalm B, Sommer WH, Walter H, Spanagel R: Efficacy and safety of sodium oxybate in alcohol-dependent patients with a very high drinking risk level. Addict Biol. 2018 Jul;23(4):969-986. doi: 10.1111/adb.12645. [Article]
- Mannucci C, Pichini S, Spagnolo EV, Calapai F, Gangemi S, Navarra M, Calapai G: Sodium Oxybate Therapy for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome and Keeping of Alcohol Abstinence. Curr Drug Metab. 2018;19(13):1056-1064. doi: 10.2174/1389200219666171207122227. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: XYREM (sodium oxybate) oral solution, CIII (September 2020) [Link]
- Toronto Research Chemicals: : Sodium Oxybate (4-Hydroxybutyric Acid Sodium Salt) MSDS [Link]
- GlobeNewswire News Release: Avadel Pharmaceuticals Announces Tentative Approval of LUMRYZ™ (sodium oxybate) extended-release oral suspension [Link]
- Health Canada Approved Drug Products: XYREM (sodium oxybate) oral solution [Link]
- EMA Approved Drug Products: XYREM (sodium oxybate) oral solution [Link]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: LUMRYZ (sodium oxybate) for extended-release oral suspension, CIII (May 2023) [Link]
- External Links
- PubChem Compound
- 23663870
- PubChem Substance
- 347827822
- ChemSpider
- 9983
- 9899
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1200682
- Wikipedia
- Sodium_oxybate
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Basic Science Healthy Controls / Narcolepsy With Cataplexy 1 4 Completed Basic Science Sleep 1 4 Completed Other Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/ Myalgic Encephalitis (CFS/ME) 1 4 Completed Supportive Care Palliative Treatment 1 4 Completed Treatment Alcohol Dependency / Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution Oral 175 MG/ML Syrup Oral 175 mg/ml For suspension, extended release Oral 4.5 g/1 For suspension, extended release Oral 6 g/1 For suspension, extended release Oral 7.5 g/1 For suspension, extended release Oral 9 g/1 Solution Oral 500 MG/ML Solution Oral .5 g/1mL Solution Oral Solution Oral 0.5 g/1mL Solution Oral 500 mg / mL Solution Oral - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US7765106 Yes 2010-07-27 2024-12-16 US US6780889 Yes 2004-08-24 2021-01-04 US US7668730 Yes 2010-02-23 2024-12-16 US US7765107 Yes 2010-07-27 2024-12-16 US US7851506 Yes 2010-12-14 2020-06-22 US US7895059 Yes 2011-02-22 2023-06-17 US US8263650 Yes 2012-09-11 2020-06-22 US US8324275 Yes 2012-12-04 2020-06-22 US US8457988 Yes 2013-06-04 2023-06-17 US US8589182 Yes 2013-11-19 2023-06-17 US US8731963 Yes 2014-05-20 2023-06-17 US US8772306 Yes 2014-07-08 2033-09-15 US US8952062 Yes 2015-02-10 2020-06-22 US US9050302 Yes 2015-06-09 2033-09-15 US US7262219 Yes 2007-08-28 2021-01-04 US US8859619 Yes 2014-10-14 2020-06-22 US US9539330 Yes 2017-01-10 2020-06-22 US US9486426 Yes 2016-11-08 2033-09-15 US US10213400 Yes 2019-02-26 2033-09-15 US US10675258 No 2020-06-09 2033-01-11 US US8901173 No 2014-12-02 2033-01-11 US US10195168 No 2019-02-05 2033-01-11 US US8591922 No 2013-11-26 2033-01-11 US US9132107 No 2015-09-15 2033-01-11 US US10864181 Yes 2020-12-15 2033-09-15 US US11253494 Yes 2013-09-15 2033-09-15 US US11426373 No 2017-09-19 2037-09-19 US US11554102 No 2013-01-11 2033-01-11 US US11602513 No 2017-07-21 2037-07-21 US US11602512 No 2017-07-21 2037-07-21 US US11583510 No 2022-02-07 2042-02-07 US US11400065 No 2017-07-21 2037-07-21 US US11000498 No 2021-05-11 2037-07-21 US US10952986 No 2021-03-23 2037-07-21 US US11065224 No 2021-07-20 2037-07-21 US US11504347 No 2017-07-21 2037-07-21 US US11052061 No 2021-07-06 2037-07-21 US US10272062 No 2019-04-30 2037-07-21 US US10973795 No 2021-04-13 2037-07-21 US US10925844 No 2021-02-23 2040-02-28 US US10736866 No 2020-08-11 2037-07-21 US US11766418 No 2017-07-21 2037-07-21 US US11779557 No 2022-03-16 2042-03-16 US US11826335 No 2017-07-21 2037-07-21 US US11839597 No 2017-07-21 2037-07-21 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 145-147 https://www.trc-canada.com/prod-img/MSDS/H833015MSDS.pdf - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 660.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -0.34 ALOGPS logP -0.51 Chemaxon logS 0.72 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 4.44 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -2.4 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 60.36 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 3 Chemaxon Refractivity 34.64 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 9.74 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS splash10-0fur-9000000000-63fc3a3c55b7d5bcf1dc - Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 122.37607 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 124.93999 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 133.16481 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Not Available
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled gaba receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Component of a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor for GABA, formed by GABBR1 and GABBR2. Within the heterodimeric GABA receptor, only GABBR1 seems to bind agonists, while GABBR2 mediates coup...
Components:
Name | UniProt ID |
---|---|
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 | Q9UBS5 |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2 | O75899 |
References
- Brenneisen R, Elsohly MA, Murphy TP, Passarelli J, Russmann S, Salamone SJ, Watson DE: Pharmacokinetics and excretion of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in healthy subjects. J Anal Toxicol. 2004 Nov-Dec;28(8):625-30. [Article]
- Owen RT: Sodium oxybate: efficacy, safety and tolerability in the treatment of narcolepsy with or without cataplexy. Drugs Today (Barc). 2008 Mar;44(3):197-204. doi: 10.1358/dot.2008.44.3.1162240. [Article]
- FDA Approved Drug Products: XYREM (sodium oxybate) oral solution, CIII (September 2020) [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Virus receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Riboflavin transporter. Riboflavin transport is Na(+)-independent but moderately pH-sensitive. Activity is strongly inhibited by riboflavin analogs, such as lumiflavin. Weakly inhibited by flavin a...
- Gene Name
- SLC52A2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9HAB3
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 52, riboflavin transporter, member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 45776.61 Da
References
- Robinson DM, Keating GM: Sodium oxybate: a review of its use in the management of narcolepsy. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(4):337-54. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200721040-00007. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [nad(p)+] activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes one step in the degradation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
- Gene Name
- ALDH5A1
- Uniprot ID
- P51649
- Uniprot Name
- Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 57214.23 Da
References
- Kim YG, Lee S, Kwon OS, Park SY, Lee SJ, Park BJ, Kim KJ: Redox-switch modulation of human SSADH by dynamic catalytic loop. EMBO J. 2009 Apr 8;28(7):959-68. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2009.40. Epub 2009 Mar 19. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the cofactor-independent reversible oxidation of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) to succinic semialdehyde (SSA) coupled to reduction of 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG)...
- Gene Name
- ADHFE1
- Uniprot ID
- Q8IWW8
- Uniprot Name
- Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 50307.42 Da
References
- Struys EA, Verhoeven NM, Ten Brink HJ, Wickenhagen WV, Gibson KM, Jakobs C: Kinetic characterization of human hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase: relevance to D-2-hydroxyglutaric and gamma-hydroxybutyric acidurias. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):921-30. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Nadp binding
- Specific Function
- The transhydrogenation between NADH and NADP is coupled to respiration and ATP hydrolysis and functions as a proton pump across the membrane. May play a role in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxi...
- Gene Name
- NNT
- Uniprot ID
- Q13423
- Uniprot Name
- NAD(P) transhydrogenase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 113894.595 Da
References
- FDA Approved Drug Products: XYREM (sodium oxybate) oral solution, CIII (September 2020) [Link]
Drug created at May 14, 2015 17:10 / Updated at June 27, 2023 01:10