Sodium oxybate

Identification

Summary

Sodium oxybate is a central nervous system depressant used to treat cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) associated with narcolepsy.

Brand Names
Lumryz, Xyrem, Xywav
Generic Name
Sodium oxybate
DrugBank Accession Number
DB09072
Background

Sodium oxybate (Xyrem) is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant used to treat cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy.9 It is a sodium salt of gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, an endogenous cerebral inhibitory neurotransmitter 8 and a metabolite of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.4 Due to its physiological effects, sodium oxybate is associated with a risk for substance misuse and abuse. Sodium oxybate has been misused to stimulate body growth and to induce euphoria, disinhibition, and sexual arousal as a "party drug" or "club drug."1 For safety reasons, sodium oxybate is a controlled substance only available through a restricted program in approved countries.9

An extended-release oral suspension formulation of sodium oxybate for narcolepsy, marketed under the brand name LUMRYZ, gained tentative FDA approval in July 2022 11 and was fully approved in May 2023.14 In some countries, sodium oxybate has been investigated and used in alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) to aid abstinence maintenance in alcohol use disorders.7,8

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 126.087
Monoisotopic: 126.02928837
Chemical Formula
C4H7NaO3
Synonyms
  • Oxybate sodium
  • Sodium oxybate
External IDs
  • NSC-84223
  • WY-3478

Pharmacology

Indication

Sodium oxybate is a central nervous system depressant indicated for the treatment of cataplexy 9,12,13 or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients with narcolepsy.14 In the US and in Europe, the drug is approved for use in patients 7 years of age and older 9,13 while in Canada, it is not recommended in children under the age of 18, unless clearly needed.12

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Management ofCataplexy•••••••••••••••••••••••••
Management ofCataplexy••••••••••••••••••••
Management ofSleepiness, excessive daytime•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••
Management ofSleepiness, excessive daytime••••••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Sodium oxybate works to improve nocturnal sleep, improve alertness the following day, and ameliorate cataplexy. Decreased excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy is observed in higher doses 3 and at a delayed time.6 It is proposed that sodium oxybate increases the time spent in Stages N2 and N3 of sleep and decreases the shift to stages N1/Wake/REM,4 resulting in improved continuity of sleep 5 and deeper sleep.4

Sodium oxybate is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant that can cause significant respiratory depression. Due to its physiological and psychological effects, sodium oxybate is associated with a risk for substance misuse and abuse,9 addiction, withdrawal syndrome, and overdoses.1 Sodium oxybate is a sodium salt of GHB, a naturally occurring CNS depressant that increases dopamine levels and increases serotonin turnover.1 Sodium oxybate stimulates growth hormone release, often leading to its misuse as a dietary supplement for bodybuilding.1 In patients with narcolepsy, sodium oxybate increases nocturnal growth hormone secretion and slow-wave sleep at night, which is when growth hormone is typically released.3

Mechanism of action

The physiological actions of sodium oxybate are mediated by gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), its active compound. While the exact mechanism of action of GHB in narcolepsy is not fully understood, it is suggested that GHB has multiple modes of action.3

At low doses, GHB binds to high- and low-affinity G-protein-coupled GHB receptors. Activation of GHB receptors leads to the release of glutamate, which is an excitatory neurotransmitter. At higher doses, GHB activates GABAB receptors 2,5 at noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons, as well as at thalamocortical neurons 9 that are involved in sleep-wake regulation, attention and vigilance.5 GHB metabolizes to GABA, which modulates GABAA and GABAC receptors.5

TargetActionsOrganism
UGABA(B) Receptor
agonist
UGamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) receptor
agonist
Humans
Absorption

Following oral administration of sodium oxybate, GHB is released and rapidly absorbed with an absolute bioavailability of about 88%. The plasma levels of GHB increases more than dose-proportionally, with blood levels increasing 3.7‐fold as total daily dose is doubled from 4.5 g to 9 g.9 After administration of a single oral dose of 2.25g to 4.5g sodium oxybate, the Cmax was 27–90 μg/mL and the mean Tmax ranged from 25 to 75 minutes.5

A high-fat meal delays absorption (average Tmax increased from 0.75 hr to 2 hr), reduces Cmax of GHB by 59%, and decreases systemic exposure (AUC) by 37%.9

Volume of distribution

The apparent volume of distribution of GHB ranges from 190 mL/kg to 384 mL/kg.9

Protein binding

At GHB concentrations ranging from 3 mcg/mL to 300 mcg/mL, less than 1% is bound to plasma proteins.9

Metabolism

Animal studies suggest that metabolism is the major elimination pathway for GHB, producing carbon dioxide and water via the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle and secondarily by beta-oxidation. GHB dehydrogenase, a cytosolic NADP+-linked enzyme, converts GHB to succinic semialdehyde, which is then biotransformed to succinic acid by succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Succinic acid enters the Krebs cycle where it is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water. A second mitochondrial oxidoreductase enzyme, a transhydrogenase, also catalyzes the conversion to succinic semialdehyde in the presence of α-ketoglutarate. GHB can alternatively be converted to carbon dioxide and water via β-oxidation mediated by 3,4-dihydroxybutyrate. No active metabolites have been identified.9

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Route of elimination

The clearance of GHB is almost entirely by biotransformation to carbon dioxide, which is then eliminated by expiration. On average, less than 5% of unchanged drug appears in human urine within 6 to 8 hours after dosing. Fecal excretion is negligible.9

Half-life

GHB has an elimination half-life of 0.5 to 1 hour.9

Clearance

In healthy GHB-naïve subjects who received a single oral dose of 25 mg GHB per kg of body weight, the total clearance 1228 ± 233 μL/min.2

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The oral LD50 in rats is 9690 mg/kg.10

There are several cases of GHB overdose in literature where individuals ingested GHB illicitly in conjunction with other drugs and alcohol. These individuals exhibited varying degrees of depressed consciousness that may fluctuate rapidly between a confusional, agitated, combative state with ataxia and coma. Emesis (even when obtunded), diaphoresis, headache, and impaired psychomotor skills have been observed. No typical pupillary changes have been described to assist in diagnosis; pupillary reactivity to light is maintained. Blurred vision has been reported. An increasing depth of coma and acidosis have been observed at higher doses. Myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures have been reported. Respiration may be unaffected or compromised in rate and depth. Cheyne-Stokes respiration and apnea have been observed. Bradycardia and hypothermia may accompany unconsciousness, as well as muscular hypotonia, but tendon reflexes remain intact.9

In clinical trials, two adults experienced sodium oxybate overdose. One patient received an estimated dose of 150 g, which was more than 15 times the maximum recommended dose: this patient became unresponsive with brief periods of apnea and incontinent of urine and feces. The patient recovered without sequelae. The other patient died following a multiple drug overdose consisting of sodium oxybate and numerous other drugs.9

There is no known antidote for sodium oxybate; therefore, overdose should be managed with general symptomatic and supportive care, with a consideration of gastric decontamination if co-ingestants are suspected.9

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
1,2-Benzodiazepine1,2-Benzodiazepine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Sodium oxybate.
AcetazolamideAcetazolamide may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Sodium oxybate.
AcetophenazineAcetophenazine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Sodium oxybate.
AgomelatineAgomelatine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Sodium oxybate.
AlfentanilThe risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Alfentanil is combined with Sodium oxybate.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol. Alcohol can potentiate central nervous system (CNS) depression (respiratory depression, hypotension, profound sedation, syncope, and death) caused by sodium oxybate.
  • Take separate from meals. Take the first nightly dose of sodium oxybate at least two hours after eating.

Products

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Active Moieties
NameKindUNIICASInChI Key
gamma-Hydroxybutyric acidsalt30IW36W5B2591-81-1SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
LumryzFor suspension, extended release6 g/1OralAvadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC2023-05-01Not applicableUS flag
LumryzFor suspension, extended release9 g/1OralAvadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC2023-05-01Not applicableUS flag
LumryzFor suspension, extended release4.5 g/1OralAvadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC2023-05-01Not applicableUS flag
LumryzFor suspension, extended release7.5 g/1OralAvadel CNS Pharmaceuticals, LLC2023-05-01Not applicableUS flag
XyremSolution500 mg/mlOralUcb Pharma2020-12-23Not applicableEU flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Sodium OxybateSolution.5 g/1mLOralHikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.2023-01-03Not applicableUS flag
Sodium OxybateSolution.5 g/1mLOralAmneal Pharmaceuticals NY LLC2023-07-03Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
XywavSodium oxybate (0.5 g/1mL) + Calcium oxybate (0.5 g/1mL) + Potassium oxybate (0.5 g/1mL) + Magnesium oxybate (0.5 g/1mL)SolutionOralJazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2020-11-02Not applicableUS flag
XywavSodium oxybate (0.04 g / mL) + Calcium oxybate (0.234 g / mL) + Magnesium oxybate (0.096 g / mL) + Potassium oxybate (0.13 g / mL)SolutionOralJazz Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited2023-10-04Not applicableCanada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
N01AX11 — Sodium oxybateN07XX04 — Sodium oxybate
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as short-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives. These are hydroxy acids with an alkyl chain the contains less than 6 carbon atoms.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic acids and derivatives
Class
Hydroxy acids and derivatives
Sub Class
Short-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives
Direct Parent
Short-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Fatty acids and conjugates / Carboxylic acid salts / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Primary alcohols / Organic zwitterions / Organic sodium salts / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
Substituents
Alcohol / Aliphatic acyclic compound / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid salt / Fatty acid / Hydrocarbon derivative / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives / Organic alkali metal salt
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
7G33012534
CAS number
502-85-2
InChI Key
XYGBKMMCQDZQOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
InChI
InChI=1S/C4H8O3.Na/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7;/h5H,1-3H2,(H,6,7);/q;+1/p-1
IUPAC Name
sodium 4-hydroxybutanoate
SMILES
[Na+].OCCCC([O-])=O

References

General References
  1. Lemon MD, Strain JD, Farver DK: Sodium oxybate for cataplexy. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Mar;40(3):433-40; quiz 581-2. Epub 2006 Feb 28. [Article]
  2. Brenneisen R, Elsohly MA, Murphy TP, Passarelli J, Russmann S, Salamone SJ, Watson DE: Pharmacokinetics and excretion of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in healthy subjects. J Anal Toxicol. 2004 Nov-Dec;28(8):625-30. [Article]
  3. Donjacour CE, Aziz NA, Roelfsema F, Frolich M, Overeem S, Lammers GJ, Pijl H: Effect of sodium oxybate on growth hormone secretion in narcolepsy patients and healthy controls. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jun;300(6):E1069-75. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00623.2010. Epub 2011 Mar 29. [Article]
  4. Dominguez A, Soca Gallego L, Parmar M: Sodium Oxybate . [Article]
  5. Robinson DM, Keating GM: Sodium oxybate: a review of its use in the management of narcolepsy. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(4):337-54. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200721040-00007. [Article]
  6. Huang YS, Guilleminault C: Narcolepsy: action of two gamma-aminobutyric acid type B agonists, baclofen and sodium oxybate. Pediatr Neurol. 2009 Jul;41(1):9-16. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.02.008. [Article]
  7. van den Brink W, Addolorato G, Aubin HJ, Benyamina A, Caputo F, Dematteis M, Gual A, Lesch OM, Mann K, Maremmani I, Nutt D, Paille F, Perney P, Rehm J, Reynaud M, Simon N, Soderpalm B, Sommer WH, Walter H, Spanagel R: Efficacy and safety of sodium oxybate in alcohol-dependent patients with a very high drinking risk level. Addict Biol. 2018 Jul;23(4):969-986. doi: 10.1111/adb.12645. [Article]
  8. Mannucci C, Pichini S, Spagnolo EV, Calapai F, Gangemi S, Navarra M, Calapai G: Sodium Oxybate Therapy for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome and Keeping of Alcohol Abstinence. Curr Drug Metab. 2018;19(13):1056-1064. doi: 10.2174/1389200219666171207122227. [Article]
  9. FDA Approved Drug Products: XYREM (sodium oxybate) oral solution, CIII (September 2020) [Link]
  10. Toronto Research Chemicals: : Sodium Oxybate (4-Hydroxybutyric Acid Sodium Salt) MSDS [Link]
  11. GlobeNewswire News Release: Avadel Pharmaceuticals Announces Tentative Approval of LUMRYZ™ (sodium oxybate) extended-release oral suspension [Link]
  12. Health Canada Approved Drug Products: XYREM (sodium oxybate) oral solution [Link]
  13. EMA Approved Drug Products: XYREM (sodium oxybate) oral solution [Link]
  14. FDA Approved Drug Products: LUMRYZ (sodium oxybate) for extended-release oral suspension, CIII (May 2023) [Link]
PubChem Compound
23663870
PubChem Substance
347827822
ChemSpider
9983
RxNav
9899
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1200682
Wikipedia
Sodium_oxybate

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedBasic ScienceHealthy Controls / Narcolepsy With Cataplexy1
4CompletedBasic ScienceSleep1
4CompletedOtherChronic Fatigue Syndrome/ Myalgic Encephalitis (CFS/ME)1
4CompletedSupportive CarePalliative Treatment1
4CompletedTreatmentAlcohol Dependency / Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD)1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
SolutionOral175 MG/ML
SyrupOral175 mg/ml
For suspension, extended releaseOral4.5 g/1
For suspension, extended releaseOral6 g/1
For suspension, extended releaseOral7.5 g/1
For suspension, extended releaseOral9 g/1
SolutionOral500 MG/ML
SolutionOral.5 g/1mL
SolutionOral
SolutionOral0.5 g/1mL
SolutionOral500 mg / mL
SolutionOral
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US7765106Yes2010-07-272024-12-16US flag
US6780889Yes2004-08-242021-01-04US flag
US7668730Yes2010-02-232024-12-16US flag
US7765107Yes2010-07-272024-12-16US flag
US7851506Yes2010-12-142020-06-22US flag
US7895059Yes2011-02-222023-06-17US flag
US8263650Yes2012-09-112020-06-22US flag
US8324275Yes2012-12-042020-06-22US flag
US8457988Yes2013-06-042023-06-17US flag
US8589182Yes2013-11-192023-06-17US flag
US8731963Yes2014-05-202023-06-17US flag
US8772306Yes2014-07-082033-09-15US flag
US8952062Yes2015-02-102020-06-22US flag
US9050302Yes2015-06-092033-09-15US flag
US7262219Yes2007-08-282021-01-04US flag
US8859619Yes2014-10-142020-06-22US flag
US9539330Yes2017-01-102020-06-22US flag
US9486426Yes2016-11-082033-09-15US flag
US10213400Yes2019-02-262033-09-15US flag
US10675258No2020-06-092033-01-11US flag
US8901173No2014-12-022033-01-11US flag
US10195168No2019-02-052033-01-11US flag
US8591922No2013-11-262033-01-11US flag
US9132107No2015-09-152033-01-11US flag
US10864181Yes2020-12-152033-09-15US flag
US11253494Yes2013-09-152033-09-15US flag
US11426373No2017-09-192037-09-19US flag
US11554102No2013-01-112033-01-11US flag
US11602513No2017-07-212037-07-21US flag
US11602512No2017-07-212037-07-21US flag
US11583510No2022-02-072042-02-07US flag
US11400065No2017-07-212037-07-21US flag
US11000498No2021-05-112037-07-21US flag
US10952986No2021-03-232037-07-21US flag
US11065224No2021-07-202037-07-21US flag
US11504347No2017-07-212037-07-21US flag
US11052061No2021-07-062037-07-21US flag
US10272062No2019-04-302037-07-21US flag
US10973795No2021-04-132037-07-21US flag
US10925844No2021-02-232040-02-28US flag
US10736866No2020-08-112037-07-21US flag
US11766418No2017-07-212037-07-21US flag
US11779557No2022-03-162042-03-16US flag
US11826335No2017-07-212037-07-21US flag
US11839597No2017-07-212037-07-21US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)145-147https://www.trc-canada.com/prod-img/MSDS/H833015MSDS.pdf
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility660.0 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-0.34ALOGPS
logP-0.51Chemaxon
logS0.72ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.44Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2.4Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area60.36 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count3Chemaxon
Refractivity34.64 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability9.74 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings0Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0fur-9000000000-63fc3a3c55b7d5bcf1dc
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-122.37607
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+124.93999
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+133.16481
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein group
Organism
Not Available
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Agonist
General Function
G-protein coupled gaba receptor activity
Specific Function
Component of a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor for GABA, formed by GABBR1 and GABBR2. Within the heterodimeric GABA receptor, only GABBR1 seems to bind agonists, while GABBR2 mediates coup...

Components:
References
  1. Brenneisen R, Elsohly MA, Murphy TP, Passarelli J, Russmann S, Salamone SJ, Watson DE: Pharmacokinetics and excretion of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in healthy subjects. J Anal Toxicol. 2004 Nov-Dec;28(8):625-30. [Article]
  2. Owen RT: Sodium oxybate: efficacy, safety and tolerability in the treatment of narcolepsy with or without cataplexy. Drugs Today (Barc). 2008 Mar;44(3):197-204. doi: 10.1358/dot.2008.44.3.1162240. [Article]
  3. FDA Approved Drug Products: XYREM (sodium oxybate) oral solution, CIII (September 2020) [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Virus receptor activity
Specific Function
Riboflavin transporter. Riboflavin transport is Na(+)-independent but moderately pH-sensitive. Activity is strongly inhibited by riboflavin analogs, such as lumiflavin. Weakly inhibited by flavin a...
Gene Name
SLC52A2
Uniprot ID
Q9HAB3
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 52, riboflavin transporter, member 2
Molecular Weight
45776.61 Da
References
  1. Robinson DM, Keating GM: Sodium oxybate: a review of its use in the management of narcolepsy. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(4):337-54. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200721040-00007. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [nad(p)+] activity
Specific Function
Catalyzes one step in the degradation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Gene Name
ALDH5A1
Uniprot ID
P51649
Uniprot Name
Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
57214.23 Da
References
  1. Kim YG, Lee S, Kwon OS, Park SY, Lee SJ, Park BJ, Kim KJ: Redox-switch modulation of human SSADH by dynamic catalytic loop. EMBO J. 2009 Apr 8;28(7):959-68. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2009.40. Epub 2009 Mar 19. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Metal ion binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the cofactor-independent reversible oxidation of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) to succinic semialdehyde (SSA) coupled to reduction of 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG)...
Gene Name
ADHFE1
Uniprot ID
Q8IWW8
Uniprot Name
Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
50307.42 Da
References
  1. Struys EA, Verhoeven NM, Ten Brink HJ, Wickenhagen WV, Gibson KM, Jakobs C: Kinetic characterization of human hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase: relevance to D-2-hydroxyglutaric and gamma-hydroxybutyric acidurias. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):921-30. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Nadp binding
Specific Function
The transhydrogenation between NADH and NADP is coupled to respiration and ATP hydrolysis and functions as a proton pump across the membrane. May play a role in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxi...
Gene Name
NNT
Uniprot ID
Q13423
Uniprot Name
NAD(P) transhydrogenase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
113894.595 Da
References
  1. FDA Approved Drug Products: XYREM (sodium oxybate) oral solution, CIII (September 2020) [Link]

Drug created at May 14, 2015 17:10 / Updated at June 27, 2023 01:10