Thyroid, porcine

Identification

Summary

Thyroid, porcine is a naturally-occurring peptide hormone used for the replacement therapy for hypothyroidism of any etiology, treatment for euthyroid goiters, and management of thyroid cancers.

Generic Name

Thyroid, porcine

DrugBank Accession Number

DB09100

Background

Thyroid extract is dried and powdered thyroid glands from pigs containing tiiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) used to supplement low or absent thyroid activity.^4,10 Thyroid extract has been described in literature to treat hypothyroidism since 1891² but its use dates back as far as the 6th century.⁴ Thyroid extract is no longer considered a first line therapy as it delivers a dose that is inconsistent with the stated strength of the tablet.³ Currently, patients are more likely to be treated with levothyroxine.³

Thyroid extracts were never FDA approved as their use in the United States predates the FDA.⁴

Type

Biotech

Groups

Approved

Biologic Classification

Protein Based Therapies
Hormones

Protein Chemical Formula

Not Available

Protein Average Weight

Not Available

Sequences

Not Available

Synonyms

Pig thyroid
Porcine thyroid
Sus scrofa thyroid
Thyroid (pork)
Thyroid extract, porcine

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Pharmacology

Indication

Thyroid extract is indicated for replacement therapy in decreased or absent thyroid function.¹⁰

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Associated Conditions

Indication Type	Indication	Combined Product Details	Approval Level	Age Group	Patient Characteristics	Dose Form
Treatment of	Hypothyroidism		••••••••••••			••••••

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

Thyroid extract increases the metabolic rate of patients with hypothyroidism.^8,9 The therapeutic index of thyroid extract is wide, as patients can be given varying doses.¹⁰ The duration of action is long as thyroid extract is generally given once daily.¹⁰ Patients should not use thyroid extract for weight loss.¹⁰

Mechanism of action

T3 binding to the thyroid hormone receptor (TR), changes the conformation of the TR, allowing it to bind to the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and form a coactivator complex.⁸ The coactivator complex has histone acetyltransferase activity, which activates genes.⁸ In the absence of T3, TR and RXR form a corepressor complex with histone deacetylase activity, which represses genes.⁸ The macroscopic effects of thyroid hormones is an increase in the metabolic rate.⁹ T4 has similar but weaker activity to T3.⁹

Target	Actions	Organism
UThyroid hormone receptor alpha	substrate	Humans
UThyroid hormone receptor beta	substrate	Humans

Absorption

T4 is 48-79% absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and T3 is 95% absorbed.¹⁰ L-triiodothyronine reaches a C_max of 320±60ng/L, with a T_max of 1.8±0.3h.⁶ Levothyroxin has a T_max of2-3h.⁵

Volume of distribution

Data regarding the volume of distribution of thyroid extract is not readily available as it is a mixture of many compounds.¹⁰ Levothyroxine, a synthetic form of T4, has a volume of distribution of 11-15L.⁵ L-triiodothyronine, a synthetic form of T3, has an apparent volume of distribution of 14.9±4.2L.⁶

Protein binding

Thyroid hormones are more than 99% protein bound, typically to albumin, transthyretin, and thyroxine-binding globulin.^1,10

Metabolism

Approximately one third of the active T4 is deiodinated to the active T3, one third is deiodinated to the inactive reverse T3 (rT3), and one third is glucuronidated or sulfated.⁷ Deiodination is mediated by iodothryonine deiodinases, glucuronidation is mediated by glucuronyltransferases, and sulfation is mediated by sulfotransferases.^7,5 T3 and rT3 are further deiodinated to diiodothyronine (T2), iodothyronine (T1), and their reverse forms.⁵ T4 can also undergo ether bond cleavage or oxidative deamination but these pathways are incredibly minor.⁷

Route of elimination

Data regarding the route of elimination of thyroid extract is not readily available as it is a mixture of many compounds.¹⁰ 20% of the body's naturally produced thyroxine is eliminated in the feces.⁷

Half-life

Data regarding the half life of thyroid extract is not readily available as it is a mixture of many compounds.¹⁰ Levothyroxine, a synthetic form of T4, has a half life of 6.2 days in euthyroid patients and 7.5 days in hypothyroid patients.⁵ T3 has a half life of 1.0 days in euthyroid patients and 1.4 days in hypothyroid patients.⁵

Clearance

Data regarding the clearance of thyroid extract is not readily available as it is a mixture of many compounds.¹⁰ The clearance of levothyroxine, a synthetic form of T4, is 0.044L/h in euthyroid patients and 0.038L/h in hypothyroid patients.⁵

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

Patients experiencing and overdose may present with symptoms of a hypermetabolic state.¹⁰ Overdose may be treated by symptomatic and supportive treatment, dose reduction or temporarily stopping the medication, induction of vomiting, administering oxygen, cardiac glycosides, as well as methods to control fever, hypoglycemia, and fluid loss.¹⁰

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

Drug	Interaction
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Acalabrutinib	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Acalabrutinib.
Acarbose	Thyroid, porcine may decrease the hypoglycemic activities of Acarbose.
Acebutolol	The therapeutic efficacy of Thyroid, porcine can be decreased when used in combination with Acebutolol.
Acenocoumarol	The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Thyroid, porcine is combined with Acenocoumarol.
Acetohexamide	Thyroid, porcine may decrease the hypoglycemic activities of Acetohexamide.

Food Interactions

No interactions found.

Products

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Product Images

Brand Name Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
APur Thyroid	Tablet	60 mg/1	Oral	Vitruvias Therapeutics	2024-01-12	Not applicable
APur Thyroid	Tablet	120 mg/1	Oral	Vitruvias Therapeutics	2024-01-12	Not applicable
APur Thyroid	Tablet	30 mg/1	Oral	Vitruvias Therapeutics	2024-01-12	Not applicable
APur Thyroid	Tablet	90 mg/1	Oral	Vitruvias Therapeutics	2024-01-12	Not applicable
APur Thyroid	Tablet	15 mg/1	Oral	Vitruvias Therapeutics	2024-01-12	Not applicable

Unapproved/Other Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
APur Thyroid	Thyroid, porcine (60 mg/1)	Tablet	Oral	Vitruvias Therapeutics	2024-01-12	Not applicable
APur Thyroid	Thyroid, porcine (120 mg/1)	Tablet	Oral	Vitruvias Therapeutics	2024-01-12	Not applicable
APur Thyroid	Thyroid, porcine (30 mg/1)	Tablet	Oral	Vitruvias Therapeutics	2024-01-12	Not applicable
APur Thyroid	Thyroid, porcine (90 mg/1)	Tablet	Oral	Vitruvias Therapeutics	2024-01-12	Not applicable
APur Thyroid	Thyroid, porcine (15 mg/1)	Tablet	Oral	Vitruvias Therapeutics	2024-01-12	Not applicable

Chemical Identifiers

UNII: 6RV024OAUQ
CAS number: Not Available

References

General References

Rabah SA, Gowan IL, Pagnin M, Osman N, Richardson SJ: Thyroid Hormone Distributor Proteins During Development in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Aug 8;10:506. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00506. eCollection 2019. [Article]
Murray GR: Note on the Treatment of Myxoedema by Hypodermic Injections of an Extract of the Thyroid Gland of a Sheep. Br Med J. 1891 Oct 10;2(1606):796-7. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.1606.796. [Article]
McAninch EA, Bianco AC: The Swinging Pendulum in Treatment for Hypothyroidism: From (and Toward?) Combination Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Jul 9;10:446. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00446. eCollection 2019. [Article]
Mateo RCI, Hennessey JV: Thyroxine and treatment of hypothyroidism: seven decades of experience. Endocrine. 2019 Oct;66(1):10-17. doi: 10.1007/s12020-019-02006-8. Epub 2019 Jul 18. [Article]
Colucci P, Yue CS, Ducharme M, Benvenga S: A Review of the Pharmacokinetics of Levothyroxine for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism. Eur Endocrinol. 2013 Mar;9(1):40-47. doi: 10.17925/EE.2013.09.01.40. Epub 2013 Mar 15. [Article]
Van Tassell B, Wohlford GF 4th, Linderman JD, Smith S, Yavuz S, Pucino F, Celi FS: Pharmacokinetics of L-Triiodothyronine in Patients Undergoing Thyroid Hormone Therapy Withdrawal. Thyroid. 2019 Oct;29(10):1371-1379. doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0101. Epub 2019 Sep 12. [Article]
Peeters RP, Visser TJ: Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone . [Article]
Zhang J, Lazar MA: The mechanism of action of thyroid hormones. Annu Rev Physiol. 2000;62:439-66. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.439. [Article]
Hulbert AJ: Thyroid hormones and their effects: a new perspective. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2000 Nov;75(4):519-631. doi: 10.1017/s146479310000556x. [Article]
Health Canada Approved Drug Products: Desiccated Thyroid Oral Tablets [Link]

External Links

PubChem Substance: 347910404
RxNav: 235479

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Hypothyroidism / Thyroid Cancer, Papillary	1
3	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (DTC)	1
3	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Head And Neck Cancer	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Down Syndrome (DS)	1
3	Recruiting	Prevention	Hypothyroidism; Irradiation	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Not Available

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Tablet	Oral	120 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	15 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	180 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	240 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	30 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	300 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	60 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	90 mg/1
Tablet, coated	Oral	60 mg
Tablet	Oral	125 mg
Tablet	Oral	30 mg
Tablet, sugar coated	Oral	60 mg
Tablet	Oral	60 mg

Prices

Not Available

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State: Solid
Experimental Properties: Not Available

Targets

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Details1. Thyroid hormone receptor alpha

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function: Isoform Alpha-1: Nuclear hormone receptor that can act as a repressor or activator of transcription. High affinity receptor for thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine and thyroxine.Isoform Al...
Gene Name: THRA
Uniprot ID: P10827
Uniprot Name: Thyroid hormone receptor alpha
Molecular Weight: 54815.055 Da

References

Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Sidhaye AR, Wondisford FE: Thyroid hormone receptors and resistance to thyroid hormone disorders. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014 Oct;10(10):582-91. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.143. Epub 2014 Aug 19. [Article]

Details2. Thyroid hormone receptor beta

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function: Nuclear hormone receptor that can act as a repressor or activator of transcription. High affinity receptor for thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
Gene Name: THRB
Uniprot ID: P10828
Uniprot Name: Thyroid hormone receptor beta
Molecular Weight: 52787.16 Da

References

Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Sidhaye AR, Wondisford FE: Thyroid hormone receptors and resistance to thyroid hormone disorders. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014 Oct;10(10):582-91. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.143. Epub 2014 Aug 19. [Article]

Enzymes

Details1. Type I iodothyronine deiodinase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Responsible for the deiodination of T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) into T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine) and of T3 into T2 (3,3'-diiodothyronine). Plays a role in providing a source of plasma T3 by deiodination of T4 in peripheral tissues such as liver and kidney.
Specific Function: Selenium binding
Gene Name: DIO1
Uniprot ID: P49895
Uniprot Name: Type I iodothyronine deiodinase
Molecular Weight: 28924.21 Da

References

Bernal J, Guadano-Ferraz A, Morte B: Thyroid hormone transporters--functions and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015 Jul;11(7):406-17. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.66. Epub 2015 May 5. [Article]

Details2. Type II iodothyronine deiodinase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Responsible for the deiodination of T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) into T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine). Essential for providing the brain with appropriate levels of T3 during the critical period of development.
Specific Function: Selenium binding
Gene Name: DIO2
Uniprot ID: Q92813
Uniprot Name: Type II iodothyronine deiodinase
Molecular Weight: 30551.48 Da

References

Bernal J, Guadano-Ferraz A, Morte B: Thyroid hormone transporters--functions and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015 Jul;11(7):406-17. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.66. Epub 2015 May 5. [Article]

Details3. Thyroxine 5-deiodinase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Responsible for the deiodination of T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) into RT3 (3,3',5'-triiodothyronine) and of T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine) into T2 (3,3'-diiodothyronine). RT3 and T2 are inactive metabolites. May play a role in preventing premature exposure of developing fetal tissues to adult levels of thyroid hormones. Can regulate circulating fetal thyroid hormone concentrations throughout gestation. Essential role for regulation of thyroid hormone inactivation during embryological development.
Specific Function: Thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity
Gene Name: DIO3
Uniprot ID: P55073
Uniprot Name: Thyroxine 5-deiodinase
Molecular Weight: 33947.175 Da

References

Bernal J, Guadano-Ferraz A, Morte B: Thyroid hormone transporters--functions and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015 Jul;11(7):406-17. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.66. Epub 2015 May 5. [Article]

Details4. Sulfotransferase 1A1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Sulfotransferase activity
Specific Function: Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of catecholamines, phenolic drugs and neurotransmitters. Has also estroge...
Gene Name: SULT1A1
Uniprot ID: P50225
Uniprot Name: Sulfotransferase 1A1
Molecular Weight: 34165.13 Da

References

Peeters RP, Visser TJ: Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone . [Article]

Details5. Sulfotransferase 1A2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of catecholamines, phenolic drugs and neurotransmitters. Is also responsible for the sulfonation and activation of minoxidil. Mediates the metabolic activation of carcinogenic N-hydroxyarylamines to DNA binding products and could so participate as modulating factor of cancer risk.
Specific Function: Aryl sulfotransferase activity
Gene Name: SULT1A2
Uniprot ID: P50226
Uniprot Name: Sulfotransferase 1A2
Molecular Weight: 34309.49 Da

References

Peeters RP, Visser TJ: Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone . [Article]

Details6. Sulfotransferase 1A3/1A4

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of phenolic monoamines (neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin) and phenolic and catechol drugs.
Specific Function: Amine sulfotransferase activity
Gene Name: SULT1A3
Uniprot ID: P0DMM9
Uniprot Name: Sulfotransferase 1A3
Molecular Weight: 34195.96 Da

References

Peeters RP, Visser TJ: Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone . [Article]

Details7. Sulfotransferase family cytosolic 1B member 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Sulfotransferase activity
Specific Function: Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs and xenobiotic compounds. Sulf...
Gene Name: SULT1B1
Uniprot ID: O43704
Uniprot Name: Sulfotransferase family cytosolic 1B member 1
Molecular Weight: 34898.955 Da

References

Peeters RP, Visser TJ: Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone . [Article]

Details8. Sulfotransferase 1C2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of drugs, xenobiotic compounds, hormones, and neurotransmitters. May be involved in the activation of carcinogenic hydroxylamines. Shows activity towards p-nitrophenol and N-hydroxy-2-acetylamino-fluorene (N-OH-2AAF).
Specific Function: Sulfotransferase activity
Gene Name: SULT1C2
Uniprot ID: O00338
Uniprot Name: Sulfotransferase 1C2
Molecular Weight: 34879.905 Da

References

Peeters RP, Visser TJ: Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone . [Article]

Details9. Estrogen sulfotransferase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Sulfotransferase activity
Specific Function: Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the sulfate conjugation of estradiol and estrone. May play a role in the regulation of estrogen r...
Gene Name: SULT1E1
Uniprot ID: P49888
Uniprot Name: Estrogen sulfotransferase
Molecular Weight: 35126.185 Da

References

Peeters RP, Visser TJ: Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone . [Article]

Carriers

Details1. Serum albumin

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Binder

General Function: Toxic substance binding
Specific Function: Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name: ALB
Uniprot ID: P02768
Uniprot Name: Serum albumin
Molecular Weight: 69365.94 Da

References

Rabah SA, Gowan IL, Pagnin M, Osman N, Richardson SJ: Thyroid Hormone Distributor Proteins During Development in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Aug 8;10:506. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00506. eCollection 2019. [Article]

Details2. Transthyretin

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Binder

General Function: Identical protein binding
Specific Function: Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.
Gene Name: TTR
Uniprot ID: P02766
Uniprot Name: Transthyretin
Molecular Weight: 15886.88 Da

References

Rabah SA, Gowan IL, Pagnin M, Osman N, Richardson SJ: Thyroid Hormone Distributor Proteins During Development in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Aug 8;10:506. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00506. eCollection 2019. [Article]

Details3. Thyroxine-binding globulin

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Binder

General Function: Serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Specific Function: Major thyroid hormone transport protein in serum.
Gene Name: SERPINA7
Uniprot ID: P05543
Uniprot Name: Thyroxine-binding globulin
Molecular Weight: 46324.12 Da

References

Rabah SA, Gowan IL, Pagnin M, Osman N, Richardson SJ: Thyroid Hormone Distributor Proteins During Development in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Aug 8;10:506. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00506. eCollection 2019. [Article]

Transporters

Details1. Monocarboxylate transporter 8

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Transporter activity
Specific Function: Very active and specific thyroid hormone transporter. Stimulates cellular uptake of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) and diidothyronine. Does not transport Leu,...
Gene Name: SLC16A2
Uniprot ID: P36021
Uniprot Name: Monocarboxylate transporter 8
Molecular Weight: 59510.86 Da

References

Bernal J, Guadano-Ferraz A, Morte B: Thyroid hormone transporters--functions and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015 Jul;11(7):406-17. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.66. Epub 2015 May 5. [Article]

Details2. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Mediates the Na(+)-independent high affinity transport of organic anions such as the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and rT3. Other potential substrates, such as triiodothyronine (T3), 17-beta-gluc...
Gene Name: SLCO1C1
Uniprot ID: Q9NYB5
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1
Molecular Weight: 78695.625 Da

References

Bernal J, Guadano-Ferraz A, Morte B: Thyroid hormone transporters--functions and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015 Jul;11(7):406-17. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.66. Epub 2015 May 5. [Article]

Details3. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as estrone-3-sulfate (PubMed:10873595). Mediates transport of prostaglandins (PG) E1 and E2, thyroxine (T4), deltorphin II, BQ-123 an...
Gene Name: SLCO3A1
Uniprot ID: Q9UIG8
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1
Molecular Weight: 76552.135 Da

References

Bernal J, Guadano-Ferraz A, Morte B: Thyroid hormone transporters--functions and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015 Jul;11(7):406-17. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.66. Epub 2015 May 5. [Article]

Details4. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as the thyroid hormones T3 (triiodo-L-thyronine), T4 (thyroxine) and rT3, and of estrone-3-sulfate and taurocholate.
Gene Name: SLCO4A1
Uniprot ID: Q96BD0
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1
Molecular Weight: 77192.505 Da

References

Bernal J, Guadano-Ferraz A, Morte B: Thyroid hormone transporters--functions and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015 Jul;11(7):406-17. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.66. Epub 2015 May 5. [Article]

Details5. Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Peptide antigen binding
Specific Function: Sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of large neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan, when associated with SLC3A2/4F2hc. Involved in cellular a...
Gene Name: SLC7A5
Uniprot ID: Q01650
Uniprot Name: Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1
Molecular Weight: 55009.62 Da

References

Bernal J, Guadano-Ferraz A, Morte B: Thyroid hormone transporters--functions and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015 Jul;11(7):406-17. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.66. Epub 2015 May 5. [Article]

Details6. Sodium/bile acid cotransporter

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Virus receptor activity
Specific Function: The hepatic sodium/bile acid uptake system exhibits broad substrate specificity and transports various non-bile acid organic compounds as well. It is strictly dependent on the extracellular presenc...
Gene Name: SLC10A1
Uniprot ID: Q14973
Uniprot Name: Sodium/bile acid cotransporter
Molecular Weight: 38118.64 Da

References

Bernal J, Guadano-Ferraz A, Morte B: Thyroid hormone transporters--functions and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015 Jul;11(7):406-17. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.66. Epub 2015 May 5. [Article]

Drug created at September 16, 2015 21:09 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55

Thyroid, porcine

Identification

Pharmacology

Interactions

Products

Categories

Chemical Identifiers

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Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Properties

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Enzymes

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Carriers

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Transporters

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