Dexibuprofen

Identification

Summary

Dexibuprofen is a pharmacologically active enantiomer of racemic ibuprofen (NSAID) used to treat pain and inflammation.

Generic Name
Dexibuprofen
DrugBank Accession Number
DB09213
Background

Dexibuprofen, S(+)-ibuprofen, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is a pharmacologically effective enantiomer of racemic ibuprofen that differs in physicochemical properties. It is proposed to be more pharmacologically active and tolerable with a better safety profile than ibuprofen due to higher concentration of active S enantiomer. Dexibuprofen has a slower dissolution rate in the simulated gastric and enteric juices compared with the racemic ibuprofen and displays improved oral bioavilability 4. For Metabolism, Enzymes, Carriers, Transporters Sections, refer to Ibuprofen.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 206.2808
Monoisotopic: 206.13067982
Chemical Formula
C13H18O2
Synonyms
  • (+)-(S)-p-isobutylhydratropic acid
  • (2S)-2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid
  • (S)-α-methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzeneacetic acid
  • d-ibuproten
  • Dexibuprofen
  • Dexibuprofeno

Pharmacology

Indication

For more information, refer to ibuprofen.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to treatFeverCombination Product in combination with: Acetaminophen (DB00316), Caffeine (DB00201)••• •••••••••• ••••••
Treatment ofInflammatory reaction••••••••••••
Used in combination to managePainCombination Product in combination with: Butylscopolamine (DB09300)••••••••••••
Treatment ofPain••••••••••••
Used in combination to manageSpasmsCombination Product in combination with: Butylscopolamine (DB09300)••••••••••••
Associated Therapies
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

For more information, refer to ibuprofen.

Mechanism of action

Like common NSAIDs, dexibuprofen is an active enantiomer of ibuprofen that suppresses the prostanoid synthesis in the inflammatory cells via inhibition of the COX-2 isoform of the arachidonic acid COX.7 For more information, refer to ibuprofen.

TargetActionsOrganism
AProstaglandin G/H synthase 2
inhibitor
Humans
UProstaglandin G/H synthase 1
inhibitor
Humans
UApoptosis regulator Bcl-2
negative modulator
Humans
UThrombomodulin
modulator
Humans
UTissue-type plasminogen activator
modulator
Humans
UFatty acid-binding protein, intestinal
binder
Humans
UPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
activator
Humans
UCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
inhibitor
Humans
USolute carrier family 15 member 1Not AvailableHumans
UPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alphaNot AvailableHumans
UPlatelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chainNot AvailableHumans
UProtein S100-A7Not AvailableHumans
Absorption

The time it take to reach peak plasma concentration is 2.25-5 hours post-administration of oral tablets containing 300mg of dexibuprofen.3 For more information, refer to ibuprofen.

Volume of distribution

For more information, refer to ibuprofen.

Protein binding

For more information, refer to ibuprofen.

Metabolism

For more information, refer to ibuprofen.

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

Mainly renal excretion. For more information, refer to ibuprofen.

Half-life

Oral tablets containing 300mg of dexibuprofen results in 2.2-4.7 hours 3. For more information, refer to ibuprofen.

Clearance

For more information, refer to ibuprofen.

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Oral LD50 value in rats is 636 mg/kg.6 For more information, refer to ibuprofen.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirDexibuprofen may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Dexibuprofen can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbciximabThe risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Dexibuprofen is combined with Abciximab.
AbirateroneThe metabolism of Dexibuprofen can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone.
AbrocitinibThe metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Dexibuprofen.
Food Interactions
Not Available

Products

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Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
SUITROM CAF TABLETA RECUBIERTADexibuprofen (100 mg) + Caffeine (30 mg)Tablet, coatedOralCOLOMPACK S.A.2018-08-01Not applicableColombia flag
SUITROM FEM TABLETA RECUBIERTADexibuprofen (200 mg) + Butylscopolamine bromide (20 mg)Tablet, coatedOralCOLOMPACK S.A.2018-08-21Not applicableColombia flag
TAFLAX® GRIPDexibuprofen (200 mg) + Levocetirizine dihydrochloride (2.5 mg) + Phenylephrine hydrochloride (10 mg)Capsule, coatedOralCLARIPACK S.A.2013-09-18Not applicableColombia flag
TAFLAX®FORTE TABLETAS RECUBIERTASDexibuprofen (200 mg) + Acetaminophen (250 mg) + Caffeine (65 mg)Tablet, coatedOral2017-03-17Not applicableColombia flag

Categories

ATC Codes
M01AE14 — Dexibuprofen
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpropanoic acids. These are compounds with a structure containing a benzene ring conjugated to a propanoic acid.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
Class
Phenylpropanoic acids
Sub Class
Not Available
Direct Parent
Phenylpropanoic acids
Alternative Parents
Monocyclic monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids / Phenylpropanes / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
Substituents
2-phenylpropanoic-acid / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Aromatic monoterpenoid / Benzenoid / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative / Hydrocarbon derivative / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives / Monocyclic benzene moiety
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
ibuprofen (CHEBI:43415)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
671DKG7P5S
CAS number
51146-56-6
InChI Key
HEFNNWSXXWATRW-JTQLQIEISA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C13H18O2/c1-9(2)8-11-4-6-12(7-5-11)10(3)13(14)15/h4-7,9-10H,8H2,1-3H3,(H,14,15)/t10-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(2S)-2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid
SMILES
CC(C)CC1=CC=C(C=C1)[C@H](C)C(O)=O

References

General References
  1. Hardikar MS: Chiral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs--a review. J Indian Med Assoc. 2008 Sep;106(9):615-8, 622, 624. [Article]
  2. Yoon JS, Jeong DC, Oh JW, Lee KY, Lee HS, Koh YY, Kim JT, Kang JH, Lee JS: The effects and safety of dexibuprofen compared with ibuprofen in febrile children caused by upper respiratory tract infection. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Dec;66(6):854-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03271.x. [Article]
  3. Muralidharan S: Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of newly developed dexibuprofen sustained release formulations. ISRN Pharm. 2012;2012:451481. doi: 10.5402/2012/451481. Epub 2012 Dec 6. [Article]
  4. Gabard B, Nirnberger G, Schiel H, Mascher H, Kikuta C, Mayer JM: Comparison of the bioavailability of dexibuprofen administered alone or as part of racemic ibuprofen. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;48(6):505-11. [Article]
  5. Derry S, Best J, Moore RA: Single dose oral dexibuprofen [S(+)-ibuprofen] for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 23;(10):CD007550. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007550.pub3. [Article]
  6. Gonzalez-Correa JA, Arrebola MM, Martin-Salido E, Munoz-Marin J, de la Cuesta FS, De La Cruz JP: Effects of dexibuprofen on platelet function in humans: comparison with low-dose aspirin. Anesthesiology. 2007 Feb;106(2):218-25. [Article]
  7. 26. (2012). In Rang and Dale's Pharmacology (7th ed., pp. 318-323). Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. [ISBN:978-0-7020-3471-8]
  8. INVIMA Summary of Product Characteristics: Suitrom Caf (dexibuprofen/caffeine) oral tablets [Link]
KEGG Drug
D03715
PubChem Compound
39912
PubChem Substance
310265120
ChemSpider
36498
BindingDB
50169047
ChEBI
43415
ChEMBL
CHEMBL175
ZINC
ZINC000000002647
PharmGKB
PA166049174
PDBe Ligand
IBP
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Dexibuprofen
PDB Entries
1eqg / 2bxg / 2pws / 2wd9 / 3ib2 / 3p6h / 4jtr / 4ph9 / 4rs0 / 5jqb
show 4 more
MSDS
Download (44.8 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentOsteoarthritis of the Knee or Hip1
3CompletedTreatmentFever / Respiratory Tract Infections (RTI)1
1CompletedOtherHealthy Subjects (HS)1
1CompletedTreatmentHealthy Subjects (HS)1
Not AvailableCompletedTreatmentOsteoarthritis of the Knee1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Tablet, film coatedOral
TabletOral300 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral200 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral300 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral400 mg
Tablet, coatedOral400 mg
SuspensionOral1 g
Granule, for suspensionOral200 MG
Granule, for suspensionOral300 MG
Granule, for suspensionOral400 MG
Tablet, film coatedOral600 MG
Granule, for solutionOral12.5 MG
Powder, for suspensionOral
Powder, for suspensionOral200 MG
Powder, for suspensionOral300 MG
Powder, for suspensionOral400 MG
Tablet, coatedOral300 mg
Tablet, coatedOral100 mg
Capsule, coatedOral
Tablet, coatedOral200 mg
Tablet, coatedOral
Tablet, film coatedOral100 mg
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)49-53MSDS
water solubilityInsoluble MSDS
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0684 mg/mLALOGPS
logP3.5ALOGPS
logP3.84Chemaxon
logS-3.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4.85Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area37.3 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity60.73 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability23.81 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0900000000-cdbb3ff0e6daafa96a33
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0900000000-5f5841ab0d19d92f329f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0900000000-cdbb3ff0e6daafa96a33
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0900000000-eaa0c05cd0af4e11c253
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0900000000-0f95bc6329f3e35fe966
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-08fr-0940000000-67dc54562da440ad09d7
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0900000000-aa34b95d477461b9c2cc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0900000000-8560b3fd66d81a64b14b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03xr-0900000000-9c4414a9ee3a4c762beb
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-066r-1900000000-f2d072114259d50700fb
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0aou-3900000000-a474a674fc83022582ad
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0900000000-fe15b0b2af67ee4b396a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0910000000-d0e6a673c3c5552f5498
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0900000000-5fe1f2909802ac9a796c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03xr-0900000000-cfb78cdc69ad12366199
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-066r-0900000000-7c1ba69d76343263119a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0900000000-e04308054c6ff695bd55
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-1930000000-728a67daaea8ecb1b60a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0190000000-e8049d9759b81f0d56b0
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-02ai-0900000000-e1c07c4d6d5219e98219
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-05mo-5900000000-3c32234af86d6b3a2656
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0900000000-b1bbd0cff6f4f6df9ebc
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0ldl-4900000000-7635978e2602fb36e1ce
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-152.14226
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+154.53783
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+160.45035
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
Specific Function
Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Constitutively expressed in some tissues in physiological conditions, such as the endothelium, kidney and...
Gene Name
PTGS2
Uniprot ID
P35354
Uniprot Name
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
Molecular Weight
68995.625 Da
References
  1. Ashraf Z, Alamgeer, Rasool R, Hassan M, Ahsan H, Afzal S, Afzal K, Cho H, Kim SJ: Synthesis, Bioevaluation and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Studies of Dexibuprofen-Antioxidant Mutual Prodrugs. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Dec 21;17(12). pii: E2151. doi: 10.3390/ijms17122151. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
Specific Function
Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Involved in the constitutive production of prostanoids in particular in the stomach and platelets. In gas...
Gene Name
PTGS1
Uniprot ID
P23219
Uniprot Name
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1
Molecular Weight
68685.82 Da
References
  1. Ashraf Z, Alamgeer, Rasool R, Hassan M, Ahsan H, Afzal S, Afzal K, Cho H, Kim SJ: Synthesis, Bioevaluation and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Studies of Dexibuprofen-Antioxidant Mutual Prodrugs. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Dec 21;17(12). pii: E2151. doi: 10.3390/ijms17122151. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Negative modulator
General Function
Ubiquitin protein ligase binding
Specific Function
Suppresses apoptosis in a variety of cell systems including factor-dependent lymphohematopoietic and neural cells. Regulates cell death by controlling the mitochondrial membrane permeability. Appea...
Gene Name
BCL2
Uniprot ID
P10415
Uniprot Name
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2
Molecular Weight
26265.66 Da
References
  1. Palayoor ST, J-Aryankalayil M, Makinde AY, Cerna D, Falduto MT, Magnuson SR, Coleman CN: Gene expression profile of coronary artery cells treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reveals off-target effects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2012 Jun;59(6):487-99. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e31824ba6b5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Modulator
General Function
Transmembrane signaling receptor activity
Specific Function
Thrombomodulin is a specific endothelial cell receptor that forms a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with thrombin. This complex is responsible for the conversion of protein C to the activated protein C ...
Gene Name
THBD
Uniprot ID
P07204
Uniprot Name
Thrombomodulin
Molecular Weight
60328.72 Da
References
  1. Palayoor ST, J-Aryankalayil M, Makinde AY, Cerna D, Falduto MT, Magnuson SR, Coleman CN: Gene expression profile of coronary artery cells treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reveals off-target effects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2012 Jun;59(6):487-99. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e31824ba6b5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Modulator
General Function
Serine-type endopeptidase activity
Specific Function
Converts the abundant, but inactive, zymogen plasminogen to plasmin by hydrolyzing a single Arg-Val bond in plasminogen. By controlling plasmin-mediated proteolysis, it plays an important role in t...
Gene Name
PLAT
Uniprot ID
P00750
Uniprot Name
Tissue-type plasminogen activator
Molecular Weight
62916.495 Da
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
FABP are thought to play a role in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters. FABP2 is probably involved in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein synthesis. Binds satu...
Gene Name
FABP2
Uniprot ID
P12104
Uniprot Name
Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal
Molecular Weight
15207.165 Da
References
  1. Velkov T, Chuang S, Wielens J, Sakellaris H, Charman WN, Porter CJ, Scanlon MJ: The interaction of lipophilic drugs with intestinal fatty acid-binding protein. J Biol Chem. 2005 May 6;280(18):17769-76. Epub 2005 Feb 18. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Activator
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE...
Gene Name
PPARG
Uniprot ID
P37231
Uniprot Name
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
Molecular Weight
57619.58 Da
References
  1. Dill J, Patel AR, Yang XL, Bachoo R, Powell CM, Li S: A molecular mechanism for ibuprofen-mediated RhoA inhibition in neurons. J Neurosci. 2010 Jan 20;30(3):963-72. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5045-09.2010. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Pdz domain binding
Specific Function
Involved in the transport of chloride ions. May regulate bicarbonate secretion and salvage in epithelial cells by regulating the SLC4A7 transporter. Can inhibit the chloride channel activity of ANO...
Gene Name
CFTR
Uniprot ID
P13569
Uniprot Name
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
Molecular Weight
168139.895 Da
References
  1. Devor DC, Schultz BD: Ibuprofen inhibits cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-mediated Cl- secretion. J Clin Invest. 1998 Aug 15;102(4):679-87. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Proton-dependent oligopeptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides. May constitute a major route for the absorption of protein digestion end-products.
Gene Name
SLC15A1
Uniprot ID
P46059
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 15 member 1
Molecular Weight
78805.265 Da
References
  1. Omkvist DH, Trangbaek DJ, Mildon J, Paine JS, Brodin B, Begtrup M, Nielsen CU: Affinity and translocation relationships via hPEPT1 of H-X aa-Ser-OH dipeptides: evaluation of H-Phe-Ser-OH as a pro-moiety for ibuprofen and benzoic acid prodrugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2011 Feb;77(2):327-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.12.009. Epub 2010 Dec 13. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Ligand-activated transcription factor. Key regulator of lipid metabolism. Activated by the endogenous ligand 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16:0/18:1-GPC). Activated by oleyleth...
Gene Name
PPARA
Uniprot ID
Q07869
Uniprot Name
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
Molecular Weight
52224.595 Da
References
  1. Lehmann JM, Lenhard JM, Oliver BB, Ringold GM, Kliewer SA: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma are activated by indomethacin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 7;272(6):3406-10. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Thrombin receptor activity
Specific Function
GP-Ib, a surface membrane protein of platelets, participates in the formation of platelet plugs by binding to the A1 domain of vWF, which is already bound to the subendothelium.
Gene Name
GP1BA
Uniprot ID
P07359
Uniprot Name
Platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain
Molecular Weight
71539.265 Da
References
  1. Palayoor ST, J-Aryankalayil M, Makinde AY, Cerna D, Falduto MT, Magnuson SR, Coleman CN: Gene expression profile of coronary artery cells treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reveals off-target effects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2012 Jun;59(6):487-99. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e31824ba6b5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
S100A7
Uniprot ID
P31151
Uniprot Name
Protein S100-A7
Molecular Weight
11470.87 Da
References
  1. Fujiwara R, Takenaka S, Hashimoto M, Narawa T, Itoh T: Expression of human solute carrier family transporters in skin: possible contributor to drug-induced skin disorders. Sci Rep. 2014 Jun 11;4:5251. doi: 10.1038/srep05251. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C8
Uniprot ID
P10632
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C8
Molecular Weight
55824.275 Da
References
  1. Yu L, Shi D, Ma L, Zhou Q, Zeng S: Influence of CYP2C8 polymorphisms on the hydroxylation metabolism of paclitaxel, repaglinide and ibuprofen enantiomers in vitro. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2013 Jul;34(5):278-87. doi: 10.1002/bdd.1842. Epub 2013 Jun 3. [Article]
  2. Garcia-Martin E, Martinez C, Tabares B, Frias J, Agundez JA: Interindividual variability in ibuprofen pharmacokinetics is related to interaction of cytochrome P450 2C8 and 2C9 amino acid polymorphisms. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Aug;76(2):119-27. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.04.006. [Article]
  3. Chang SY, Li W, Traeger SC, Wang B, Cui D, Zhang H, Wen B, Rodrigues AD: Confirmation that cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8) plays a minor role in (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-ibuprofen hydroxylation in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Dec;36(12):2513-22. doi: 10.1124/dmd.108.022970. Epub 2008 Sep 11. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID
P11712
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C9
Molecular Weight
55627.365 Da
References
  1. Mo SL, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Wei MQ, Zhou SF: New insights into the structural features and functional relevance of human cytochrome P450 2C9. Part I. Curr Drug Metab. 2009 Dec;10(10):1075-126. [Article]
  2. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
  3. Carlile DJ, Hakooz N, Bayliss MK, Houston JB: Microsomal prediction of in vivo clearance of CYP2C9 substrates in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Jun;47(6):625-35. [Article]
  4. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid binding
Specific Function
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the...
Gene Name
UGT1A1
Uniprot ID
P22309
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1
Molecular Weight
59590.91 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Retinoic acid binding
Specific Function
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. Isoform 2 lacks transferase activity but acts as a negative reg...
Gene Name
UGT1A3
Uniprot ID
P35503
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3
Molecular Weight
60337.835 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Retinoic acid binding
Specific Function
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform has specificity for phenols. Isoform 2 lacks trans...
Gene Name
UGT1A9
Uniprot ID
O60656
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9
Molecular Weight
59940.495 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Glucuronosyltransferase activity
Specific Function
UDPGTs are of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isozyme is active on polyhydroxylated estrogens (such as...
Gene Name
UGT2B4
Uniprot ID
P06133
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4
Molecular Weight
60512.035 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...
Gene Name
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID
P33261
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight
55930.545 Da
References
  1. Chang SY, Li W, Traeger SC, Wang B, Cui D, Zhang H, Wen B, Rodrigues AD: Confirmation that cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8) plays a minor role in (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-ibuprofen hydroxylation in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Dec;36(12):2513-22. doi: 10.1124/dmd.108.022970. Epub 2008 Sep 11. [Article]
  2. Mazaleuskaya LL, Theken KN, Gong L, Thorn CF, FitzGerald GA, Altman RB, Klein TE: PharmGKB summary: ibuprofen pathways. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2015 Feb;25(2):96-106. doi: 10.1097/FPC.0000000000000113. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Not Available
Specific Function
Catalytic activity
Gene Name
AMACR
Uniprot ID
D6RB81
Uniprot Name
Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase
Molecular Weight
40674.37 Da
References
  1. Rainsford KD: Ibuprofen: pharmacology, efficacy and safety. Inflammopharmacology. 2009 Dec;17(6):275-342. doi: 10.1007/s10787-009-0016-x. Epub 2009 Nov 21. [Article]
  2. Lloyd MD, Yevglevskis M, Lee GL, Wood PJ, Threadgill MD, Woodman TJ: alpha-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR): metabolic enzyme, drug metabolizer and cancer marker P504S. Prog Lipid Res. 2013 Apr;52(2):220-30. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.01.001. Epub 2013 Jan 29. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Glucuronosyltransferase activity
Specific Function
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.Its unique specificity for 3,4-catechol estrogens and estriol su...
Gene Name
UGT2B7
Uniprot ID
P16662
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7
Molecular Weight
60694.12 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Yamasaki K, Rahman MH, Tsutsumi Y, Maruyama T, Ahmed S, Kragh-Hansen U, Otagiri M: Circular dichroism simulation shows a site-II-to-site-I displacement of human serum albumin-bound diclofenac by ibuprofen. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2000 May 14;1(2):E12. [Article]
  2. Galantini L, Leggio C, Konarev PV, Pavel NV: Human serum albumin binding ibuprofen: a 3D description of the unfolding pathway in urea. Biophys Chem. 2010 Apr;147(3):111-22. doi: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.01.002. Epub 2010 Jan 18. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Atpase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances
Specific Function
May be an organic anion pump relevant to cellular detoxification.
Gene Name
ABCC4
Uniprot ID
O15439
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4
Molecular Weight
149525.33 Da
References
  1. Reid G, Wielinga P, Zelcer N, van der Heijden I, Kuil A, de Haas M, Wijnholds J, Borst P: The human multidrug resistance protein MRP4 functions as a prostaglandin efflux transporter and is inhibited by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Aug 5;100(16):9244-9. Epub 2003 Jun 30. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates export of organic anions and drugs from the cytoplasm. Mediates ATP-dependent transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates, leukotriene C4, estradiol-17-beta-o-glucuronide, methotre...
Gene Name
ABCC1
Uniprot ID
P33527
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1
Molecular Weight
171589.5 Da
References
  1. Reid G, Wielinga P, Zelcer N, van der Heijden I, Kuil A, de Haas M, Wijnholds J, Borst P: The human multidrug resistance protein MRP4 functions as a prostaglandin efflux transporter and is inhibited by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Aug 5;100(16):9244-9. Epub 2003 Jun 30. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids (By similarity). Selectively inhibit...
Gene Name
SLCO1A2
Uniprot ID
P46721
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2
Molecular Weight
74144.105 Da
References
  1. Shitara Y, Sugiyama D, Kusuhara H, Kato Y, Abe T, Meier PJ, Itoh T, Sugiyama Y: Comparative inhibitory effects of different compounds on rat oatpl (slc21a1)- and Oatp2 (Slc21a5)-mediated transport. Pharm Res. 2002 Feb;19(2):147-53. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one ...
Gene Name
SLC22A6
Uniprot ID
Q4U2R8
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 6
Molecular Weight
61815.78 Da
References
  1. Mulato AS, Ho ES, Cihlar T: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs efficiently reduce the transport and cytotoxicity of adefovir mediated by the human renal organic anion transporter 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Oct;295(1):10-5. [Article]
  2. Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of methotrexate transport and its drug interactions with human organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):666-71. [Article]
  3. Uwai Y, Saito H, Inui K: Interaction between methotrexate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in organic anion transporter. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Dec 1;409(1):31-6. [Article]
  4. Apiwattanakul N, Sekine T, Chairoungdua A, Kanai Y, Nakajima N, Sophasan S, Endou H: Transport properties of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by organic anion transporter 1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 May;55(5):847-54. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenad...
Gene Name
SLC22A8
Uniprot ID
Q8TCC7
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 8
Molecular Weight
59855.585 Da
References
  1. Cha SH, Sekine T, Fukushima JI, Kanai Y, Kobayashi Y, Goya T, Endou H: Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1277-86. [Article]
  2. Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of methotrexate transport and its drug interactions with human organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):666-71. [Article]
  3. Kobayashi Y, Ohshiro N, Tsuchiya A, Kohyama N, Ohbayashi M, Yamamoto T: Renal transport of organic compounds mediated by mouse organic anion transporter 3 (mOat3): further substrate specificity of mOat3. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 May;32(5):479-83. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates saturable uptake of estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and related compounds.
Gene Name
SLC22A11
Uniprot ID
Q9NSA0
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 11
Molecular Weight
59970.945 Da
References
  1. Takeda M, Khamdang S, Narikawa S, Kimura H, Hosoyamada M, Cha SH, Sekine T, Endou H: Characterization of methotrexate transport and its drug interactions with human organic anion transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Aug;302(2):666-71. [Article]
  2. Cha SH, Sekine T, Kusuhara H, Yu E, Kim JY, Kim DK, Sugiyama Y, Kanai Y, Endou H: Molecular cloning and characterization of multispecific organic anion transporter 4 expressed in the placenta. J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 11;275(6):4507-12. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as taurocholate, the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, leukotriene C4, thromboxane B2 and iloprost.
Gene Name
SLCO2B1
Uniprot ID
O94956
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1
Molecular Weight
76709.98 Da
References
  1. Satoh H, Yamashita F, Tsujimoto M, Murakami H, Koyabu N, Ohtani H, Sawada Y: Citrus juices inhibit the function of human organic anion-transporting polypeptide OATP-B. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Apr;33(4):518-23. Epub 2005 Jan 7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name
ABCB1
Uniprot ID
P08183
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight
141477.255 Da
References
  1. Faassen F, Vogel G, Spanings H, Vromans H: Caco-2 permeability, P-glycoprotein transport ratios and brain penetration of heterocyclic drugs. Int J Pharm. 2003 Sep 16;263(1-2):113-22. [Article]

Drug created at October 21, 2015 15:53 / Updated at May 07, 2021 21:06