NAV

Moxonidine

This drug entry is a stub and has not been fully annotated. It is scheduled to be annotated soon.

Identification

Summary

Moxonidine is an imidazoline/α-2 receptor agonist used to treat hypertension, especially in cases where ACE inhibitors, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and thiazides are not appropriate or provide inadequate blood pressure control.

Generic Name
Moxonidine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB09242
Background

Moxonidine is a new-generation centrally acting antihypertensive drug approved for the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension. It is suggested to be effective in cases where other agents such as thiazides, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers are not appropriate or irresponsive. As well, moxonidine has been shown to present blood pressure-independent beneficial effects on insulin resistance syndrome.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
3D
Similar Structures
Weight
Average: 241.677
Monoisotopic: 241.073037738
Chemical Formula
C9H12ClN5O
Synonyms
  • (2R,4R)-1-[(2S)-5-[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]-1-oxo-2-[[(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-methyl-8- quinolinyl)sulfonyl]amino]pentyl]-4-methyl-2-piperidinecarboxylic acid
  • Moxonidina
  • Moxonidine
  • Moxonidinum
External IDs
  • BDF-5896
  • BDF5896
  • BE 5895
  • BE5895
  • LY-326869
  • LY326869
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Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of mild to moderate essential or primary hypertension 7. Effective as most first-line antihypertensives when used as monotherapy 2.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofHigh blood pressure (hypertension)••••••••••••••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• •••• ••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Antihypertensive agent whose site of action is the Central Nervous System (CNS), specifically involving interactions with I1- imidazoline and alpha-2-adrenergic rececptors within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RSV). Label

Mechanism of action

Stimulation of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors is associated with sympathoadrenal suppression and subsequent reduction of blood pressure. As this class was further explored it was discovered that sympathoadrenal activity can also be suppressed by a second pathway with a newly discovered drug target specific to imidazolines 5. Specifically, moxonidine binds the imidazoline receptor subtype 1 (I1) and to a lesser extent αlpha-2-adrenoreceptors in the RSV causing a reduction of sympathetic activity, reducing systemic vascular resistance and thus arterial blood pressure. Label

Moreover, since alpha-2-adrenergic receptors are considered the primary molecular target that facilitates the most common side effects of sedation and dry mouth that are elicited by most centrally acting antihypertensives, moxonidine differs from these other centrally acting antihypertensives by demonstrating only low affinity for central alpha-2-adrenoceptors compared to the aforementioned I1-imidazoline receptors Label.

TargetActionsOrganism
AAlpha-2A adrenergic receptor
agonist
Humans
ANischarin
agonist
Humans
Absorption

90% of an oral dose is absorbed with negligible interference from food intake or first pass metabolism, resulting in a high bioavailability of 88%. Label

Volume of distribution

1.8±0.4L/kg. Label

Protein binding

About 10% of moxonidine is bound to plasma proteins. Label

Metabolism

Biotransformation is unimportant 3 with 10-20% of moxonidine undergoing oxidation reactions to the primary 4,5-dehydromoxonidine metabolite and a guanidine derivative by opening of the imidazoline ring. Label

The antihypertensive effects of these 4,5-dehydromoxonidine and guanidine metabolites are only 1/10 and 1/100 the effect of moxonidine Label.

Oxidation on either the methyl group (pyrimidine ring) or on the imidazole ring of moxonidine results in the formation of the hydroxylmethyl moxonidine metabolite or the hydroxy moxonidine metabolite 6. The hydroxy moxonidine metabolite can be further oxidized to the dihydroxy metabolite or it can lose water to form the dehydrogenated moxonidine metabolite, which itself can be further oxidized to form an N-oxide 6. Aside from these Phase I metabolites, Phase II metabolism of moxonidine is also evident with the presence of a cysteine conjugate metabolite minus chlorine 6. Nevertheless, the identification of the hydroxy moxonidine metabolite with a high level of dehydrogenated moxonidine metabolite in human urine samples suggests that dehydrogenation from the hydroxy metabolite to the dehydrogenated moxonidine metabolite represents the primary metabolic pathway in humans 6.

The cytochromes P450 responsible for the metabolism of moxonidine in humans have not yet been determined 6.

Ultimately, the parent moxonidine compound was observed to be the most abundant component in different biological matrices of urinary excretion samples, verifying that metabolism only plays a modest role in the clearance of moxonidine in humans 6.

Route of elimination

Elimination is nearly entirely via the kidneys with a majority (50 -75%) of overall moxonidine being eliminated unchanged through renal excretion. Ultimately, more than 90% of a dose is eliminated by way of the kidneys within the first 24 hours after administration, with only approximately 1% being eliminiated via faeces. Label

Half-life

Plasma elimination half life is 2.2 - 2.3 hours while renal elimination half life is 2.6-2.8 hours. Label

Clearance

Administered twice daily due to short half life Label.

However, lower dosage adjustments and close monitoring is necessary in elderly and renal impairment patients due to reduced clearance. In particular, the exposure AUC can increase by about 50% following a single dose and at steady state in elderly patients and moderately impaired renal function with GFR between 30-60 mL/min can cause AUC increases by 85% and decreases in clearence to 52 %. Label

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity
  • Contraindicated due to known hypersensitivity to an ingredient (Physiotens tablets contain lactose), heart failure, severe renal impairment, < 16 years old, >75 years old, bradycardia, severe bradyarrhythmia, sick sinus syndrome, second or third degree atrioventricular block, malignant arrhythmias. Label
  • Used with caution in patients with history of severe coronary artery disease (CAD), unstable angina, angioneurotic edema. Label
  • Pregnancy Category B3:Avoid use during pregnancy (inadequate data in pregnant woman) and lactation (maternal blood stream transfer to breast milk shown) unless benefit clearly justifies risk. Label
  • Lack of specific therapeutic experience in cases of intermittent claudication, Raynaud's disease, Parkinson's disease, epileptic disorders, gluacoma, and depression suggest moxonidine should not be used in such instances Label.
  • Carcinogenicity and genotoxicity does not appear significant. Label
  • Concurrent administration of other hypotensives or sedative and hypnotics can enhance the hypotensive effect and intensify sedation respectively. Label
  • Avoid concurrent Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA) use to avoid reduction of monoxidine efficacy. Label
  • Generally well tolerated with dry mouth and headache the most common adverse effects Label
  • Symptoms of overdose correlate with pharmacodynamic properties:hypotension, sedation, orthostatic dysregulation, bradycardia, dry mouth with no specific counter-treatment known. Label
Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
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interactions in your software
AbaloparatideThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Abaloparatide is combined with Moxonidine.
AcebutololThe therapeutic efficacy of Moxonidine can be decreased when used in combination with Acebutolol.
AceclofenacThe therapeutic efficacy of Moxonidine can be decreased when used in combination with Aceclofenac.
AcemetacinThe therapeutic efficacy of Moxonidine can be decreased when used in combination with Acemetacin.
Acetylsalicylic acidAcetylsalicylic acid may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Moxonidine.
Food Interactions
Not Available

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Moxonidine hydrochloride5RYW07SK5E75438-58-3ZZPAWQYZQVUVHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International/Other Brands
Cynt / Physiotens (Solvay Pharmaceuticals)

Categories

ATC Codes
C02AC05 — MoxonidineC02LC05 — Moxonidine and diuretics
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as halopyrimidines. These are aromatic compounds containing a halogen atom linked to a pyrimidine ring. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Diazines
Sub Class
Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives
Direct Parent
Halopyrimidines
Alternative Parents
Aminopyrimidines and derivatives / Alkyl aryl ethers / Aryl chlorides / Imidazolines / Heteroaromatic compounds / Guanidines / Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds / Carboximidamides / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds
show 2 more
Substituents
2-imidazoline / Alkyl aryl ether / Aminopyrimidine / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Azacycle / Carboximidamide / Ether / Guanidine
show 12 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
pyrimidines, organohalogen compound (CHEBI:7009)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
CC6X0L40GW
CAS number
75438-57-2
InChI Key
WPNJAUFVNXKLIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C9H12ClN5O/c1-5-13-7(10)6(8(14-5)16-2)15-9-11-3-4-12-9/h3-4H2,1-2H3,(H2,11,12,15)
IUPAC Name
4-chloro-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-methoxy-2-methylpyrimidin-5-amine
SMILES
COC1=NC(C)=NC(Cl)=C1NC1=NCCN1

References

General References
  1. Cohn JN, Pfeffer MA, Rouleau J, Sharpe N, Swedberg K, Straub M, Wiltse C, Wright TJ: Adverse mortality effect of central sympathetic inhibition with sustained-release moxonidine in patients with heart failure (MOXCON). Eur J Heart Fail. 2003 Oct;5(5):659-67. [Article]
  2. Fenton C, Keating GM, Lyseng-Williamson KA: Moxonidine: a review of its use in essential hypertension. Drugs. 2006;66(4):477-96. [Article]
  3. Prichard BN, Owens CW, Graham BR: Pharmacology and clinical use of moxonidine, a new centrally acting sympatholytic antihypertensive agent. J Hum Hypertens. 1997 Aug;11 Suppl 1:S29-45. [Article]
  4. Prichard BN, Graham BR: I1 imidazoline agonists. General clinical pharmacology of imidazoline receptors: implications for the treatment of the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2000 Aug;17(2):133-59. [Article]
  5. Ernsberger P, Haxhiu MA, Graff LM, Collins LA, Dreshaj I, Grove DL, Graves ME, Schafer SG, Christen MO: A novel mechanism of action for hypertension control: moxonidine as a selective I1-imidazoline agonist. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1994 Mar;8 Suppl 1:27-41. [Article]
  6. He MM, Abraham TL, Lindsay TJ, Schaefer HC, Pouliquen IJ, Payne C, Czeskis B, Shipley LA, Oliver SD, Mitchell MI: Metabolism and disposition of the antihypertensive agent moxonidine in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Mar;31(3):334-42. [Article]
  7. Electronic Medicines Compedium Physiotens (Moxonidine) Monograph [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0041938
KEGG Drug
D05087
KEGG Compound
C07451
PubChem Compound
4810
PubChem Substance
310265145
ChemSpider
4645
BindingDB
50050093
RxNav
30257
ChEBI
7009
ChEMBL
CHEMBL19236
ZINC
ZINC000001854466
Wikipedia
Moxonidine
FDA label
Download (108 KB)
MSDS
Download (56.5 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedBasic ScienceCentral Sympathetic Nervous System Diseases1
4CompletedTreatmentAtrial Fibrillation1
4CompletedTreatmentDiabetic Nephropathy1
4CompletedTreatmentHypertension / Obesity1
4CompletedTreatmentHypertension / Obesity, Abdominal / Syndrome, Metabolic1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Tablet, coatedOral0.2 mg
Tablet, coatedOral0.4 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral0.2 MG
Tablet, film coatedOral0.3 MG
Tablet, film coatedOral0.4 MG
Tablet, film coatedOral
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)197 – 205MSDS
water solubility<1 mg/mLMSDS
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.114 mg/mLALOGPS
logP1.01ALOGPS
logP1.54Chemaxon
logS-3.3ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)7.26Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area71.43 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count2Chemaxon
Refractivity63.41 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability23.57 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-01tc-5690000000-3b7abb53c5cb294edc13
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0090000000-822d7b2e54f87a89771d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0290000000-4f4dc33a3c5c9e9c0bc9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-3090000000-1786261d007428176c61
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001m-9420000000-73f39466e962889dba38
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-05mx-7900000000-b7b253c54e3e2a7d4269
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0005-8900000000-08bdff225fbacac892e6
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-153.913312
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-146.81213
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+153.968512
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+149.17012
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+153.368912
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+155.31566
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Details1. Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Thioesterase binding
Specific Function
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is oxymetazo...
Gene Name
ADRA2A
Uniprot ID
P08913
Uniprot Name
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
48956.275 Da
References
  1. Zhu QM, Lesnick JD, Jasper JR, MacLennan SJ, Dillon MP, Eglen RM, Blue DR Jr: Cardiovascular effects of rilmenidine, moxonidine and clonidine in conscious wild-type and D79N alpha2A-adrenoceptor transgenic mice. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Mar;126(6):1522-30. [Article]
  2. Stone LS, Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL: Moxonidine, a mixed alpha(2)-adrenergic and imidazoline receptor agonist, identifies a novel adrenergic target for spinal analgesia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Dec;1009:378-85. [Article]
  3. Buccafusco JJ, Lapp CA, Westbrooks KL, Ernsberger P: Role of medullary I1-imidazoline and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the antihypertensive responses evoked by central administration of clonidine analogs in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Jun;273(3):1162-71. [Article]
Details2. Nischarin
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Phosphatidylinositol binding
Specific Function
Acts either as the functional imidazoline-1 receptor (I1R) candidate or as a membrane-associated mediator of the I1R signaling. Binds numerous imidazoline ligands that induces initiation of cell-si...
Gene Name
NISCH
Uniprot ID
Q9Y2I1
Uniprot Name
Nischarin
Molecular Weight
166627.105 Da
References
  1. Ernsberger P, Damon TH, Graff LM, Schafer SG, Christen MO: Moxonidine, a centrally acting antihypertensive agent, is a selective ligand for I1-imidazoline sites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993 Jan;264(1):172-82. [Article]
  2. Buccafusco JJ, Lapp CA, Westbrooks KL, Ernsberger P: Role of medullary I1-imidazoline and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the antihypertensive responses evoked by central administration of clonidine analogs in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995 Jun;273(3):1162-71. [Article]

Drug created at October 23, 2015 20:26 / Updated at May 05, 2021 20:31