Avatrombopag

Identification

Summary

Avatrombopag is a thrombopoietin receptor agonist used pre-operatively to treat thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic liver disease and in patients with chronic refractory thrombocytopenia.

Brand Names
Doptelet 60 Mg Daily Dose Carton
Generic Name
Avatrombopag
DrugBank Accession Number
DB11995
Background

Avatrombopag (Doptelet), is an orally administered, small molecule thrombopoietin receptor (c-Mpl) agonist that increases platelet number without increasing platelet activation,3,10 thereby decreasing the need for blood transfusions.10 Patients with thrombocytopenia and chronic liver disease often require platelet transfusions before surgical procedures to decrease the risk of bleeding.1 Thrombocytopenia is a common complication in patients suffering from chronic liver disease, occurring as a result of liver disease or a consequence of interferon-based antiviral therapy.18

Avatrombopag was first approved by the FDA in May 2018 for use in adults with chronic liver disease who are scheduled to undergo a procedure.14 It is administered orally as the salt form avatrombopag maleate.11 Doptelet (Avatrombopag) is the first orally administered treatment option for patients with chronic liver disease, allowing a large population of patients to avoid a platelet transfusion before a procedure by increasing platelet counts to the optimal level ≥50,000 per microliter.15

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 649.65
Monoisotopic: 648.1510867
Chemical Formula
C29H34Cl2N6O3S2
Synonyms
  • Avatrombopag
External IDs
  • E5501
  • YM-477

Pharmacology

Indication

Indicated for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in adult patients with chronic liver disease who are scheduled to undergo a procedure.16 It is also indicated in adult patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia who have had an insufficient response to a previous treatment.16

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofThrombocytopenia••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •• • •••••••• •••••••••••••••
Treatment ofThrombocytopenia•••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••• •••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

In a study of efficacy, avatrombopag resulted in dose and exposure-dependent elevations in platelet counts in adults.1 The onset of the platelet count increase was noted within 3 to 5 days of the start of a 5-day treatment course, with the highest level of effect measured after 10 to 13 days. Following this, platelet counts decreased gradually, returning to near baseline values at the 35-day point.16

Increased platelet activation leads to increased blood clotting, which may lead to various complications.4 Avatrombopag does not lead to increased platelet activation.10

Mechanism of action

Avatrombopag is an orally bioavailable, small molecule thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonist that stimulates proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes from bone marrow progenitor cells resulting in an increased production of platelets. Avatrombopag is not competitive with thrombopoietin for binding to the TPO receptor and has an additive pharmacological effect with TPO on platelet production.16

Avatrombopag is a thrombopoietin receptor (TPOR; MPL) agonist, with possible megakaryopoiesis stimulating activity. After administration, avatrombopag binds to and stimulates the platelet thrombopoeitin receptor (TPOR), which can lead to the proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes from bone marrow progenitor cells. This process increases the production of platelets and may serve to prevent chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (CIT). TPOR is classified as a cytokine receptor and as a member of the hematopoietin receptor superfamily.12

TargetActionsOrganism
AThrombopoietin receptor
agonist
Humans
Absorption

Following single dosing under fasted and fed conditions, mean peak concentrations occurred at 5-8 hours and declined with a half-life of 16-18 hours in Japanese and white subjects. Administration with food did not have an effect on the rate or extent of avatrombopag absorption, however, significantly reduced pharmacokinetic variability relative to the fasting state.3

Avatrombopag showed dose-proportional pharmacokinetics after single doses from 10 mg (0.25-times the lowest approved dosage) to 80 mg (1.3-times the highest recommended dosage). Healthy subjects administered 40 mg of avatrombopag showed a geometric mean (%CV) maximal concentration (Cmax) of 166 (84%) ng/mL and area under the time-concentration curve, extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-inf) of 4198 (83%) ng.hr/mL. The pharmacokinetics of avatrombopag are similar in both healthy subjects and the chronic liver disease population.16

Volume of distribution

Avatrombopag has an estimated mean volume of distribution (%CV) of 180 L (25%).16

Protein binding

Avatrombopag is greater than 96% bound to human plasma proteins.16

Metabolism

Avatrombopag is primarily metabolized by CYP2C9 and CYP3A4.16

Route of elimination

Fecal excretion accounted for 88% of the administered dose, with 34% of the dose excreted as unchanged avatrombopag. Only 6% of the administered dose was found in urine.16

Half-life

The mean plasma elimination half-life (%CV) of avatrombopag is approximately 19 hours (19%).16

Clearance

The mean (%CV) of the clearance of avatrombopag is estimated to be 6.9 L/hr (29%).16

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The most common adverse reactions reported in at least 3% of patients were pyrexia, abdominal pain, nausea, headache, fatigue, and peripheral edema.9,16 Hyponatremia was also a rare serious adverse effect of this drug, seen in only 2 patients in the treatment group .16 Adverse reactions resulting in discontinuation of this drug have been anemia, pyrexia, and myalgia.16

Atrombopag is a thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonist, and TPO receptor agonists have been associated with thrombotic and thromboembolic complications in patients with chronic liver disease. Portal venous thrombosis occurrence has been reported in patients with chronic liver disease who are treated with TPO receptor agonists.16

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Avatrombopag can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Avatrombopag can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbrocitinibThe metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Avatrombopag.
AcenocoumarolThe metabolism of Avatrombopag can be decreased when combined with Acenocoumarol.
AcetohexamideThe metabolism of Avatrombopag can be decreased when combined with Acetohexamide.
Food Interactions
  • Take with food.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Avatrombopag maleateGDW7M2P1IS677007-74-8MISPBGHDNZYFNM-BTJKTKAUSA-N
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
DopteletTablet, film coated20 mgOralSWEDISH ORPHAN BIOVITRUM AB (PUBL)2020-12-16Not applicableEU flag
DopteletTablet, film coated20 mg/1OralAkaRx, Inc.2018-05-23Not applicableUS flag
DopteletTablet, film coated20 mgOralSWEDISH ORPHAN BIOVITRUM AB (PUBL)2020-12-16Not applicableEU flag
DopteletTablet, film coated20 mgOralSWEDISH ORPHAN BIOVITRUM AB (PUBL)2021-01-28Not applicableEU flag
DopteletTablet20 mgOralSWEDISH ORPHAN BIOVITRUM AB (PUBL)Not applicableNot applicableCanada flag

Categories

ATC Codes
B02BX08 — Avatrombopag
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as n-arylpiperazines. These are organic compounds containing a piperazine ring where the nitrogen ring atom carries an aryl group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Diazinanes
Sub Class
Piperazines
Direct Parent
N-arylpiperazines
Alternative Parents
Nicotinamides / Piperidinecarboxylic acids / Dialkylarylamines / 2,4,5-trisubstituted thiazoles / Cyclohexylamines / Aminopyridines and derivatives / N-alkylpiperazines / Aminothiazoles / Imidolactams / Aryl chlorides
show 12 more
Substituents
1,3-thiazolamine / 2,4,5-trisubstituted 1,3-thiazole / Amine / Amino acid / Amino acid or derivatives / Aminopyridine / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Azacycle
show 30 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
3H8GSZ4SQL
CAS number
570406-98-3
InChI Key
OFZJKCQENFPZBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C29H34Cl2N6O3S2/c30-20-15-23(41-17-20)24-27(37-12-10-35(11-13-37)21-4-2-1-3-5-21)42-29(33-24)34-26(38)19-14-22(31)25(32-16-19)36-8-6-18(7-9-36)28(39)40/h14-18,21H,1-13H2,(H,39,40)(H,33,34,38)
IUPAC Name
1-(3-chloro-5-{[4-(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]carbamoyl}pyridin-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid
SMILES
OC(=O)C1CCN(CC1)C1=C(Cl)C=C(C=N1)C(=O)NC1=NC(C2=CC(Cl)=CS2)=C(S1)N1CCN(CC1)C1CCCCC1

References

General References
  1. Terrault N, Chen YC, Izumi N, Kayali Z, Mitrut P, Tak WY, Allen LF, Hassanein T: Avatrombopag Before Procedures Reduces Need for Platelet Transfusion in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease and Thrombocytopenia. Gastroenterology. 2018 May 17. pii: S0016-5085(18)34545-1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.05.025. [Article]
  2. Qureshi K, Patel S, Meillier A: The Use of Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists for Correction of Thrombocytopenia prior to Elective Procedures in Chronic Liver Diseases: Review of Current Evidence. Int J Hepatol. 2016;2016:1802932. doi: 10.1155/2016/1802932. Epub 2016 Oct 9. [Article]
  3. Nomoto M, Pastino G, Rege B, Aluri J, Ferry J, Han D: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacogenomics, Safety, and Tolerability of Avatrombopag in Healthy Japanese and White Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2018 Feb;7(2):188-195. doi: 10.1002/cpdd.349. Epub 2017 Mar 24. [Article]
  4. Yun SH, Sim EH, Goh RY, Park JI, Han JY: Platelet Activation: The Mechanisms and Potential Biomarkers. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:9060143. doi: 10.1155/2016/9060143. Epub 2016 Jun 15. [Article]
  5. Bussel JB, Kuter DJ, Aledort LM, Kessler CM, Cuker A, Pendergrass KB, Tang S, McIntosh J: A randomized trial of avatrombopag, an investigational thrombopoietin-receptor agonist, in persistent and chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2014 Jun 19;123(25):3887-94. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-07-514398. Epub 2014 May 6. [Article]
  6. Avotrombopag [Link]
  7. FDA Ok's avatrombopag [Link]
  8. Avatrombopag [Link]
  9. FDA approves avatrombopag for thrombocytopenia in adults with chronic liver disease [Link]
  10. Avatrombopag, a Novel Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonist, Increases Platelet Counts without Increasing Platelet Activation in Patients with Thrombocytopenia Due to Chronic Liver Disease [Link]
  11. Avotrombopag maleate approval, FDA [Link]
  12. NCI Drug Dictionary: Avotrombopag maleate [Link]
  13. Drugs.com: Avotrombopag [Link]
  14. NEJM Journal Watch: FDA Approval of Avatrombopag [Link]
  15. Avatrombopag Gains FDA Approval for Patients with Chronic Liver Disease [Link]
  16. FDA Approved Drug Products: Doptelet (avatrombopag) tablets for oral use (June 2021) [Link]
  17. Health Canada Product Monograph: Doptelet (avatrombopag maleate) tablets for oral use [Link]
  18. NICE UK review document, Avatrombopag [File]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0248737
PubChem Compound
9852519
PubChem Substance
347828315
ChemSpider
8028230
RxNav
2045726
ChEMBL
CHEMBL2103883
ZINC
ZINC000072190218
Wikipedia
Avatrombopag
FDA label
Download (436 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedTreatmentImmune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)1
4Not Yet RecruitingPreventionCirrhosis of the Liver / Procedural haemorrhage / Thrombocytopenia; Drugs1
4Not Yet RecruitingTreatmentAplastic Anemia1
4RecruitingPreventionChronic Hepatitis B Infection / Liver Failure, Acute on Chronic / Thrombocytopenia1
4RecruitingTreatmentChronic Liver Disease / Thrombocytopenia; Drugs1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral20 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral20 MG
Tablet, film coatedOral20 mg/1
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US8765764No2014-07-012023-01-15US flag
US7638536No2009-12-292025-05-05US flag
US8338429No2012-12-252023-06-30US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
water solubilityInsoluble https://medkoo.com/products/5199
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00465 mg/mLALOGPS
logP5.97ALOGPS
logP4.17Chemaxon
logS-5.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.5Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.4Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count8Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area101.9 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count7Chemaxon
Refractivity169.16 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability69.95 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings6Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0000009000-cdb3ed64bd8d2a464a29
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0010009000-5956c848f6d3228aa962
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0000009000-873a73c5a33fd79842f8
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0101039000-0ce0eab3049ec0046fa9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0100096000-d904950636e78b33bb08
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0avj-1868098000-39544a42b1007bd22e8d
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-236.28404
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+238.42021
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+244.3328
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Transmembrane signaling receptor activity
Specific Function
Receptor for thrombopoietin. May represent a regulatory molecule specific for TPO-R-dependent immune responses.
Gene Name
MPL
Uniprot ID
P40238
Uniprot Name
Thrombopoietin receptor
Molecular Weight
71244.08 Da
References
  1. FDA Approved Drug Products: Doptelet (avatrombopag) tablets for oral use (June 2021) [Link]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. FDA Approved Drug Products: Doptelet (avatrombopag) tablets for oral use (June 2021) [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
Inducer
Curator comments
This enzyme action is based on in vitro data.
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID
P11712
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C9
Molecular Weight
55627.365 Da
References
  1. Nomoto M, Ferry J, Hussein Z: Population Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analyses of Avatrombopag in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease and Optimal Dose Adjustment Guide With Concomitantly Administered CYP3A and CYP2C9 Inhibitors. J Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Jun 15. doi: 10.1002/jcph.1267. [Article]
  2. FDA Approved Drug Products: Doptelet (avatrombopag) tablets for oral use (June 2021) [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C8
Uniprot ID
P10632
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C8
Molecular Weight
55824.275 Da
References
  1. FDA Approved Drug Products: Doptelet (avatrombopag) tablets for oral use (June 2021) [Link]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name
ABCB1
Uniprot ID
P08183
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight
141477.255 Da
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function
High-capacity urate exporter functioning in both renal and extrarenal urate excretion. Plays a role in porphyrin homeostasis as it is able to mediates the export of protoporhyrin IX (PPIX) both fro...
Gene Name
ABCG2
Uniprot ID
Q9UNQ0
Uniprot Name
ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2
Molecular Weight
72313.47 Da
References
  1. FDA Approved Drug Products: Doptelet (avatrombopag) tablets for oral use (June 2021) [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenad...
Gene Name
SLC22A8
Uniprot ID
Q8TCC7
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 8
Molecular Weight
59855.585 Da
References
  1. FDA Approved Drug Products: Doptelet (avatrombopag) tablets for oral use (June 2021) [Link]

Drug created at October 20, 2016 21:09 / Updated at February 14, 2024 00:55