Glycyrrhizic acid
Identification
- Generic Name
- Glycyrrhizic acid
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB13751
- Background
Glycyrrhizic acid is extracted from the root of the licorice plant; Glycyrrhiza glabra.11 It is a triterpene glycoside with glycyrrhetinic acid that possesses a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. When extracted from the plant, it can be obtained in the form of ammonium glycyrrhizin and mono-ammonium glycyrrhizin.8 Glycyrrhizic acid has been developed in Japan and China as a hepatoprotective drug in cases of chronic hepatitis.1 From January 2014, glycyrrhizic acid as part of the licorice extract was approved by the FDA as an existing food sweetener.12 It was approved by Health Canada to be used in over-the-counter products but all the products are currently on the status canceled post marketed.10
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Experimental
- Structure
- Weight
- Average: 822.942
Monoisotopic: 822.403785916 - Chemical Formula
- C42H62O16
- Synonyms
- 18-beta-Glycyrrhizic acid
- Glizigen
- Glycyrrhizin
- External IDs
- NSC-167409
- NSC-234419
Pharmacology
- Indication
Glycyrrhizic acid is widely applied in foods as a natural sweetener. As a therapeutic agent, is has been used in a vast variety of formulations as it is reported to be anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-allergic, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic and hepatoprotective. Due to this properties, its indications have been: treatment of premenstrual syndrome, treatment of viral infections, anti-lipidemic and antihyperglycemic.2 It is also known to be used as a remedy for peptic ulcer and other stomach diseases.9
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Treatment of Hyperglycemia ••• ••• Symptomatic treatment of Premenstrual syndrome ••• ••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
- Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
- Pharmacodynamics
Glycyrrhizic acid was reported to present antiallergic, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities as well as improvements in glucose tolerance.1
The effect of glycyrrhizic acid in metabolic syndrome generates a significant decrease in blood glucose, fasting blood glucose and mean serum insulin concentration.2
- Mechanism of action
Glycyrrhizic acid can be found in the alpha and beta forms. The alpha form is predominant in the liver and duodenum and thus, it is thought that the anti-inflammatory liver effect of this drug are mainly due to the action of this isomer. Glycyrrhizic acid anti-inflammatory effect is generated via suppression of TNF alpha and caspase 3. It also inhibits the translocation of NFkB into the nuclei and conjugates free radicals. Some studies have shown a glycyrrhizic-driven inhibition of CD4+ T cell proliferation via JNK, ERK and PI3K/AKT.1
The antiviral activity of glycyrrhizic acid includes the inhibition of viral replication and immune regulation.1 The antiviral activity of glycyrrhizic acid seems to be of a broad spectrum and be able to cover several different viral types such as vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus, Newcastle disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus.2
The effect of glycyrrhizic acid on metabolism is thought to be related to its inhibitory activity towards 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 which in turn decreases the activity of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. On the other hand, some studies have shown a potential lipoprotein lipase induction in non-hepatic tissues and thus it is suggested to enhance dyslipidemic conditions.2
Target Actions Organism ACorticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1 antagonistHumans ATumor necrosis factor antagonistHumans ACaspase-3 antagonistHumans ANuclear factor NF-kappa-B translocation inhibitorHumans ALipoprotein lipase inducerHumans - Absorption
Glycyrrhizic acid is mainly absorbed after presystemic hydrolysis and formation of glycyrrhetinic acid.3 Therefore, after oral administration of a dose of 100 mg of glycyrrhizic acid, this major metabolite appears in plasma in a concentration of 200 ng/ml while glycyrrhizic acid cannot be found. The finding of a minimal amount of glycyrrhizic acid in urine suggests the existence of a partial absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.5
- Volume of distribution
The apparent volume of distribution of glycyrrhizic acid either in the central compartment and in steady-state are in the range of 37-64 ml/kg and 59-98 ml/kg, respectively.5
- Protein binding
Glycyrrhizic acid does not bind to any plasma proteins as it is not absorbed systemically. On the other hand, its main active metabolite, glycyrrhetinic acid presents a very large binding to serum proteins such as albumin.7
- Metabolism
When orally administered, glycyrrhizic acid is almost completely hydrolyzed by intestinal bacteria for the formation of glycyrrhetinic acid, which is an active metabolite and can enter systemic circulation, and two molecules of glucuronic acid.11 This metabolite is transported and taken in the liver for its metabolization to form glucuronide and sulfate conjugates.3
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
Glycyrrhizic acid presents a biphasic elimination from the central compartment with a dose-dependent second elimination phase. The majority of the administered dose is eliminated by the bile in which glycyrrhizic acid can be eliminated unchanged and undergoes enterohepatic cycling.4 On the other hand, the major metabolite, glycyrrhetinic acid, forms glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. These conjugates are efficiently transported into the bile and duodenum where commensal bacteria hydrolizes the conjugate for the formation of glycyrrhetinic acid and further reabsorption.3 This reabsorption behavior seems to be related to the activity of 3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which transports very efficiently the metabolite from the plasma to the bile.6
About 1.1-2.5% of the administered dose of glycyrrhizic acid can be found in urine which corresponds to the minimal cycling and reabsorption of this compound.5
- Half-life
Depending on the dose, the second elimination phase in humans has a half-life of 3.5 hours.4
- Clearance
The constant reabsorption of glycyrrhetic acid in the duodenum causes a delay in the terminal plasma clearance.3 The reported total body clearance of glycyrrhizic acid is reported to be in the range of 16-25 ml.kg/h.5
- Adverse Effects
- Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
- Toxicity
Glycyrrhizic acid is thought to generate inhibition of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the kidney which leads to elevated cortisol levels in the kidney. Intravenous administration of the ammoniated form was shown to produce convulsions and hemolysis.11
Preclinical overdose studies have been shown to produce mineralocorticoid excess. The LD50 in preclinical studies was reported to be in the range of 308-12700 mg/kg.11
Glycyrrhizic acid has been proven to not have mutagenic, genotoxic, teratogenic nor carcinogenic effects.11
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAstemizole Astemizole may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level. Atazanavir Atazanavir may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level. Atenolol Atenolol may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level. Atorvastatin Atorvastatin may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level. Atropine Atropine may decrease the excretion rate of Glycyrrhizic acid which could result in a higher serum level. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
- Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Ammonium glycyrrhizinate trihydrate 78NEL3149I 911217-00-0 RSPXVECNDMCBGQ-YMYWBCTMSA-N Glycyrrhizinate dipotassium CA2Y0FE3FX 68797-35-3 BIVBRWYINDPWKA-VLQRKCJKSA-L - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image The Skin House Egf Collagen Ampoule Liquid 0.1 g/100mL Topical NOKSIBCHO cosmetic Co., Ltd. 2020-03-14 Not applicable US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image BAMBOO SALT Eunganggo Jook Yeom Glycyrrhizinate dipotassium (0.04 g/100g) + Aminocaproic acid (0.05 g/100g) + Curcuma xanthorrhiza oil (0.025 g/100g) + Sea salt (3 g/100g) + Silicon dioxide (20 g/100g) + Sodium fluoride (0.22 g/100g) + Ursodeoxycholic acid (0.02 g/100g) Paste Dental Lg Household & Health Care Ltd. 2011-03-15 Not applicable US BAMBOO SALT Eunganggo Jook Yeom Toothpaste Glycyrrhizinate dipotassium (0.04 g/100g) + Aminocaproic acid (0.05 g/100g) + Curcuma xanthorrhiza oil (0.025 g/100g) + Sea salt (3 g/100g) + Silicon dioxide (20 g/100g) + Sodium fluoride (0.22 g/100g) + Ursodeoxycholic acid (0.02 g/100g) Paste Dental Lg Household & Health Care Ltd. 2010-05-25 Not applicable US BOP whiteningtoothpaste Glycyrrhizinate dipotassium (0.3 g/100g) + Xylitol (3 g/100g) Gel Topical Shanghai Gemang Trading Co., Ltd. 2022-02-22 Not applicable US Pulmoll Pastilles Glycyrrhizic acid (7.6 mg / loz) + Levomenthol (1.52 mg / loz) Lozenge Oral Le Nigen N. Industries 1994-12-31 1999-07-16 Canada Younggaksan Glycyrrhizic acid (8.3 mg/0.3g) + Apricot kernel oil (0.83 mg/0.3g) + Platycodon grandiflorus root (11.7 mg/0.3g) + Polygala senega root (0.5 mg/0.3g) Powder Oral I World Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 2019-10-08 Not applicable US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image BOP whiteningtoothpaste Glycyrrhizinate dipotassium (0.3 g/100g) + Xylitol (3 g/100g) Gel Topical Shanghai Gemang Trading Co., Ltd. 2022-02-22 Not applicable US The Skin House Egf Collagen Ampoule Glycyrrhizinate dipotassium (0.1 g/100mL) Liquid Topical NOKSIBCHO cosmetic Co., Ltd. 2020-03-14 Not applicable US Younggaksan Glycyrrhizic acid (8.3 mg/0.3g) + Apricot kernel oil (0.83 mg/0.3g) + Platycodon grandiflorus root (11.7 mg/0.3g) + Polygala senega root (0.5 mg/0.3g) Powder Oral I World Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 2019-10-08 Not applicable US Younggaksan Glycyrrhizic acid (8.3 mg/0.3g) + Apricot kernel oil (0.83 mg/0.3g) + Platycodon grandiflorus root (11.7 mg/0.3g) + Polygala senega root (0.5 mg/0.3g) Powder Oral OASIS TRADING 2018-11-22 Not applicable US Younggaksan Glycyrrhizic acid (8.3 mg/0.3g) + Apricot kernel oil (0.83 mg/0.3g) + Platycodon grandiflorus root (11.7 mg/0.3g) + Polygala senega root (0.5 mg/0.3g) Powder Oral LYDIA Co., Ltd 2019-10-08 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- A05BA08 — Glycyrrhizic acid
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as triterpene saponins. These are glycosylated derivatives of triterpene sapogenins. The sapogenin moiety backbone is usually based on the oleanane, ursane, taraxastane, bauerane, lanostane, lupeol, lupane, dammarane, cycloartane, friedelane, hopane, 9b,19-cyclo-lanostane, cycloartane, or cycloartanol skeleton.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Lipids and lipid-like molecules
- Class
- Prenol lipids
- Sub Class
- Terpene glycosides
- Direct Parent
- Triterpene saponins
- Alternative Parents
- Triterpenoids / O-glucuronides / Disaccharides / O-glycosyl compounds / Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives / Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives / Cyclohexenones / Pyrans / Oxanes / Secondary alcohols show 6 more
- Substituents
- 1-o-glucuronide / Acetal / Alcohol / Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound / Beta-hydroxy acid / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative / Cyclohexenone / Disaccharide show 19 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- enone, tricarboxylic acid, glucosiduronic acid, triterpenoid saponin, pentacyclic triterpenoid (CHEBI:15939)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
- Herpes simplex virus
- Various viruses
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 6FO62043WK
- CAS number
- 1405-86-3
- InChI Key
- LPLVUJXQOOQHMX-QWBHMCJMSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C42H62O16/c1-37(2)21-8-11-42(7)31(20(43)16-18-19-17-39(4,36(53)54)13-12-38(19,3)14-15-41(18,42)6)40(21,5)10-9-22(37)55-35-30(26(47)25(46)29(57-35)33(51)52)58-34-27(48)23(44)24(45)28(56-34)32(49)50/h16,19,21-31,34-35,44-48H,8-15,17H2,1-7H3,(H,49,50)(H,51,52)(H,53,54)/t19-,21-,22-,23-,24-,25-,26-,27+,28-,29-,30+,31+,34-,35-,38+,39-,40-,41+,42+/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-{[(3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,11S,12aR,14aR,14bS)-11-carboxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,14b-heptamethyl-14-oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a,14b-icosahydropicen-3-yl]oxy}-5-{[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6S)-6-carboxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid
- SMILES
- [H][C@@]12C[C@](C)(CC[C@]1(C)CC[C@]1(C)C2=CC(=O)[C@]2([H])[C@@]3(C)CC[C@H](O[C@H]4O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4O[C@@H]4O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4O)C(O)=O)C(O)=O)C(C)(C)[C@]3([H])CC[C@@]12C)C(O)=O
References
- General References
- Li JY, Cao HY, Liu P, Cheng GH, Sun MY: Glycyrrhizic acid in the treatment of liver diseases: literature review. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:872139. doi: 10.1155/2014/872139. Epub 2014 May 13. [Article]
- Ming LJ, Yin AC: Therapeutic effects of glycyrrhizic acid. Nat Prod Commun. 2013 Mar;8(3):415-8. [Article]
- Ploeger B, Mensinga T, Sips A, Seinen W, Meulenbelt J, DeJongh J: The pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizic acid evaluated by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Drug Metab Rev. 2001 May;33(2):125-47. doi: 10.1081/DMR-100104400 . [Article]
- Krahenbuhl S, Hasler F, Krapf R: Analysis and pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid in humans and experimental animals. Steroids. 1994 Feb;59(2):121-6. [Article]
- Yamamura Y, Kawakami J, Santa T, Kotaki H, Uchino K, Sawada Y, Tanaka N, Iga T: Pharmacokinetic profile of glycyrrhizin in healthy volunteers by a new high-performance liquid chromatographic method. J Pharm Sci. 1992 Oct;81(10):1042-6. [Article]
- Ploeger BA, Meulenbelt J, DeJongh J: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of glycyrrhizic acid, a compound subject to presystemic metabolism and enterohepatic cycling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000 Feb 1;162(3):177-88. doi: 10.1006/taap.1999.8843. [Article]
- Ishida S, Ichikawa T, Sakiya Y: Binding of glycyrrhetinic acid to rat plasma, rat serum albumin, human serum, and human serum albumin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1988 Jan;36(1):440-3. [Article]
- Gloria M. (2003). Encyclopedia of food sciences and nutrition (2nd ed.). Academic Press.
- Sharma M., Dwivedi P., Singh A. and Dwivedi A. (2016). Nutraceuticals. Academic Press.
- Health Canada [Link]
- FDA records [File]
- FDA food aditives [File]
- External Links
- KEGG Drug
- D00157
- KEGG Compound
- C02284
- ChemSpider
- 14263
- BindingDB
- 50185127
- 26143
- ChEBI
- 15939
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL441687
- ZINC
- ZINC000096015174
- Wikipedia
- Glycyrrhizin
- MSDS
- Download (47.6 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 2, 3 Completed Prevention Ventilator Associated Bacterial Pneumonia (VABP) 1 Not Available Completed Not Available Hepatic autoimmune disorders 1 Not Available Completed Prevention Nausea, Postoperative 1 Not Available Recruiting Prevention Antibacterial therapy / Biliary Atresia / Cholangitis 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Paste Dental Gel Topical Lozenge Oral Liquid Topical 0.1 g/100mL Powder Oral - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 220 ºC (Decomposes at 200 ºC) 'MSDS' boiling point (°C) Decomposes at 200 ºC 'MSDS' water solubility Easily soluble in hot water 'MSDS' logP 2.8 'MSDS' - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0545 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 2.78 ALOGPS logP 3.13 Chemaxon logS -4.2 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 2.96 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -3.7 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 16 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 8 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 267.04 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 7 Chemaxon Refractivity 198.83 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 86.31 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 7 Chemaxon Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 285.3729438 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 257.07364 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 281.1529438 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 258.79733 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 265.12057 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [nad(p)] activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes reversibly the conversion of cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. Catalyzes reversibly the conversion of 7-ketocholesterol to 7-beta-hydroxycholesterol. In intact cells, the rea...
- Gene Name
- HSD11B1
- Uniprot ID
- P28845
- Uniprot Name
- Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1
- Molecular Weight
- 32400.665 Da
References
- FDA records [File]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Tumor necrosis factor receptor binding
- Specific Function
- Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct ac...
- Gene Name
- TNF
- Uniprot ID
- P01375
- Uniprot Name
- Tumor necrosis factor
- Molecular Weight
- 25644.15 Da
References
- Li JY, Cao HY, Liu P, Cheng GH, Sun MY: Glycyrrhizic acid in the treatment of liver diseases: literature review. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:872139. doi: 10.1155/2014/872139. Epub 2014 May 13. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Phospholipase a2 activator activity
- Specific Function
- Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. At the onset of apoptosis it proteolytically cleaves poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) at a '216-Asp-|-Gly-217' ...
- Gene Name
- CASP3
- Uniprot ID
- P42574
- Uniprot Name
- Caspase-3
- Molecular Weight
- 31607.58 Da
References
- Li JY, Cao HY, Liu P, Cheng GH, Sun MY: Glycyrrhizic acid in the treatment of liver diseases: literature review. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:872139. doi: 10.1155/2014/872139. Epub 2014 May 13. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Translocation inhibitor
- General Function
- Transcriptional activator activity, rna polymerase ii core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
- Specific Function
- NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related...
Components:
Name | UniProt ID |
---|---|
Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit | Q00653 |
Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit | P19838 |
References
- Li JY, Cao HY, Liu P, Cheng GH, Sun MY: Glycyrrhizic acid in the treatment of liver diseases: literature review. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:872139. doi: 10.1155/2014/872139. Epub 2014 May 13. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Triglyceride lipase activity
- Specific Function
- The primary function of this lipase is the hydrolysis of triglycerides of circulating chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Binding to heparin sulfate proteogylcans at the cell sur...
- Gene Name
- LPL
- Uniprot ID
- P06858
- Uniprot Name
- Lipoprotein lipase
- Molecular Weight
- 53162.07 Da
References
- Ming LJ, Yin AC: Therapeutic effects of glycyrrhizic acid. Nat Prod Commun. 2013 Mar;8(3):415-8. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Retinal dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the transformation of the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into the less active form, 5-alpha-androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol). Also has some 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid...
- Gene Name
- AKR1C4
- Uniprot ID
- P17516
- Uniprot Name
- Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4
- Molecular Weight
- 37066.52 Da
References
- Ploeger BA, Meulenbelt J, DeJongh J: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of glycyrrhizic acid, a compound subject to presystemic metabolism and enterohepatic cycling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000 Feb 1;162(3):177-88. doi: 10.1006/taap.1999.8843. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols. Catalyzes the reduction of prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGH2 and phenanthrenequinone (PQ) and the oxidation of 9-alpha,11-beta-PGF2 to PGD2....
- Gene Name
- AKR1C3
- Uniprot ID
- P42330
- Uniprot Name
- Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3
- Molecular Weight
- 36852.89 Da
References
- Ploeger BA, Meulenbelt J, DeJongh J: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of glycyrrhizic acid, a compound subject to presystemic metabolism and enterohepatic cycling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000 Feb 1;162(3):177-88. doi: 10.1006/taap.1999.8843. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Trans-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function
- Works in concert with the 5-alpha/5-beta-steroid reductases to convert steroid hormones into the 3-alpha/5-alpha and 3-alpha/5-beta-tetrahydrosteroids. Catalyzes the inactivation of the most potent...
- Gene Name
- AKR1C2
- Uniprot ID
- P52895
- Uniprot Name
- Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2
- Molecular Weight
- 36734.97 Da
References
- Ploeger BA, Meulenbelt J, DeJongh J: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of glycyrrhizic acid, a compound subject to presystemic metabolism and enterohepatic cycling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000 Feb 1;162(3):177-88. doi: 10.1006/taap.1999.8843. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Binder
- General Function
- Toxic substance binding
- Specific Function
- Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
- Gene Name
- ALB
- Uniprot ID
- P02768
- Uniprot Name
- Serum albumin
- Molecular Weight
- 69365.94 Da
References
- Ishida S, Ichikawa T, Sakiya Y: Binding of glycyrrhetinic acid to rat plasma, rat serum albumin, human serum, and human serum albumin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1988 Jan;36(1):440-3. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes.
- Gene Name
- ABCB11
- Uniprot ID
- O95342
- Uniprot Name
- Bile salt export pump
- Molecular Weight
- 146405.83 Da
References
- Pedersen JM, Matsson P, Bergstrom CA, Hoogstraate J, Noren A, LeCluyse EL, Artursson P: Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kft197. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [Article]
Drug created at June 23, 2017 20:47 / Updated at October 07, 2021 12:09