Testosterone enanthate

Identification

Summary

Testosterone enanthate is an androgen used to treat low or absent testosterone.

Brand Names

Delatestryl, Xyosted

Generic Name

Testosterone enanthate

DrugBank Accession Number

DB13944

Background

Testosterone enanthate is an esterified variant of testosterone that comes as an injectable compound with a slow-release rate. This slow release is achieved by the presence of the enanthate ester functional group attached to the testosterone molecule.² This testosterone derivative was first approved on December 24, 1953.¹⁰

In 2017, about 6.5 million retail prescriptions for testosterone therapy were filled ⁹. The majority of the prescriptions written were for injectable (66%) and topical (32%) testosterone products. As recent as 1 October 2018, the US FDA approved Antares Pharma Inc.'s Xyosted - a subcutaneous testosterone enanthate product for once-weekly, at-home self-administration with an easy-to-use, single dose, disposable autoinjector ⁹. As the first subcutaneous autoinjector product designed for testosterone replacement therapy, this innovative formulation removes transfer concerns commonly associated with testosterone gels and potentially reduces the need for in-office/in-clinic injection procedures that may inconvenience patients with frequent visits to the clinic ⁹.

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved

Structure

3D

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MOLSDF3D-SDFPDBSMILESInChI

Similar Structures

Structure for Testosterone enanthate (DB13944)

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Weight

Average: 400.594
Monoisotopic: 400.297745146

Chemical Formula

C₂₆H₄₀O₃

Synonyms

• Testosterone enanthate
• Testosterone heptanoate

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Pharmacology

Indication

Testosterone enanthate in males is indicated as a replacement therapy in conditions associated with a deficiency or absence of endogenous testosterone. Some of the treated conditions are 1) primary hypogonadism, defined as testicular failure due to cryptorchidism, bilateral torsion, orchitis, vanishing testis syndrome or orchidectomy; 2) hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to an idiopathic gonadotropin or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone deficiency or due to a pituitary-hypothalamic injury from tumors, trauma or radiation, in this case it is important to accompany the treatment with adrenal cortical and thyroid hormone replacement therapy; 3) to stimulate puberty in patients with delayed puberty not secondary to a pathological disorder. If the conditions 1 and 2 occur prior to puberty, the androgen replacement therapy will be needed during adolescent years for the development of secondary sexual characteristics and prolonged androgen treatment might be needed it to maintain sexual characteristics after puberty.^Label

In females, testosterone enanthate is indicated to be used secondarily in presence of advanced inoperable metastatic mammary cancer in women who are from one to five years postmenopausal. It has also been used in premenopausal women with breast cancer who have benefited from oophorectomy and are considered to have a hormone-responsive tumor.^Label

Testosterone enanthate injections that are currently formulated for subcutaneous use are specifically indicated only for primary hypogonadism and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism ¹¹. The use of such formulations is limited because the safety and efficacy of these subcutaneous products in adult males with late-onset hypogonadism and males less than 18 years old have not yet been established ¹¹. Moreover, subcutaneously administered testosterone enanthate is indicated only for the treatment of men with hypogonadal conditions associated with structural or genetic etiologies, considering the medication could cause blood pressure increases that can raise the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events like non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and cardiovascular death ¹¹.

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Associated Conditions

Indication Type	Indication	Combined Product Details	Approval Level	Age Group	Patient Characteristics	Dose Form
Treatment of	Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism		••••••••••••	•••••		•••••••••
Treatment of	Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism		••••••••••••	•••••		•••••••••
Treatment of	Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism		••••••••••••	•••••		•••••••••

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Pharmacodynamics

Administration of ester derivatives of testosterone as testosterone enanthate generates an increase in serum testosterone to levels reaching 400% from the baseline within 24 hours of administration. These androgen levels remain elevated for 3-5 days after initial administration.⁵ Continuous administration of testosterone enanthate shows a significant suppression of dihydrotestosterone, serum PSA, HDL and FSH, as well as a slight increase in serum estradiol. The levels of dihydrotestosterone and FSH can remain suppressed even 14 days after treatment termination. There are no changes in mood and sexual activity by the presence of testosterone enanthate.⁶

Mechanism of action

The effects of testosterone in humans and other vertebrates occur by way of two main mechanisms: by activation of the androgen receptor (directly or as DHT), and by conversion to estradiol and activation of certain estrogen receptors. Free testosterone (T) is transported into the cytoplasm of target tissue cells, where it can bind to the androgen receptor, or can be reduced to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the cytoplasmic enzyme 5α-reductase. DHT binds to the same androgen receptor even more strongly than T, so that its androgenic potency is about 2.5 times that of T. The T-receptor or DHT-receptor complex undergoes a structural change that allows it to move into the cell nucleus and bind directly to specific nucleotide sequences of the chromosomal DNA. The areas of binding are called hormone response elements (HREs), and influence transcriptional activity of certain genes, producing androgen effects.¹

Such activities are useful as endogenous androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are responsible for the normal growth and development of the male sex organs and for maintenance of secondary sex characteristics ¹¹. These effects include the growth and maturation of the prostate, seminal vesicles, penis, and scrotum; the development of male hair distribution, such as facial, pubic, chest, and axillary hair; laryngeal enlargement, vocal cord thickening, and alterations in body musculature and fat distribution ¹¹.

Male hypogonadism, a clinical syndrome resulting from insufficient secretion of testosterone, has two main etiologies ¹¹. Primary hypogonadism is caused by defects of the gonads, such as Klinefelter’s syndrome or Leydig cell aplasia, whereas secondary hypogonadism is the failure of the hypothalamus (or pituitary) to produce sufficient gonadotropins (FSH, LH) ¹¹.

Target	Actions	Organism
AAndrogen receptor	agonist	Humans
UEstrogen receptor alpha	Not Available	Humans
UMineralocorticoid receptor	Not Available	Humans

Absorption

The pharmacokinetic profile of testosterone enanthate was studied in a regime of multiple dosing and the testosterone level was reported to present a Cmax above 1200 ng/dl after 24 hours of the last dose. The concentration decreased sequentially until it reached 600 ng/dl after one week. The pharmacokinetic profile of testosterone enanthate presented differences depending on the administered dose in which the tmax was shifted to a range of 36-48 hours. The plasma testosterone level plateaued below the therapeutic range after 3-4 weeks. This reports showed that the different formulation of testosterone enanthate and testosterone cypionate generates a different profile and thus, they are not therapeutically equivalent.⁴

Volume of distribution

The volume of distribution following intravenous administration of testosterone is of approximately 1 L/kg.⁸

Protein binding

Circulating testosterone is primarily bound in serum to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and albumin. Approximately 98% of testosterone in plasma is bound to SHBG while 2% remains unbound (i.e. free).¹⁰

Metabolism

To start its activity, testosterone enanthate has to be processed by enzymes in the bloodstream. These enzymes will catalyze the molecule at the ester location of the moiety. Once processed in this manner, the testosterone enanthate molecule is metabolized to various 17-keto steroids through two different pathways. Subsequently, the major active metabolites are estradiol and DHTd. Testosterone is metabolized to DHT by steroid 5α-reductase in skin, liver and urogenital tract. In reproductive tissues DHT is further metabolized to androstanediol.^7,11

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

• Testosterone enanthate
  • Testosterone
    • Dihydrotestosterone
      • 3-alpha-Androstanediol glucuronide

Route of elimination

About 90% of a dose of testosterone given intramuscularly is excreted in the urine as glucuronic and sulfuric acid conjugates of testosterone and its metabolites; about 6% of a dose is excreted in the feces, mostly in the unconjugated form.^7,11 The inactivation of testosterone occurs primarily in the liver.¹¹

Half-life

Testosterone enanthate presents a long half-life in the range of 7-9 days.³

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

Testosterone enanthate has been tested in preclinical carcinogenesis trials. In this studies, it is suggested that the exposure to this drug may increase the susceptibility to hematoma as well as the number of tumors and decrease the degree of differentiation of chemically induced carcinomas of the liver.^Label

Testosterone enanthate is not indicated for use in females and is contraindicated in pregnant women. Testosterone is teratogenic and may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman based on data from animal studies and its mechanism of action. ¹¹

During treatment with large doses of exogenous androgens, including testosterone enanthate, spermatogenesis may be suppressed through feedback inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis ¹¹. Reduced fertility is observed in some men taking testosterone replacement therapy and the impact on fertility may be irreversible ¹¹.

Safety and effectiveness of testosterone enanthate in pediatric patients less than 18 years old have not been established ¹¹. Improper use may result in the acceleration of bone age and premature closure of epiphyses ¹¹.

Geriatric patients treated with androgens may also be at risk for worsening of signs and symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ¹¹.

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

• Approved
• Vet approved
• Nutraceutical
• Illicit
• Withdrawn
• Investigational
• Experimental
• All Drugs

Drug	Interaction
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Abacavir	Abacavir may decrease the excretion rate of Testosterone enanthate which could result in a higher serum level.
Abametapir	The serum concentration of Testosterone enanthate can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
Abatacept	The metabolism of Testosterone enanthate can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
Abciximab	Testosterone enanthate may increase the anticoagulant activities of Abciximab.
Abemaciclib	Abemaciclib may decrease the excretion rate of Testosterone enanthate which could result in a higher serum level.

Food Interactions

No interactions found.

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Active Moieties

Name	Kind	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Testosterone	prodrug	3XMK78S47O	58-22-0	MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N

Brand Name Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Delatestryl	Injection, solution	200 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc.	1953-12-24	2014-11-30
Xyosted	Injection	75 mg/0.5mL	Subcutaneous	Antares Pharma, Inc.	2018-11-15	Not applicable
Xyosted	Injection	50 mg/0.5mL	Subcutaneous	Antares Pharma, Inc.	2018-11-15	Not applicable
Xyosted	Injection	100 mg/0.5mL	Subcutaneous	Antares Pharma, Inc.	2018-11-15	Not applicable

Generic Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Testosterone Enanthate	Injection, solution	200 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	Hikma Farmaceutica	2012-09-18	2012-09-18
Testosterone Enanthate	Injection, solution	200 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.	2012-09-18	Not applicable
Testosterone Enanthate	Injection	200 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	Paddock Laboratories, Inc.	2007-08-02	2011-09-30
Testosterone Enanthate	Injection, solution	200 mg/1mL	Intramuscular	Actavis Pharma, Inc.	2011-05-04	2019-12-31

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Neo Pause Injection	Testosterone enanthate (100 mg / mL) + Estradiol valerate (6.5 mg / mL)	Solution	Intramuscular	Neolab Inc	1970-12-31	2006-10-04
NOFERTYL® INYECTABLE	Testosterone enanthate (50 mg) + Estradiol valerate (5 mg)	Solution	Intramuscular	LABORATORIO FRANCO COLOMBIANO - LAFRANCOL S.A.S.	2006-11-10	2015-03-11

Categories

Drug Categories

• Adrenal Cortex Hormones
• Androgens
• Androstanes
• Androstenes
• Androstenols
• BCRP/ABCG2 Substrates
• Contraceptive Agents, Male
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inducers (strength unknown)
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Substrates
• Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers
• Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
• Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
• Drugs that are Mainly Renally Excreted
• Fused-Ring Compounds
• Gonadal Hormones
• Gonadal Steroid Hormones
• Hormonal Contraceptives for Systemic Use
• Hormones
• Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists
• OAT3/SLC22A8 Inducers
• P-glycoprotein inhibitors
• Steroids
• Testosterone and derivatives
• Testosterone Congeners
• Thyroxine-binding globulin inhibitors

Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire

Description

This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as steroid esters. These are compounds containing a steroid moiety which bears a carboxylic acid ester group.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Lipids and lipid-like molecules

Class

Steroids and steroid derivatives

Sub Class

Steroid esters

Direct Parent

Steroid esters

Alternative Parents

Androgens and derivatives / 3-oxo delta-4-steroids / Delta-4-steroids / Cyclohexenones / Carboxylic acid esters / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives

Substituents

3-oxo-delta-4-steroid / 3-oxosteroid / Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound / Androgen-skeleton / Androstane-skeleton / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid ester / Cyclic ketone / Cyclohexenone

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds

External Descriptors

sterol ester, enanthate ester (CHEBI:9464) / C19 steroids (androgens) and derivatives (C08157) / C19 steroids (androgens) and derivatives (LMST02020075)

Affected organisms

• Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII

7Z6522T8N9

CAS number

315-37-7

InChI Key

VOCBWIIFXDYGNZ-IXKNJLPQSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C26H40O3/c1-4-5-6-7-8-24(28)29-23-12-11-21-20-10-9-18-17-19(27)13-15-25(18,2)22(20)14-16-26(21,23)3/h17,20-23H,4-16H2,1-3H3/t20-,21-,22-,23-,25-,26-/m0/s1

IUPAC Name

(1S,3aS,3bR,9aR,9bS,11aS)-9a,11a-dimethyl-7-oxo-1H,2H,3H,3aH,3bH,4H,5H,7H,8H,9H,9aH,9bH,10H,11H,11aH-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-1-yl heptanoate

SMILES

[H][C@@]12CC[C@H](OC(=O)CCCCCC)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])CCC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]12C

References

General References

1. Hoberman JM, Yesalis CE: The history of synthetic testosterone. Sci Am. 1995 Feb;272(2):76-81. [Article]
2. Nieschlag E, Nieschlag S: Testosterone deficiency: a historical perspective. Asian J Androl. 2014 Mar-Apr;16(2):161-8. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.122358. [Article]
3. Kaminetsky J, Jaffe JS, Swerdloff RS: Pharmacokinetic Profile of Subcutaneous Testosterone Enanthate Delivered via a Novel, Prefilled Single-Use Autoinjector: A Phase II Study. Sex Med. 2015 Sep 17;3(4):269-79. doi: 10.1002/sm2.80. eCollection 2015 Dec. [Article]
4. Shoskes JJ, Wilson MK, Spinner ML: Pharmacology of testosterone replacement therapy preparations. Transl Androl Urol. 2016 Dec;5(6):834-843. doi: 10.21037/tau.2016.07.10. [Article]
5. Weinbauer GF, Jackwerth B, Yoon YD, Behre HM, Yeung CH, Nieschlag E: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of testosterone enanthate and dihydrotestosterone enanthate in non-human primates. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1990 Apr;122(4):432-42. [Article]
6. Amory JK, Kalhorn TF, Page ST: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral testosterone enanthate plus dutasteride for 4 weeks in normal men: implications for male hormonal contraception. J Androl. 2008 May-Jun;29(3):260-71. doi: 10.2164/jandrol.107.004226. Epub 2007 Nov 28. [Article]
7. Pfizer monograph [Link]
8. Pfizer monograph [Link]
9. Drugs.com: FDA Approves Xyosted (testosterone enanthate) Press Release [Link]
10. FDA Approved Drug Products: Delatestryl Testosterone Enanthate Injection (Discontinued) [Link]
11. XYOSTED Subcutaneous Testosterone Enanthate Injection FDA Label [File]

External Links

Human Metabolome Database

HMDB0005814

KEGG Compound

C08157

ChemSpider

9045

ChEBI

9464

ChEMBL

CHEMBL1200335

ZINC

ZINC000003876080

Wikipedia

Testosterone_enanthate

FDA label

Download (99.7 KB)

MSDS

Download (50 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Completed	Prevention	Caloric Restriction / Exercise	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Healthy Subjects (HS)	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Sarcopenia	1
4	Not Yet Recruiting	Treatment	Erectile Dysfunction / Multiple Sclerosis / Testosterone Deficiency	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Not Available

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Solution	Intramuscular	200 mg / mL
Liquid	Intramuscular	200 mg / mL
Solution	Intramuscular
Solution	Parenteral	100 mg
Injection	Intramuscular	200 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Intramuscular	200 mg/1mL
Powder	Not applicable	1 g/1g
Injection, suspension, extended release	Intramuscular	10 mg/mL
Injection, suspension, extended release	Intramuscular	100 MG/ML
Injection, suspension, extended release	Intramuscular	25 mg/mL
Injection, suspension, extended release	Intramuscular	250 MG/ML
Injection, suspension, extended release	Intramuscular	50 mg/mL
Solution	Intramuscular	250 mg
Injection	Subcutaneous	100 mg/0.5mL
Injection	Subcutaneous	50 mg/0.5mL
Injection	Subcutaneous	75 mg/0.5mL
Solution		25 mg/1ml
Solution		250 mg/1ml

Prices

Not Available

Patents

Patent Number	Pediatric Extension	Approved	Expires (estimated)	Region
USRE44847	No	2014-04-15	2019-08-10
USRE44846	No	2014-04-15	2019-08-10
US8021335	No	2011-09-20	2026-10-04
US8562564	No	2013-10-22	2026-01-24
US9533102	No	2017-01-03	2026-01-24
US9629959	No	2017-04-25	2026-01-24
US9180259	No	2015-11-10	2026-01-24
US9950125	No	2018-04-24	2036-09-04
US9744302	No	2017-08-29	2035-11-19
US10238662	No	2019-03-26	2035-02-19
US10646495	No	2020-05-12	2038-08-30
US10478560	No	2019-11-19	2026-01-24
US10357609	No	2019-07-23	2031-08-21
US10279131	No	2019-05-07	2031-07-31
US10821072	No	2020-11-03	2033-06-04
US10881798	No	2021-01-05	2034-02-11
US10912782	No	2021-02-09	2035-02-19
US10905827	No	2021-02-02	2031-08-21
US11160751	No	2021-11-02	2034-10-07
US11191908	No	2021-12-07	2035-10-18
US11446440	No	2011-08-21	2031-08-21
US11446441	No	2006-01-24	2026-01-24
US11497753	No	2010-03-19	2030-03-19
US11771646	No	2014-04-10	2034-04-10
US11813435	No	2015-02-25	2035-02-25

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	34-39ºC	'MSDS'
water solubility	Insoluble	'MSDS'
logP	3.58	Anti-catabolic steroids

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.000463 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	5.11	ALOGPS
logP	6.29	Chemaxon
logS	-5.9	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	18.52	Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-4.8	Chemaxon
Physiological Charge	0	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	2	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area	43.37 Å2	Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count	7	Chemaxon
Refractivity	116.61 m3·mol-1	Chemaxon
Polarizability	49.18 Å3	Chemaxon
Number of Rings	4	Chemaxon
Bioavailability	1	Chemaxon
Rule of Five	No	Chemaxon
Ghose Filter	No	Chemaxon
Veber's Rule	No	Chemaxon
MDDR-like Rule	Yes	Chemaxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	splash10-00dr-3479000000-622103246e9253c3578f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-0udi-2131900000-96779b34adb889d0973a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-0009000000-f376f4154ea0a068904f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-0002-1379000000-d48c075752a5ba59920d
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-0h9r-0592200000-4c6c74ec4797e3b6aa40
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-aabd4dcfbe3046d859d5
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-0076-5953100000-ae55602846ca40662cfb
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable

Chromatographic Properties

Collision Cross Sections (CCS)

Adduct	CCS Value (Å2)	Source type	Source
[M-H]-	207.3625829	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-	201.45161	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+	207.7576829	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+	204.74924	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+	207.4463829	predicted	DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+	212.13432	predicted	DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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insights and accelerate drug research.

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Details1. Androgen receptor

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Yes

Actions

Agonist

General Function

Zinc ion binding

Specific Function

Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Transcription ...

Gene Name

AR

Uniprot ID

P10275

Uniprot Name

Androgen receptor

Molecular Weight

98987.9 Da

References

1. Small EJ, Ryan CJ: The case for secondary hormonal therapies in the chemotherapy age. J Urol. 2006 Dec;176(6 Pt 2):S66-71. [Article]
2. Omwancha J, Brown TR: Selective androgen receptor modulators: in pursuit of tissue-selective androgens. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2006 Oct;7(10):873-81. [Article]
3. Petraki CD, Sfikas CP: Histopathological changes induced by therapies in the benign prostate and prostate adenocarcinoma. Histol Histopathol. 2007 Jan;22(1):107-18. [Article]
4. Maudsley S, Davidson L, Pawson AJ, Freestone SH, Lopez de Maturana R, Thomson AA, Millar RP: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone functionally antagonizes testosterone activation of the human androgen receptor in prostate cells through focal adhesion complexes involving Hic-5. Neuroendocrinology. 2006;84(5):285-300. Epub 2007 Jan 4. [Article]
5. Lapauw B, Goemaere S, Crabbe P, Kaufman JM, Ruige JB: Is the effect of testosterone on body composition modulated by the androgen receptor gene CAG repeat polymorphism in elderly men? Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 Mar;156(3):395-401. [Article]
6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]

Details2. Estrogen receptor alpha

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

General Function

Zinc ion binding

Specific Function

Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissu...

Gene Name

ESR1

Uniprot ID

P03372

Uniprot Name

Estrogen receptor

Molecular Weight

66215.45 Da

References

1. Kojima H, Iida M, Katsura E, Kanetoshi A, Hori Y, Kobayashi K: Effects of a diphenyl ether-type herbicide, chlornitrofen, and its amino derivative on androgen and estrogen receptor activities. Environ Health Perspect. 2003 Apr;111(4):497-502. [Article]

Details3. Mineralocorticoid receptor

Kind

Protein

Organism

Humans

Pharmacological action

Unknown

General Function

Zinc ion binding

Specific Function

Receptor for both mineralocorticoids (MC) such as aldosterone and glucocorticoids (GC) such as corticosterone or cortisol. Binds to mineralocorticoid response elements (MRE) and transactivates targ...

Gene Name

NR3C2

Uniprot ID

P08235

Uniprot Name

Mineralocorticoid receptor

Molecular Weight

107066.575 Da

References

1. Takeda AN, Pinon GM, Bens M, Fagart J, Rafestin-Oblin ME, Vandewalle A: The synthetic androgen methyltrienolone (r1881) acts as a potent antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2007 Feb;71(2):473-82. Epub 2006 Nov 14. [Article]

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Drug created at January 11, 2018 23:08 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55