Identification
- Summary
Fish oil is a source of essential fatty acids used as a source of calories in parenteral nutrition and as a dietary supplement.
- Brand Names
- Omegaven
- Generic Name
- Fish oil
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB13961
- Background
Fish oil is a component of SMOFLIPID, which was FDA approved in July 2016. It is indicated in adults as a source of calories and essential fatty acids for parenteral nutrition when oral or enteral nutrition is not possible, insufficient, or contraindicated.
More commonly, fish oil refers to the omega-3-fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Label. In general, dietary or pharmaceutical intake of these acids is primarily the only way to increase their levels in the human body where they are overall an essential element to dietary health as they have demonstrated abilities in minimizing or preventing hypertriglyceridemia when taken as an adjunct to a healthy diet Label.
Such fish oils are available in both non-prescription and prescription-only varieties at different concentrations. For many individuals, taking non-prescription fish oils as part of their multivitamin regimen is an effective way to supplement their diets with the healthy fatty acids. However, prescription-only fish oil products are sometimes prescribed for individuals who demonstrate severe (>= 500 mg/dL) hypertriglyceridemia Label.
Furthermore, a variety of studies regarding additional potential actions of fish oil omega-3-fatty acids EPA and DHA are ongoing. Such experimental actions include inflammation modulation, cardioprotective effects, the attenuation of oxidative stress, and more. Regardless, the specific mechanisms of action for these effects have yet to be formally elucidated.
- Type
- Biotech
- Groups
- Approved, Nutraceutical
- Synonyms
- Fish oil containing omega-3 acids
- Fish oils
- Omega-3 fish oil
Pharmacology
- Indication
Under FDA approval, fish oil pharmaceuticals are typically products consisting of a combination of the omega-3-fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and are indicated primarily as an adjunct to diet to reduce triglyceride levels in adult patients with severe (>=500 mg/dL) hypertriglyceridemia Label,11.
Under EMA approval, such fish oil pharmaceuticals comprised of virtually the same fish and fish oil derived omega-3-fatty acids EPA and DHA are indicated specifically for (a) adjuvant treatment in secondary prevention after myocardial infarction, in addition to other standard therapy (ie. statins, antiplatelet medicinal products, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors), and (b) as a supplement to diet when dietary measures alone are insufficient to produce an adequate response, particularly with type IV hypertriglyceridemia in monotherapy or type IIb/III in combination with statins, when control of triglycerides is insufficient 7. In addition, prescribing information for EMA approved fish oil pharmaceuticals are also indicated as an adjunct to diet to reduce very high (>=500 mg/dL) triglyceride levels in adult patients, much like similar FDA approved indications 12,Label.
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- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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In general, the only practical method of obtaining and increasing the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) fish oil omega-3-fatty acids in the body is to consume them directly from foods and/or dietary supplements 6. Having EPA and DHA is important because they facilitate numerous important functions in the human body. As an example, such supplementation of fish oil EPA and DHA demonstrates a legitimate ability to decrease triglyceride levels as their presence in the body can act as poor substrates for the enzymes that are ordinarily responsible for triglyceride synthesis and also inhibit the esterification of other fatty acids, among other mechanisms Label,7.
Moreover, such fish oil acids can become important components of the phospholipids that form the structures of cell membranes 6. Specifically, DHA is particularly high in the retina, brain, and sperm 6. Additionally, these acids also provide energy for the body and are used to form eicosanoids - signaling molecules that have similar chemical structures to the fish oil fatty acids from which they are derived 6. Furthermore, such eicosanoids possess wide-ranging functions in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, immune, and endocrine systems 6.
- Mechanism of action
The specific mechanism of action by which the fish oil EPA and DHA acids are capable of reducing serum triglyceride levels is not yet fully understood Label,2. Nevertheless, it is proposed that such omega-3-fatty acids may not be the preferred substrates of the enzyme diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase that participates in the generation of triglycerides; that they might interact with nuclear transcription factors that manage lipogenesis; or that their presence and increase in levels can cause cellular metabolism to subsequently shift toward a decrease in triglyceride synthesis and an increase in fatty acid oxidation 2. Moreover, the EPA and DHA acids are also believed to be able to promote apolipoprotein B degradation in the liver through the stimulation of an autophagic process 2. It may also be possible that these fish oil acids can accelerate the clearance of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles and chylomicron 2. The combination of all these actions results in fewer VLDL particles being assembled and secreted, which is of considerable importance as VLDL particles are the major endogenous source of triglycerides 2.
Moreover, new paradigms of how inflammation is contained and dissipated involve various newly discovered chemical mediators, resolvins, and protectins 2. Such agents are believed to be directly involved in blocking neutrophil migration, infiltration, recruitment, as well as blocking T-cell migration and promoting T-cell apoptosis 2. Additionally, such protectins can also reduce tumor necrosis factor and interferon secretion 2. Of particular importance, however, is the fact that protectins and resolvins are exclusively derived from omega-3-fatty acids and that EPA is the substrate of the resolvins family and DHA can be converted to both resolvins and protectins 2. It is believed that these effects of such fish oil acids underlie the actions that fish oil have demonstrated on eliciting stability for vulnerable inflammatory plaques 2.
Finally, fish oil acids have demonstrated certain direct electrophysiological effects on the myocardium 2. In animal studies, it was shown that the ventricular fibrillation threshold could be increased in both animals fed or infused with omega-3-fatty acids 2. Further studies subsequently revealed that such fatty acids could reduce both sodium currents and L-type calcium currents on a cellular and ion channel level 2. It is consequently hypothesized that during ischemia, a reduction in the sodium ion current protects hyperexcitable tissue, and a reduction in the calcium ion current could reduce arrhythmogenic depolarizing currents - and that perhaps the use of EPA and DHA fish oil acids could facilitate such activity 2. For the time being, however, omega-3-fatty acids in pharmaceutical supplement form have not been shown to elicit such protection against heart conditions 8.
Target Actions Organism ADiacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 agonistHumans AProstaglandin G/H synthase 2 inhibitorHumans AFree fatty acid receptor 4 agonistinhibits downstream inflammation cascadesHumans UVoltage gated L-type calcium channel inhibitorHumans USodium channel protein inhibitorHumans UFree radicals Not Available Humans UNuclear factor NF-kappa-B regulatorHumans USterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 regulatorHumans UPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha regulatorHumans UPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma Not Available Humans UPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta regulatorHumans - Absorption
The absorption process of fish oil EPA and DHA acids have been documented as being very efficient, with an absorption rate of about 95%, which is similar to that of other ingested fats 6.
- Volume of distribution
The volume of distribution of EPA is documented as being approximately 82 L 1.
- Protein binding
It has been observed that the majority of EPA present in plasma is bound to plasma protein 13.
- Metabolism
During and after absorption there are three main pathways for the metabolism of the fish oil omega-3-fatty acids: (a) the acids are transported to the liver where they are incorporated into various categories of lipoproteins and then channeled to the peripheral lipid stores, or (b) the cell membrane phospholipids are replaced by lipoprotein phospholipids and the fatty acids can then act as precursors for various eicosanoids, or (c) the majority of the fatty acids are oxidised to meet energy requirements 9,7. The concentration of the EPA and DHA fish oil omega-3-fatty acids in the plasma phospholipids corresponds to the EPA and DHA incorporated into the cell membranes 9,7. Ultimately, animal pharmacokinetic studies have shown that there is a complete hydrolysis of the ethyl ester accompanied by satisfactory absorption and incorporation of EPA and DHA into the plasma phospholipids and cholesterol esters 7.
Furthermore, it also known that EPA can act as a precursor to DHA 4.
- Route of elimination
Based on what is known about the elimination of EPA and DHA, it is understood that such fatty acids do not undergo renal excretion Label.
- Half-life
The half-life of EPA is recorded to be about 37 hours while that of DHA is documented to be about 46 hours Label.
- Clearance
The clearance of EPA is recorded to be about 548 ml/hr while that of DHA is documented to be about 518 ml/hr hours Label.
- Adverse Effects
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There have been some concerns that high doses of DHA and/or EPA (in the range of 900mg/day or EPA plus 600 mg/day of DHA or more for several weeks) could potentially reduce an individual's immune function due to the suppression of inflammatory responses 6. However, according to the European Food Safety Authority, long-term consumption of EPA and DHA supplements at combined doses of up to about 5 g/day appears to be safe 6.
Commonly reported side effects of omega-3 supplements are usually mild 6. These include unpleasant taste, bad breath, heartburn, nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, headache, and odoriferous sweat 6.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbametapir The serum concentration of Fish oil can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir. Acebutolol Acebutolol may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Fish oil. Aceclofenac The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Aceclofenac is combined with Fish oil. Acemetacin The risk or severity of hyperkalemia can be increased when Acemetacin is combined with Fish oil. Acetyldigitoxin Acetyldigitoxin may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Fish oil. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Omegaven Injection, emulsion 0.1 g/1mL Intravenous Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC 2018-07-27 Not applicable US 
- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image BALYA YUMUSAK JELATIN KAPSUL, 25 ADET Fish oil (400 IU) + Vitamin A (5000 IU) Capsule Oral SANOFİ SAĞLIK ÜRÜNLERİ LTD. ŞTİ. 2020-08-14 2017-12-20 Turkey 
BALYA YUMUSAK JELATIN KAPSUL, 50 ADET Fish oil (400 IU) + Vitamin A (5000 IU) Capsule Oral SANOFİ SAĞLIK ÜRÜNLERİ LTD. ŞTİ. 2007-07-04 2017-12-20 Turkey Efficas Care Fish oil (3.1 g/15ml) + Borage oil (4.4 g/15ml) Emulsion Oral Thrustant Consulting Sdn Bhd 2020-09-08 2022-04-03 Malaysia 
FINOMEL Fish oil (8.24 g/1435ml) + Alanine (11.41 g/1435ml) + Arginine (6.34 g/1435ml) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.41 g/1435ml) + D-glucose monohydrate (151.5 g/1435ml) + Glycine (5.68 g/1435ml) + Histidine (2.64 g/1435ml) + Isoleucine (3.31 g/1435ml) + Leucine (4.02 g/1435ml) + Lysine hydrochloride (3.99 g/1435ml) + Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (1.36 g/1435ml) + Medium-chain triglycerides (10.3 g/1435ml) + Methionine (2.2 g/1435ml) + Olive oil (10.3 g/1435ml) + Phenylalanine (3.09 g/1435ml) + Potassium chloride (2.47 g/1435ml) + Proline (3.75 g/1435ml) + Serine (2.76 g/1435ml) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (3.1 g/1435ml) + Sodium glycerophosphate hydrate (3.26 g/1435ml) + Soybean oil (12.36 g/1085ml) + Threonine (2.31 g/1085ml) + Tryptophan (0.99 g/1085ml) + Tyrosine (0.22 g/1085ml) + Valine (3.2 g/1085ml) + Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (0.013 g/1085ml) Injection, emulsion Intravenous Baxter S.P.A. 2019-09-03 Not applicable Italy 
FINOMEL Fish oil (8.24 g/1085ml) + Alanine (11.41 g/1085ml) + Arginine (6.34 g/1085ml) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.41 g/1085ml) + D-glucose monohydrate (151.5 g/1085ml) + Glycine (5.68 g/1085ml) + Histidine (2.64 g/1085ml) + Isoleucine (3.31 g/1085ml) + Leucine (4.02 g/1085ml) + Lysine hydrochloride (3.99 g/1085ml) + Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (1.36 g/1085ml) + Medium-chain triglycerides (10.3 g/1085ml) + Methionine (2.2 g/1085ml) + Olive oil (10.3 g/1085ml) + Phenylalanine (3.09 g/1085ml) + Potassium chloride (2.47 g/1085ml) + Proline (3.75 g/1085ml) + Serine (2.76 g/1085ml) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (3.1 g/1085ml) + Sodium glycerophosphate hydrate (3.26 g/1085ml) + Soybean oil (12.36 g/1085ml) + Threonine (2.31 g/1085ml) + Tryptophan (0.99 g/1085ml) + Tyrosine (0.22 g/1085ml) + Valine (3.2 g/1085ml) + Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (0.013 g/1085ml) Injection, emulsion Intravenous Baxter S.P.A. 2019-09-03 Not applicable Italy - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Tricare Prenatal DHA One Fish oil (500 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (60 mg/1) + Biotin (300 ug/1) + Cholecalciferol (800 [iU]/1) + Cupric sulfate (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (100 ug/1) + Doconexent (215 mg/1) + Docusate sodium (25 mg/1) + Ferrous fumarate (27 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (45 mg/1) + Inositol nicotinate (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3.4 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (3 mg/1) + Vitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Zinc sulfate monohydrate (10 mg/1) Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Medecor Pharma, Llc 2012-01-01 Not applicable US Tricare Prenatal DHA One Rx Multivitamin Fish oil (500 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (60 mg/1) + Biotin (300 ug/1) + Cholecalciferol (800 [iU]/1) + Cupric sulfate (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (100 ug/1) + Doconexent (215 mg/1) + Docusate sodium (25 ug/1) + Ferrous fumarate (27 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Icosapent (45 mg/1) + Inositol nicotinate (20 mg/1) + Potassium Iodide (150 ug/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3.4 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (3 mg/1) + Vitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Zinc sulfate monohydrate (10 mg/1) Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Medecor Pharma, Llc 2019-03-15 Not applicable US
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Classification
- Not classified
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- XGF7L72M0F
- CAS number
- Not Available
References
- General References
- Braeckman RA, Stirtan WG, Soni PN: Pharmacokinetics of Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Plasma and Red Blood Cells After Multiple Oral Dosing With Icosapent Ethyl in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2014 Mar;3(2):101-108. Epub 2013 Oct 22. [Article]
- Weitz D, Weintraub H, Fisher E, Schwartzbard AZ: Fish oil for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Rev. 2010 Sep-Oct;18(5):258-63. doi: 10.1097/CRD.0b013e3181ea0de0. [Article]
- Visioli F, Giordano E, Nicod NM, Davalos A: Molecular targets of omega 3 and conjugated linoleic Fatty acids - "micromanaging" cellular response. Front Physiol. 2012 Feb 29;3:42. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00042. eCollection 2012. [Article]
- Simon MV, Agnolazza DL, German OL, Garelli A, Politi LE, Agbaga MP, Anderson RE, Rotstein NP: Synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid from eicosapentaenoic acid in retina neurons protects photoreceptors from oxidative stress. J Neurochem. 2016 Mar;136(5):931-46. doi: 10.1111/jnc.13487. Epub 2016 Jan 20. [Article]
- Ferguson LR: Fish oils in parenteral nutrition: Why could these be important for gastrointestinal oncology? World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2015 Sep 15;7(9):128-31. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i9.128. [Article]
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements: Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals [Link]
- Electronic Medicines Compendium: Omacor (omega-3-acid ethyl esters 90) Monograph [Link]
- NIH National Centre for Complementary and Integrative Health: Omega-3 Supplements - In Depth [Link]
- Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing Therapeutic Goods Administration: Australian Public Assessment Report for Omega-3-acid ethyl esters 90 [File]
- Smoflipid FDA Label [File]
- Lovaza FDA Label [File]
- Omacor (omega-3-fatty ethyl esters) EMA Prescribing Information [File]
- CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH PHARMACOLOGY REVIEW OF EPANOVA [File]
- External Links
- FDA label
- Download (185 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (47.1 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Health Services Research Sepsis Newborn 1 4 Completed Other Optimal Gastrointestinal Absorption of Omega-3 1 4 Completed Prevention Cholestasis / Psychomotor Disorders, Developmental 1 4 Completed Prevention Colon Cancer 1 4 Completed Supportive Care Dietary and Nutritional Therapies 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Capsule, liquid filled Oral Capsule Oral 1200 mg Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Capsule Oral 1000 MG Capsule Oral 1034 mg Capsule Oral Tablet, chewable Oral Emulsion Oral Emulsion Intravenous 10.000 g Capsule, gelatin coated Oral 1000 MG Capsule Oral 815 mg Capsule, gelatin coated Oral 1400 mg/1 Capsule, gelatin coated Oral 500 mg Oil Capsule, liquid filled Oral Capsule, gelatin coated Oral 1000 mg/1 Emulsion Parenteral 10 g Injection, emulsion Intravenous 0.1 g/1mL Capsule; kit; tablet Oral Capsule, liquid filled Oral 500 mg/1 Emulsion Intravenous 13.000 g Emulsion Parenteral 42.00 g Injection, emulsion Intravenous 14 g/1000ml Injection, emulsion Intravenous Emulsion Intravenous Injection, solution Intravenous Capsule Oral Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Emulsion Parenteral - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region US9629821 No 2017-04-25 2023-11-12 US US9566260 No 2017-02-14 2023-11-12 US US10350186 No 2019-07-16 2024-11-05 US
Properties
- State
- Liquid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Essential acyltransferase that catalyzes the terminal and only committed step in triacylglycerol synthesis by using diacylglycerol and fatty acyl CoA as substrates. Required for synthesis and storage of intracellular triglycerides. Probably plays a central role in cytosolic lipid accumulation. In liver, is primarily responsible for incorporating endogenously synthesized fatty acids into triglycerides (By similarity). Functions also as an acyl-CoA retinol acyltransferase (ARAT).
- Specific Function
- 2-acylglycerol o-acyltransferase activity
- Gene Name
- DGAT2
- Uniprot ID
- Q96PD7
- Uniprot Name
- Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 43830.475 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
- Specific Function
- Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Constitutively expressed in some tissues in physiological conditions, such as the endothelium, kidney and...
- Gene Name
- PTGS2
- Uniprot ID
- P35354
- Uniprot Name
- Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 68995.625 Da
References
- Visioli F, Giordano E, Nicod NM, Davalos A: Molecular targets of omega 3 and conjugated linoleic Fatty acids - "micromanaging" cellular response. Front Physiol. 2012 Feb 29;3:42. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00042. eCollection 2012. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- AgonistInhibits downstream inflammation cascades
- General Function
- Taste receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Receptor for medium and long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs). Signals via a G(q)/G(11)-coupled pathway. Acts as a receptor for omega-3 fatty acids and mediates robust anti-inflammatory effects, parti...
- Gene Name
- FFAR4
- Uniprot ID
- Q5NUL3
- Uniprot Name
- Free fatty acid receptor 4
- Molecular Weight
- 42240.72 Da
References
- Visioli F, Giordano E, Nicod NM, Davalos A: Molecular targets of omega 3 and conjugated linoleic Fatty acids - "micromanaging" cellular response. Front Physiol. 2012 Feb 29;3:42. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00042. eCollection 2012. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
Components:
References
- Visioli F, Giordano E, Nicod NM, Davalos A: Molecular targets of omega 3 and conjugated linoleic Fatty acids - "micromanaging" cellular response. Front Physiol. 2012 Feb 29;3:42. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00042. eCollection 2012. [Article]
- Hazama H, Nakajima T, Asano M, Iwasawa K, Morita T, Igarashi K, Nagata T, Horiuchi T, Suzuki J, Soma M, Okuda Y: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids--modulation of voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ current in guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Aug 21;355(2-3):257-66. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00484-1. [Article]
- Roberts-Crowley ML, Mitra-Ganguli T, Liu L, Rittenhouse AR: Regulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels by lipids. Cell Calcium. 2009 Jun;45(6):589-601. doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2009.03.015. Epub 2009 May 6. [Article]
- Moreno C, Macias A, Prieto A, De La Cruz A, Valenzuela C: Polyunsaturated Fatty acids modify the gating of kv channels. Front Pharmacol. 2012 Sep 10;3:163. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00163. eCollection 2012. [Article]
- Elinder F, Liin SI: Actions and Mechanisms of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Voltage-Gated Ion Channels. Front Physiol. 2017 Feb 6;8:43. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00043. eCollection 2017. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a...
Components:
References
- Visioli F, Giordano E, Nicod NM, Davalos A: Molecular targets of omega 3 and conjugated linoleic Fatty acids - "micromanaging" cellular response. Front Physiol. 2012 Feb 29;3:42. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00042. eCollection 2012. [Article]
References
- Visioli F, Giordano E, Nicod NM, Davalos A: Molecular targets of omega 3 and conjugated linoleic Fatty acids - "micromanaging" cellular response. Front Physiol. 2012 Feb 29;3:42. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00042. eCollection 2012. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Regulator
- General Function
- Transcriptional activator activity, rna polymerase ii core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
- Specific Function
- NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related...
Components:
| Name | UniProt ID |
|---|---|
| Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit | Q00653 |
| Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit | P19838 |
References
- Rodriguez-Cruz M, Serna DS: Nutrigenomics of omega-3 fatty acids: Regulators of the master transcription factors. Nutrition. 2017 Sep;41:90-96. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.04.012. Epub 2017 May 2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Regulator
- General Function
- Transcriptional activator activity, rna polymerase ii core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding
- Specific Function
- Transcriptional activator required for lipid homeostasis. Regulates transcription of the LDL receptor gene as well as the fatty acid and to a lesser degree the cholesterol synthesis pathway (By sim...
- Gene Name
- SREBF1
- Uniprot ID
- P36956
- Uniprot Name
- Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 121673.6 Da
References
- Rodriguez-Cruz M, Serna DS: Nutrigenomics of omega-3 fatty acids: Regulators of the master transcription factors. Nutrition. 2017 Sep;41:90-96. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.04.012. Epub 2017 May 2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Regulator
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Ligand-activated transcription factor. Key regulator of lipid metabolism. Activated by the endogenous ligand 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16:0/18:1-GPC). Activated by oleyleth...
- Gene Name
- PPARA
- Uniprot ID
- Q07869
- Uniprot Name
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- Molecular Weight
- 52224.595 Da
References
- Rodriguez-Cruz M, Serna DS: Nutrigenomics of omega-3 fatty acids: Regulators of the master transcription factors. Nutrition. 2017 Sep;41:90-96. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.04.012. Epub 2017 May 2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE...
- Gene Name
- PPARG
- Uniprot ID
- P37231
- Uniprot Name
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- Molecular Weight
- 57619.58 Da
References
- Rodriguez-Cruz M, Serna DS: Nutrigenomics of omega-3 fatty acids: Regulators of the master transcription factors. Nutrition. 2017 Sep;41:90-96. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.04.012. Epub 2017 May 2. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Regulator
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Has a preference for poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma-lin...
- Gene Name
- PPARD
- Uniprot ID
- Q03181
- Uniprot Name
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta
- Molecular Weight
- 49902.99 Da
References
- Rodriguez-Cruz M, Serna DS: Nutrigenomics of omega-3 fatty acids: Regulators of the master transcription factors. Nutrition. 2017 Sep;41:90-96. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.04.012. Epub 2017 May 2. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Uesawa Y, Takeuchi T, Mohri K: Integrated analysis on the physicochemical properties of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers in grapefruit juice interactions. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012 Jul;13(9):1705-17. [Article]
Drug created at January 17, 2018 17:17 / Updated at September 28, 2021 21:54