Identification
- Summary
alpha-Tocopherol succinate is a form of vitamin E used to treat and prevent vitamin deficiencies.
- Generic Name
- alpha-Tocopherol succinate
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB14001
- Background
Alpha-tocopherol is the primary form of vitamin E that is preferentially used by the human body to meet appropriate dietary requirements. In particular, the RRR-alpha-tocopherol (or sometimes called the d-alpha-tocopherol stereoisomer) stereoisomer is considered the natural formation of alpha-tocopherol and generally exhibits the greatest bioavailability out of all of the alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers. Moreover, manufacturers typically convert the phenol component of the vitamin to esters using acetic or succinic acid, making a compound such as alpha-tocopherol succinate more stable and easier to use in vitamin supplements 6,7.
Alpha-tocopherol succinate is subsequently most commonly indicated for dietary supplementation in individuals who may demonstrate a genuine deficiency in vitamin E. Vitamin E itself is naturally found in various foods, added to others, or used in commercially available products as a dietary supplement. The recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for vitamin E alpha-tocopherol are: males = 4 mg (6 IU) females = 4 mg (6 IU) in ages 0-6 months, males = 5 mg (7.5 IU) females = 5 mg (7.5 IU) in ages 7-12 months, males = 6 mg (9 IU) females = 6 mg (9 IU) in ages 1-3 years, males = 7 mg (10.4 IU) females = 7 mg (10.4 IU) in ages 4-8 years, males = 11 mg (16.4 IU) females = 11 mg (16.4 IU) in ages 9-13 years, males = 15 mg (22.4 IU) females = 15 mg (22.4 IU) pregnancy = 15 mg (22.4 IU) lactation = 19 mg (28.4 IU) in ages 14+ years 15. Most individuals obtain adequate vitamin E intake from their diets; genuine vitamin E deficiency is considered to be rare.
Nevertheless, vitamin E is known to be a fat-soluble antioxidant that has the capability to neutralize endogenous free radicals. This biologic action of vitamin E consequently continues to generate ongoing interest and study in whether or not its antioxidant abilities may be used to help assist in preventing or treating a number of different conditions like cardiovascular disease, ocular conditions, diabetes, cancer and more. At the moment, however, there exists a lack of formal data and evidence to support any such additional indications for vitamin E use.
Moreover, although it is generally believed that alpha-tocopherol succinate would naturally demonstrate such general vitamin E-tocopherol pharmacodynamics after undergoing a logical de-esterification in the gut 6,7, there is ongoing research that proposes that the alpha-tocopherol succinate compound itself is capable of eliciting anti-cancer 14,9 and inflammation mediation 8 activities that are unique from the alpha-tocopherol form and other alpha-tocopherol esters 14,8,9.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Nutraceutical, Vet approved
- Structure
Structure for alpha-Tocopherol succinate (DB14001)
- Weight
- Average: 530.79
Monoisotopic: 530.397124839 - Chemical Formula
- C33H54O5
- Synonyms
- (+)-alpha-Tocopheryl succinate
- alpha-Tocopheryl acid succinate
- alpha-Tocopheryl succinate
- alpha-Vitamin E succinate
- d-alpha-Tocopherol acid succinate
- Tocopheryl acid succinate,D-alpha
- Vitamin E hemisuccinate
- Vitamin E succinate
- External IDs
- CV 104
Pharmacology
- Indication
The primary health-related use for which alpha-tocopherol succinate is formally indicated is as a dietary supplement for patients who demonstrate a genuine vitamin E deficiency. At the same time, vitamin E deficiency is generally quite rare but may occur in premature babies of very low birth weight (< 1500 grams), individuals with fat-malabsorption disorders (as fat is required for the digestive tract to absorb vitamin E), or individuals with abetalipoproteinemia - a rare, inherited disorder that causes poor absorption of dietary fat - who require extremely large doses of supplemental vitamin E daily (around 100 mg/kg or 5-10 g/day) 15. In all such cases, alpha-tocopherol is largely the preferred form of vitamin E to be administered.
Elsewhere, vitamin E's chemical profile as a fat-soluble antioxidant that is capable of neutralizing free radicals in the body continues to generate ongoing interest and study regarding how and whether or not the vitamin can help prevent or delay various chronic diseases associated with free radicals or other potential biological effects that vitamin E possesses like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, ocular conditions, immune illnesses, cancer, and more 12. None of these ongoing studies have yet to elucidate any formally significant evidence, however 12.
Similarly, more effective clinical trials are necessary to confirm what has only been accrued as preliminary data when it comes to studies proposing the demonstration of alpha-tocopherol succinate's capability to act as an anti-cancer therapy or as a regulator of inflammation 14,8,9.
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- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Of the eight separate variants of vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol is the predominant form of vitamin E in human and animal tissues, and it has the highest bioavailability 16. This is because the liver preferentially resecretes only alpha-tocopherol by way of the hepatic alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP); the liver metabolizes and excretes all the other vitamin E variants, which is why blood and cellular concentrations of other forms of vitamin E other than alpha-tocopherol are ultimately lower 15.
Furthermore, the term alpha-tocopherol generally refers to a group of eight possible stereoisomers which is often called all-rac-tocopherol for being a racemic mixture of all eight stereoisomers 12,16. Of the eight stereoisomers, the RRR-alpha-tocopherol - or sometimes referred to as the d-alpha-tocopherol - stereoisomer is the naturally occurring form of alpha-tocopherol that is perhaps best recognized by the alpha-TTP 12,16 and has been reported to demonstrate approximately twice the systemic availability of all-rac-tocopherol 16.
As a result, often times (but certainly not always) the discussion of vitamin E - at least within the context of using the vitamin for health-related indications - is generally in reference to the use of RRR- or d-alpha-tocopherol.
Subsequently, without further evidence to suggest otherwise, alpha-tocpherol succinate is generally believed to undergo a logical de-esterification in the gastrointestinal tract before being subsequently absorbed as free tocopherol 6,7.
- Mechanism of action
Without further evidence to suggest otherwise, alpha-tocpherol succinate is generally believed to undergo a logical de-esterification in the gastrointestinal tract before being subsequently absorbed as free tocopherol 6,7. The free alpha-tocopherol is therefore available and capable of the following activities.
Vitamin E's antioxidant capabilities are perhaps the primary biological action associated with alpha-tocopherol. In general, antioxidants protect cells from the damaging effects of free radicals, which are molecules that consist of an unshared electron 15. These unshared electrons are highly energetic and react rapidly with oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (ROS) 15. In doing so, free radicals are capable of damaging cells, which may facilitate their contribution to the development of various diseases 15. Moreover, the human body naturally forms ROS when it converts food into energy and is also exposed to environmental free radicals contained in cigarette smoke, air pollution, or ultraviolet radiation from the sun 15. It is believed that perhaps vitamin E antioxidants might be able to protect body cells from the damaging effects of such frequent free radical and ROS exposure 15.
Specifically, vitamin E is a chain-breaking antioxidant that prevents the propagation of free radical reactions 12. The vitamin E molecule is specifically a peroxyl radical scavenger and especially protects polyunsaturated fatty acids within endogenous cell membrane phospholipids and plasma lipoproteins 12. Peroxyl free radicals react with vitamin E a thousand times more rapidly than they do with the aforementioned polyunsaturated fatty acids 12. Furthermore, the phenolic hydroxyl group of tocopherol reacts with an organic peroxyl radical to form an organic hydroperoxide and tocopheroxyl radical 12. This tocopheroxyl radical can then undergo various possible reactions: it could (a) be reduced by other antioxidants to tocopherol, (b) react with another tocopheroxyl radical to form non-reactive products like tocopherol dimers, (c) undergo further oxidation to tocopheryl quinone, or (d) even act as a prooxidant and oxidize other lipids 12.
In addition to the antioxidant actions of vitamin E, there have been a number of studies that report various other specific molecular functions associated with vitamin E 12. For example, alpha-tocopherol is capable of inhibiting protein kinase C activity, which is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation in smooth muscle cells, human platelets, and monocytes 12. In particular, protein kinase C inhibition by alpha-tocopherol is partially attributable to its attenuating effect on the generation of membrane-derived dialglycerol, a lipid that facilitates protein kinase C translocation, thereby increasing its activity 12.
In addition, vitamin E enrichment of endothelial cells downregulates the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), thereby decreasing the adhesion of blood cell components to the endothelium 12.
Vitamin E also upregulates the expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase-1 12. The increased expression of these two rate-limiting enzymes in the arachidonic acid cascade explains the observation that vitamin E, in a dose-dependent fashion, enhanced the release of prostacyclin, a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation in humans 12.
Furthermore, vitamin E can inhibit platelet adhesion, aggregation, and platelet release reactions 12. The vitamin can also evidently inhibit the plasma generation of thrombin, a potent endogenous hormone that binds to platelet receptors and induces aggregation of platelets 12. Moreover, vitamin E may also be able to decrease monocyte adhesion to the endothellium by downregulating expression of adhesion molecules and decreasing monocyte superoxide production 12.
Given these proposed biological activities of vitamin E, the substance continues to generate ongoing interest and studies in whether or not vitamin E can assist in delaying or preventing various diseases with any one or more of its biologic actions. For instance, studies continue to see whether vitamin E's ability to inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation can aid in preventing the development of cardiovascular disease or atherogenesis 12.
Similarly, it is also believed that if vitamin E can decrease the chance of cardiovascular disease then it can also decrease the chance of related diabetic disease and complications 12. In much the same way, it is also believed that perhaps the antioxidant abilities of vitamin E can neutralize free radicals that are constantly reacting and damaging cellular DNA 12. Furthermore, it is also believed that free radical damage does contribute to protein damage in the ocular lens - another free radical-mediated condition that may potentially be prevented by vitamin E use 12. Where it is also suggested that various central nervous system disorders like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, and Tardive Dyskinesia possess some form of oxidative stress component, it is also proposed that perhaps vitamin E use could assist with its antioxidant action 12.
There have also been studies that report the possibility of vitamin E supplementation can improve or reverse the natural decline in cellular immune function in healthy, elderly individuals 12.
As of this time, however, there is either only insufficient data or even contradicting data (where certain doses of vitamin E supplementation could even potentially increase all-cause mortality) 2 on which to suggest the use of vitamin E could formally benefit in any of these proposed indications.
Furthermore, there are ongoing studies that demonstrate alpha-tocopherol succinate's unique possession of capabilities that allow it to induce differentiation, inhibit proliferation and apoptosis in cancer cells, enhance the growth-inhibitory effect of ionizing radiation, hyperthermia, and some chemotherapeutic agents and biological response modifiers on tumor cells, all the while protecting normal cells against any adverse effects 9. Despite being able to demonstrate such effects on animal and human cells in culture, the value of these effects has not drawn significant attention from researchers and clinicians and nor has the specific mechanisms of action been elucidated 9. Additionally, other studies have also shown that alpha-tocopherol succinate seemingly possesses an ability exclusive from other tocopherol esters to inhibit and minimize prostaglandin E2 production in human lung epithelial cells 8. Considering increased prostaglandin E2 production has been observed frequently in lung cancer patients, there may be another avenue in which alpha-tocopherol succinate may be able to treat lung cancer 8. Nevertheless, the possibility of such activity requires further elucidation.
Target Actions Organism USEC14-like protein 3 Not Available Humans USEC14-like protein 2 Not Available Humans UNuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 Not Available Humans UProtein kinase C beta type Not Available Humans UArachidonate 5-lipoxygenase Not Available Humans UProtein kinase C alpha type Not Available Humans UDiacylglycerol kinase Not Available Humans ULung epithelial cells Not Available Humans - Absorption
In addition to any following information, owing to alpha-Tocopherol succinate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data.
It is generally believed that alpha-tocopherol succinate is ultimately de-esterified or cleaved to provide alpha-tocopherol once administered to the human body 18. It is consequently expected that pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics similar to that of alpha-tocopherol to be followed 18.
50 to 80% absorbed from gastrointestinal tract.
- Volume of distribution
In addition to any following information, owing to alpha-Tocopherol succinate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data.
It is generally believed that alpha-tocopherol succinate is ultimately de-esterified or cleaved to provide alpha-tocopherol once administered to the human body 18. It is consequently expected that pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics similar to that of alpha-tocopherol to be followed 18.
- Protein binding
In addition to any following information, owing to alpha-Tocopherol succinate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data.
It is generally believed that alpha-tocopherol succinate is ultimately de-esterified or cleaved to provide alpha-tocopherol once administered to the human body 18. It is consequently expected that pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics similar to that of alpha-tocopherol to be followed 18.
Bound to beta-lipoproteins in blood.
- Metabolism
In addition to any following information, owing to alpha-Tocopherol succinate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data.
It is generally believed that alpha-tocopherol succinate is ultimately de-esterified or cleaved to provide alpha-tocopherol once administered to the human body 18. It is consequently expected that pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics similar to that of alpha-tocopherol to be followed 18.
Hepatic.
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
In addition to any following information, owing to alpha-Tocopherol succinate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data.
It is generally believed that alpha-tocopherol succinate is ultimately de-esterified or cleaved to provide alpha-tocopherol once administered to the human body 18. It is consequently expected that pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics similar to that of alpha-tocopherol to be followed 18.
- Half-life
In addition to any following information, owing to alpha-Tocopherol succinate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data.
It is generally believed that alpha-tocopherol succinate is ultimately de-esterified or cleaved to provide alpha-tocopherol once administered to the human body 18. It is consequently expected that pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics similar to that of alpha-tocopherol to be followed 18.
- Clearance
In addition to any following information, owing to alpha-Tocopherol succinate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data.
It is generally believed that alpha-tocopherol succinate is ultimately de-esterified or cleaved to provide alpha-tocopherol once administered to the human body 18. It is consequently expected that pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics similar to that of alpha-tocopherol to be followed 18.
- Adverse Effects
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In addition to any following information, owing to alpha-Tocopherol succinate's closely related chemical nature with alpha-Tocopherol acetate, please also refer to the drug information page for alpha-Tocopherol acetate for further data.
It is generally believed that alpha-tocopherol succinate is ultimately de-esterified or cleaved to provide alpha-tocopherol once administered to the human body 18. It is consequently expected that pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics similar to that of alpha-tocopherol to be followed 18.
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs Browse all" title="About SNP Mediated Effects/ADRs" id="snp-actions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions Learn More" title="About Drug Interactions" id="structured-interactions-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareOrlistat Orlistat can cause a decrease in the absorption of alpha-Tocopherol succinate resulting in a reduced serum concentration and potentially a decrease in efficacy. - Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Active Moieties
Name Kind UNII CAS InChI Key Vitamin E unknown N9PR3490H9 59-02-9 GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Acti-succinate Caplet 400unit Tablet 400 unit Oral Acti Form Ltd. 1991-12-31 2005-03-21 Canada 
Chewable Vitamin E 200 I.U. Tablet 200 unit / tab Oral General Nutrition Canada Inc. 2000-01-28 2005-08-05 Canada Chewable Vitamin E 400 I.U. Tablet 400 unit / tab Oral General Nutrition Canada Inc. 2000-01-28 2005-08-05 Canada M-Vegmax22 Tablet, chewable 0.033 g/100g Oral Mbg Inc (Korea Institute of Science Development) 2018-02-02 2019-02-02 US 
Vitamin E 400 Iu Capsule 400 unit Oral Amco Pharmaceuticals Inc. 1999-09-24 2003-12-03 Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Avon Vitadvance Multi-kids Complete alpha-Tocopherol succinate (20 unit) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg) + Beta carotene (2500 unit) + Biotin (60 mcg) + Calcium (125 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Cupric oxide (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (6 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (4 mg) + Folic acid (.4 mg) + Nicotinamide (20 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.075 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2 mg) + Riboflavin (1.7 mg) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.5 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (2500 unit) Tablet Oral Avon Products, Inc. 1994-12-31 2005-07-29 Canada B.E.T. Complex alpha-Tocopherol succinate (50 unit) + Beta carotene (1250 unit) + Calcium ascorbate (75 mg) + Chromium (400 mcg) + Cyanocobalamin (100 mcg) + Folic acid (0.2 mg) + Iodine (0.15 mg) + Magnesium (200 mg) + Manganese (5 mg) + Nicotinamide (35 mg) + Sodium metavanadate (75 mcg) + Ubidecarenone (10 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (1250 unit) Tablet Oral Abundance Naturally Ltd 2000-12-06 2004-06-30 Canada Body Rox alpha-Tocopherol succinate (66.7 unit) + Beta carotene (3000.0 unit) + Biotin (100.0 mcg) + Calcium (75.0 mg) + Calcium ascorbate (167.0 mg) + Cholecalciferol (133.0 unit) + Choline bitartrate (15.0 mg) + Chromium (50.0 mcg) + Copper (0.33 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (20.0 mcg) + Folic acid (0.267 mg) + Inositol (10.0 mg) + Magnesium (37.5 mg) + Manganese (1.0 mg) + Molybdenum (15.0 mcg) + Niacin (1.66 mg) + Nicotinamide (3.3 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (10.0 mg) + Potassium Iodide (0.05 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (3.0 mg) + Riboflavin (3.0 mg) + Selenium (40.0 mcg) + Silicon (1.0 mg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (3.0 mg) + Vanadium (10.0 mcg) + Zinc (4.0 mg) Tablet Oral Usana Health Sciences, Inc. 2003-09-02 2008-06-27 Canada C.H.V. Formula alpha-Tocopherol succinate (15 unit) + Ascorbic acid (30 mg) + Calcium (250 mg) + Cholecalciferol (100 unit) + Magnesium (100 mg) + Manganese (1 mg) Capsule Oral Nihon Kenko Zoushin Kenkyukai Canada Inc., Subsidery Of Nikken Usa Inc. 1999-09-25 2005-07-15 Canada C.R.D.-force alpha-Tocopherol succinate (100 unit / 2 cap) + Cyanocobalamin (400 mcg / 2 cap) + Folic acid (1 mg / 2 cap) + Potassium (20 mg / 2 cap) + Pyridoxine (50 mg / 2 cap) Capsule Oral Prairie Naturals 2001-09-19 2006-09-20 Canada - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Cavan Heme OB alpha-Tocopherol succinate (10 [iU]/1) + Biotin (30 ug/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (0.8 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron (28 mg/1) + Niacin (17 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg/1) + Potassium Iodide (175 ug/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.6 mg/1) + Sodium selenate (65 ug/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.5 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (15 mg/1) Tablet Oral Seton Pharmaceuticals 2010-08-03 2012-06-10 US Dialyvite 3000 alpha-Tocopherol succinate (30 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1) + Biotin (300 ug/1) + Cobalamin (1 mg/1) + Folic acid (3 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.7 mg/1) + Selenocysteine (70 ug/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.5 mg/1) + Zinc citrate (15 mg/1) Tablet, coated Oral Hillestad Pharmaceuticals Usa 2004-02-01 Not applicable US Dialyvite 5000 alpha-Tocopherol succinate (30 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1) + Biotin (300 ug/1) + Cobalamin (2 mg/1) + Folic acid (5 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.7 mg/1) + Selenocysteine (70 ug/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.5 mg/1) + Zinc citrate (25 mg/1) Tablet, coated Oral Hillestad Pharmaceuticals Usa 2008-05-01 Not applicable US Dialyvite Supreme D alpha-Tocopherol succinate (30 [iU]/1) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1) + Biotin (300 ug/1) + Cholecalciferol (2000 [iU]/1) + Cobalamin (1 mg/1) + Folic acid (3 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.7 mg/1) + Selenocysteine (70 ug/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.5 mg/1) + Zinc citrate (15 mg/1) Tablet, coated Oral Hillestad Pharmaceuticals Usa 2010-09-08 Not applicable US HemeNatal OB alpha-Tocopherol succinate (10 [iU]/1) + Biotin (30 ug/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (0.8 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Heme iron polypeptide (6 mg/1) + Iron sucrose (28 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (17 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg/1) + Potassium Iodide (250 ug/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.6 mg/1) + Sodium selenate (65 ug/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.5 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (4.5 mg/1) Tablet Oral Wh Nutritionals, Llc 2012-03-08 2018-06-30 US
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as vitamin e compounds. These are a group of fat-soluble compounds containing or derived either from a tocopherol or a tocotrienol skeleton.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Lipids and lipid-like molecules
- Class
- Prenol lipids
- Sub Class
- Quinone and hydroquinone lipids
- Direct Parent
- Vitamin E compounds
- Alternative Parents
- Diterpenoids / 1-benzopyrans / Fatty acid esters / Alkyl aryl ethers / Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives / Benzenoids / Carboxylic acid esters / Oxacyclic compounds / Carboxylic acids / Organic oxides show 2 more
- Substituents
- 1-benzopyran / Alkyl aryl ether / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Benzenoid / Benzopyran / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid ester / Chromane show 11 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- LU4B53JYVE
- CAS number
- 4345-03-3
- InChI Key
- IELOKBJPULMYRW-NJQVLOCASA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C33H54O5/c1-22(2)12-9-13-23(3)14-10-15-24(4)16-11-20-33(8)21-19-28-27(7)31(25(5)26(6)32(28)38-33)37-30(36)18-17-29(34)35/h22-24H,9-21H2,1-8H3,(H,34,35)/t23-,24-,33-/m1/s1
- IUPAC Name
- 4-oxo-4-{[(2R)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl]oxy}butanoic acid
- SMILES
- [H][C@@](C)(CCCC(C)C)CCC[C@@]([H])(C)CCC[C@]1(C)CCC2=C(C)C(OC(=O)CCC(O)=O)=C(C)C(C)=C2O1
References
- General References
- Iuliano L, Micheletta F, Maranghi M, Frati G, Diczfalusy U, Violi F: Bioavailability of vitamin E as function of food intake in healthy subjects: effects on plasma peroxide-scavenging activity and cholesterol-oxidation products. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Oct;21(10):E34-7. [Article]
- Miller ER 3rd, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E: Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jan 4;142(1):37-46. Epub 2004 Nov 10. [Article]
- Horwitt MK, Elliott WH, Kanjananggulpan P, Fitch CD: Serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol after ingestion of various vitamin E preparations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Aug;40(2):240-5. [Article]
- Rumbold AR, Crowther CA, Haslam RR, Dekker GA, Robinson JS: Vitamins C and E and the risks of preeclampsia and perinatal complications. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 27;354(17):1796-806. [Article]
- Poston L, Briley AL, Seed PT, Kelly FJ, Shennan AH: Vitamin C and vitamin E in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia (VIP trial): randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2006 Apr 8;367(9517):1145-54. [Article]
- Mathias PM, Harries JT, Peters TJ, Muller DP: Studies on the in vivo absorption of micellar solutions of tocopherol and tocopheryl acetate in the rat: demonstration and partial characterization of a mucosal esterase localized to the endoplasmic reticulum of the enterocyte. J Lipid Res. 1981 Jul;22(5):829-37. [Article]
- Ajandouz el H, Castan S, Jakob S, Puigserver A: A fast, sensitive HPLC method for the determination of esterase activity on alpha-tocopheryl acetate. J Chromatogr Sci. 2006 Nov-Dec;44(10):631-3. [Article]
- Lee E, Choi MK, Lee YJ, Ku JL, Kim KH, Choi JS, Lim SJ: Alpha-tocopheryl succinate, in contrast to alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate, inhibits prostaglandin E2 production in human lung epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis. 2006 Nov;27(11):2308-15. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgl073. Epub 2006 May 19. [Article]
- Prasad KN, Kumar B, Yan XD, Hanson AJ, Cole WC: Alpha-tocopheryl succinate, the most effective form of vitamin E for adjuvant cancer treatment: a review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Apr;22(2):108-17. [Article]
- Schmolz L, Birringer M, Lorkowski S, Wallert M: Complexity of vitamin E metabolism. World J Biol Chem. 2016 Feb 26;7(1):14-43. doi: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.14. [Article]
- Zondlo Fiume M: Final report on the safety assessment of Tocopherol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Tocopheryl Linoleate, Tocopheryl Linoleate/Oleate, Tocopheryl Nicotinate, Tocopheryl Succinate, Dioleyl Tocopheryl Methylsilanol, Potassium Ascorbyl Tocopheryl Phosphate, and Tocophersolan. Int J Toxicol. 2002;21 Suppl 3:51-116. doi: 10.1080/10915810290169819. [Article]
- Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. National Academies Press (US). [ISBN:0309069491]
- Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center: Vitamin E [Link]
- Natural Medicine Journal: Alpha Tocopherol Succinate in Cancer Care [Link]
- National Institute for Health [Link]
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review: Safety Assessment of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols as Used in Cosmetics [Link]
- Journal of Clinical & Experimental Cardiology: Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Annatto δ-tocotrienol in Healthy Fed Subjects [Link]
- EMEA CHMP Assessment Report for Vedrop (polymeric mixture consisting of esterification of d- alpha tocopherol succinate with polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG)) [File]
- External Links
- ChemSpider
- 19171
- ChEBI
- 135821
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL81421
- ZINC
- ZINC000004214779
- MSDS
- Download (355 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials Learn More" title="About Clinical Trials" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Unknown Status Treatment Antioxidants / Men Infertility / Semen Quality 1 1 Completed Basic Science Healthy Subjects (HS) 1 Not Available Completed Treatment Male Pattern of Hair Loss, Androgenic Alopecia 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral 400 unit Tablet Oral Tablet Oral 200 unit / tab Tablet, coated Oral Capsule Oral Tablet, chewable Oral 0.033 g/100g Solution Oral Liquid Oral Solution / drops Oral Capsule, liquid filled; kit; tablet, coated Oral Kit Oral Tablet, chewable Oral Capsule Oral 400 unit Tablet Oral 400 unit / tab Tablet, film coated Oral Liquid Oral 77 unit / mL Capsule Oral 400 unit / cap - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Not Available
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 1.18e-05 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 7.96 ALOGPS logP 10.24 Chemaxon logS -7.6 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 4 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -4.9 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 72.83 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 17 Chemaxon Refractivity 155.42 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 65.99 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 2 Chemaxon Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 265.8572632 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 227.77434 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 264.2466632 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 230.05379 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 265.7447632 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 235.96631 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Probable hydrophobic ligand-binding protein; may play a role in the transport of hydrophobic ligands like tocopherol, squalene and phospholipids.
- Gene Name
- SEC14L3
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UDX4
- Uniprot Name
- SEC14-like protein 3
- Molecular Weight
- 46047.835 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Ye X, Ji C, Yin G, Tang R, Zeng L, Gu S, Ying K, Xie Y, Zhao RC, Mao Y: Characterization of a human Sec14-like protein cDNA SEC14L3 highly homologous to human SPF/TAP. Mol Biol Rep. 2004 Mar;31(1):59-63. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Vitamin e binding
- Specific Function
- Carrier protein. Binds to some hydrophobic molecules and promotes their transfer between the different cellular sites. Binds with high affinity to alpha-tocopherol. Also binds with a weaker affinit...
- Gene Name
- SEC14L2
- Uniprot ID
- O76054
- Uniprot Name
- SEC14-like protein 2
- Molecular Weight
- 46144.9 Da
References
- Neuzil J, Dong LF, Wang XF, Zingg JM: Tocopherol-associated protein-1 accelerates apoptosis induced by alpha-tocopheryl succinate in mesothelioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 May 19;343(4):1113-7. Epub 2006 Mar 31. [Article]
- Ni J, Pang ST, Yeh S: Differential retention of alpha-vitamin E is correlated with its transporter gene expression and growth inhibition efficacy in prostate cancer cells. Prostate. 2007 Apr 1;67(5):463-71. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism an...
- Gene Name
- NR1I2
- Uniprot ID
- O75469
- Uniprot Name
- Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 49761.245 Da
References
- Rabovsky A, Cuomo J, Eich N: Measurement of plasma antioxidant reserve after supplementation with various antioxidants in healthy subjects. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Sep;371(1-2):55-60. Epub 2006 Mar 6. [Article]
- Meijerman I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH: Herb-drug interactions in oncology: focus on mechanisms of induction. Oncologist. 2006 Jul-Aug;11(7):742-52. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Calcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various cellular processes such as regulation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signalosom...
- Gene Name
- PRKCB
- Uniprot ID
- P05771
- Uniprot Name
- Protein kinase C beta type
- Molecular Weight
- 76868.45 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Wigg SJ, Tare M, Forbes J, Cooper ME, Thomas MC, Coleman HA, Parkington HC, O'Brien RC: Early vitamin E supplementation attenuates diabetes-associated vascular dysfunction and the rise in protein kinase C-beta in mesenteric artery and ameliorates wall stiffness in femoral artery of Wistar rats. Diabetologia. 2004 Jun;47(6):1038-46. Epub 2004 Jun 8. [Article]
- Huang Y, Ishizuka T, Miura A, Kajita K, Ishizawa M, Kimura M, Yamamoto Y, Kawai Y, Morita H, Uno Y, Yasuda K: Effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and vitamin E on insulin-induced glucose uptake in rat adipocytes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002 Mar;55(3):175-83. [Article]
- Ganz MB, Seftel A: Glucose-induced changes in protein kinase C and nitric oxide are prevented by vitamin E. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jan;278(1):E146-52. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Iron ion binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the first step in leukotriene biosynthesis, and thereby plays a role in inflammatory processes.
- Gene Name
- ALOX5
- Uniprot ID
- P09917
- Uniprot Name
- Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase
- Molecular Weight
- 77982.595 Da
References
- Taccone-Gallucci M, Manca-di-Villahermosa S, Battistini L, Stuffler RG, Tedesco M, Maccarrone M: N-3 PUFAs reduce oxidative stress in ESRD patients on maintenance HD by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activity. Kidney Int. 2006 Apr;69(8):1450-4. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Calcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in positive and negative regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differenti...
- Gene Name
- PRKCA
- Uniprot ID
- P17252
- Uniprot Name
- Protein kinase C alpha type
- Molecular Weight
- 76749.445 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Azzi A, Boscoboinik D, Clement S, Marilley D, Ozer NK, Ricciarelli R, Tasinato A: Alpha-tocopherol as a modulator of smooth muscle cell proliferation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1997 Oct;57(4-5):507-14. [Article]
- Sylvester PW, McIntyre BS, Gapor A, Briski KP: Vitamin E inhibition of normal mammary epithelial cell growth is associated with a reduction in protein kinase C(alpha) activation. Cell Prolif. 2001 Dec;34(6):347-57. [Article]
- Huang Y, Ishizuka T, Miura A, Kajita K, Ishizawa M, Kimura M, Yamamoto Y, Kawai Y, Morita H, Uno Y, Yasuda K: Effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and vitamin E on insulin-induced glucose uptake in rat adipocytes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002 Mar;55(3):175-83. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Phospholipid binding
- Specific Function
- Upon cell stimulation converts the second messenger diacylglycerol into phosphatidate, initiating the resynthesis of phosphatidylinositols and attenuating protein kinase C activity.
Components:
References
- Zingg JM: Modulation of signal transduction by vitamin E. Mol Aspects Med. 2007 Oct-Dec;28(5-6):481-506. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2006.12.009. Epub 2007 Jan 12. [Article]
- Fukunaga-Takenaka R, Shirai Y, Yagi K, Adachi N, Sakai N, Merino E, Merida I, Saito N: Importance of chroman ring and tyrosine phosphorylation in the subtype-specific translocation and activation of diacylglycerol kinase alpha by D-alpha-tocopherol. Genes Cells. 2005 Apr;10(4):311-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2005.00842.x. [Article]
References
- Lee E, Choi MK, Lee YJ, Ku JL, Kim KH, Choi JS, Lim SJ: Alpha-tocopheryl succinate, in contrast to alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate, inhibits prostaglandin E2 production in human lung epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis. 2006 Nov;27(11):2308-15. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgl073. Epub 2006 May 19. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Glutathione transferase activity
- Specific Function
- Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles.
- Gene Name
- GSTA2
- Uniprot ID
- P09210
- Uniprot Name
- Glutathione S-transferase A2
- Molecular Weight
- 25663.675 Da
References
- Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- S-nitrosoglutathione binding
- Specific Function
- Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Regulates negatively CDK5 activity via p25/p35 translocation to prevent neurodegeneration.
- Gene Name
- GSTP1
- Uniprot ID
- P09211
- Uniprot Name
- Glutathione S-transferase P
- Molecular Weight
- 23355.625 Da
References
- Ralat LA, Colman RF: Identification of tyrosine 79 in the tocopherol binding site of glutathione S-transferase pi. Biochemistry. 2006 Oct 17;45(41):12491-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity
- Specific Function
- Exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities. Has S-(phenacyl)glutathione reductase activity. Has also glutathione S-transferase activity. Participates...
- Gene Name
- GSTO1
- Uniprot ID
- P78417
- Uniprot Name
- Glutathione S-transferase omega-1
- Molecular Weight
- 27565.6 Da
References
- Sampayo-Reyes A, Zakharyan RA: Tocopherol esters inhibit human glutathione S-transferase omega. Acta Biochim Pol. 2006;53(3):547-52. Epub 2006 Oct 1. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. May govern uptake and detoxification of both endogenous compounds and xenobiotics at the t...
- Gene Name
- GSTM3
- Uniprot ID
- P21266
- Uniprot Name
- Glutathione S-transferase Mu 3
- Molecular Weight
- 26559.32 Da
References
- Mustacich DJ, Gohil K, Bruno RS, Yan M, Leonard SW, Ho E, Cross CE, Traber MG: Alpha-tocopherol modulates genes involved in hepatic xenobiotic pathways in mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Jun;20(6):469-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.05.007. Epub 2008 Sep 11. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Magnesium ion binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- GCLC
- Uniprot ID
- P48506
- Uniprot Name
- Glutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- Molecular Weight
- 72765.14 Da
References
- Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Superoxide dismutase activity
- Specific Function
- The enzyme apparently serves as a quinone reductase in connection with conjugation reactions of hydroquinons involved in detoxification pathways as well as in biosynthetic processes such as the vit...
- Gene Name
- NQO1
- Uniprot ID
- P15559
- Uniprot Name
- NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1
- Molecular Weight
- 30867.405 Da
References
- Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Signal transducer activity
- Specific Function
- Heme oxygenase cleaves the heme ring at the alpha methene bridge to form biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Under physiological conditions, the a...
- Gene Name
- HMOX1
- Uniprot ID
- P09601
- Uniprot Name
- Heme oxygenase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 32818.345 Da
References
- Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
- Gene Name
- SOD1
- Uniprot ID
- P00441
- Uniprot Name
- Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]
- Molecular Weight
- 15935.685 Da
References
- Feng Z, Liu Z, Li X, Jia H, Sun L, Tian C, Jia L, Liu J: alpha-Tocopherol is an effective Phase II enzyme inducer: protective effects on acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Dec;21(12):1222-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.010. Epub 2010 Feb 12. [Article]
Carriers
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Vitamin e binding
- Specific Function
- Binds alpha-tocopherol, enhances its transfer between separate membranes, and stimulates its release from liver cells (PubMed:7887897). Binds both phosphatidylinol 3,4-bisphosphate and phosphatidyl...
- Gene Name
- TTPA
- Uniprot ID
- P49638
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein
- Molecular Weight
- 31749.305 Da
Drug created at March 25, 2018 19:15 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55