Identification
- Summary
Pyruvic acid is an ingredient of a blood cell processing solution used to rejuvenate a unit of red blood cells (RBC) in preparation for transfusion.
- Brand Names
- Rejuvesol
- Generic Name
- Pyruvic acid
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00119
- Background
An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical
- Structure
Structure for Pyruvic acid (DB00119)
- Weight
- Average: 88.0621
Monoisotopic: 88.016043994 - Chemical Formula
- C3H4O3
- Synonyms
- 2-ketopropionic acid
- 2-oxopropanoic acid
- 2-Oxopropansäure
- 2-Oxopropionsäure
- a-Ketopropionic acid
- Acetylformic acid
- acide pyruvique
- alpha-ketopropionic acid
- Brenztraubensäure
- BTS
- Pyroracemic acid
- α-ketopropionic acid
- α-Oxopropionsäure
- External IDs
- FEMA NO. 2970
- NSC-179
Pharmacology
- Indication
For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pyruvic acid or pyruvate is a key intermediate in the glycolytic and pyruvate dehydrogenase pathways, which are involved in biological energy production. Pyruvate is widely found in living organisms. It is not an essential nutrient since it can be synthesized in the cells of the body. Certain fruits and vegetables are rich in pyruvate. For example, an average-size red apple contains approximately 450 milligrams. Dark beer and red wine are also rich sources of pyruvate. Recent research suggests that pyruvate in high concentrations may have a role in cardiovascular therapy, as an inotropic agent. Supplements of this dietary substance may also have bariatric and ergogenic applications.
- Mechanism of action
Pyruvate serves as a biological fuel by being converted to acetyl coenzyme A, which enters the tricarboxylic acid or Krebs cycle where it is metabolized to produce ATP aerobically. Energy can also be obtained anaerobically from pyruvate via its conversion to lactate. Pyruvate injections or perfusions increase contractile function of hearts when metabolizing glucose or fatty acids. This inotropic effect is striking in hearts stunned by ischemia/reperfusion. The inotropic effect of pyruvate requires intracoronary infusion. Among possible mechanisms for this effect are increased generation of ATP and an increase in ATP phosphorylation potential. Another is activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, promoting its own oxidation by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inactivated in ischemia myocardium. Yet another is reduction of cytosolic inorganic phosphate concentration. Pyruvate, as an antioxidant, is known to scavenge such reactive oxygen species as hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides. Indirectly, supraphysiological levels of pyruvate may increase cellular reduced glutathione.
Target Actions Organism UMonocarboxylate transporter 4 Not Available Humans UMonocarboxylate transporter 8 Not Available Humans UAlanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UMonocarboxylate transporter 6 Not Available Humans UPyruvate kinase PKLR Not Available Humans UMonocarboxylate transporter 7 Not Available Humans UMonocarboxylate transporter 2 Not Available Humans UPyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial Not Available Humans UPyruvate kinase PKM Not Available Humans U4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial inhibitorHumans UMonocarboxylate transporter 5 Not Available Humans UMonocarboxylate transporter 3 Not Available Humans UMonocarboxylate transporter 1 Not Available Humans UPyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial Not Available Humans - Absorption
Pyruvate is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract from whence it is transported to the liver via the portal circulation.
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
In the liver, pyruvate is metabolized via several pathways.
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Those taking large doses of supplemental pyruvate—usually greater than 5 grams daily—have reported gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal discomfort and bloating, gas and diarrhea. One child receiving pyruvate intravenously for restrictive cardiomyopathy died.
- Pathways
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Calcium pyruvate 9V2CQZ19N4 Not Available Not applicable Methylselenopyruvate Not Available Not Available Not applicable Sodium pyruvate POD38AIF08 113-24-6 DAEPDZWVDSPTHF-UHFFFAOYSA-M - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Rejuvesol Sodium pyruvate (0.55 g/50mL) + Adenine (0.034 g/50mL) + Inosine (1.34 g/50mL) + Sodium phosphate, dibasic, unspecified form (0.73 g/50mL) + Sodium phosphate, monobasic, monohydrate (0.311 g/50mL) Solution Extracorporeal Citra Labs, LLC 1997-02-26 Not applicable US 
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-keto acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the adjacent carbon.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Keto acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Alpha-keto acids and derivatives
- Direct Parent
- Alpha-keto acids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Alpha-hydroxy ketones / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
- Substituents
- Aliphatic acyclic compound / Alpha-hydroxy ketone / Alpha-keto acid / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative / Hydrocarbon derivative / Ketone / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives / Organic oxide
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic acyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid (CHEBI:32816) / Oxo fatty acids (LMFA01060077)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 8558G7RUTR
- CAS number
- 127-17-3
- InChI Key
- LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C3H4O3/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h1H3,(H,5,6)
- IUPAC Name
- 2-oxopropanoic acid
- SMILES
- CC(=O)C(O)=O
References
- Synthesis Reference
Tadamitsu Kiyoura, "Process for producing salts of pyruvic acid." U.S. Patent US4242525, issued December, 1965.
US4242525- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000243
- KEGG Compound
- C00022
- PubChem Compound
- 1060
- PubChem Substance
- 46505692
- ChemSpider
- 1031
- BindingDB
- 19473
- 35161
- ChEBI
- 32816
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1162144
- ZINC
- ZINC000001532517
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000543
- PharmGKB
- PA164778686
- PDBe Ligand
- PYR
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Pyruvic_acid
- PDB Entries
- 1aq2 / 1aw8 / 1dxf / 1eua / 1f3w / 1f3x / 1f8m / 1fcb / 1fdz / 1h16 … show 230 more
- MSDS
- Download (72 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Other Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) 1 4 Withdrawn Basic Science Heart Defects,Congenital 1 3 Recruiting Treatment Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) 1 2 Completed Treatment Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 1 2, 3 Completed Treatment Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution Extracorporeal - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Liquid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 13.8 °C PhysProp boiling point (°C) 54 °C at 1.00E+01 mm Hg PhysProp water solubility 1E+006 mg/L (at 20 °C) YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992) logP -0.5 Not Available pKa 2.45 (at 25 °C) KORTUM,G ET AL (1961) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 134.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -0.38 ALOGPS logP 0.066 Chemaxon logS 0.18 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 2.93 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -9.6 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 54.37 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 1 Chemaxon Refractivity 17.99 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 7.31 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9753 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9401 Caco-2 permeable - 0.6934 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.8153 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9498 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9514 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.949 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7951 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9402 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7806 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.98 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9608 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9697 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9834 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9882 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9932 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.8578 Carcinogenicity Carcinogens 0.5171 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.9262 Rat acute toxicity 1.7859 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9883 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9801
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (7.4 KB)
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 107.9028207 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 107.8130207 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 107.8710207 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 119.54872 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 108.7633207 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 108.1579207 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 108.9515207 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 122.346825 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 107.9249207 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 107.7695207 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 107.8826207 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 130.50844 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock newinsights and accelerate drug research.
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine...
- Gene Name
- SLC16A3
- Uniprot ID
- O15427
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 4
- Molecular Weight
- 49468.9 Da
References
- Shimada A, Nakagawa Y, Morishige H, Yamamoto A, Fujita T: Functional characteristics of H+ -dependent nicotinate transport in primary cultures of astrocytes from rat cerebral cortex. Neurosci Lett. 2006 Jan 16;392(3):207-12. Epub 2005 Oct 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Very active and specific thyroid hormone transporter. Stimulates cellular uptake of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) and diidothyronine. Does not transport Leu,...
- Gene Name
- SLC16A2
- Uniprot ID
- P36021
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 8
- Molecular Weight
- 59510.86 Da
References
- Bonen A, Heynen M, Hatta H: Distribution of monocarboxylate transporters MCT1-MCT8 in rat tissues and human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2006 Feb;31(1):31-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function
- Can metabolize asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) via transamination to alpha-keto-delta-(NN-dimethylguanidino) valeric acid (DMGV). ADMA is a potent inhibitor of nitric-oxide (NO) synthase, and th...
- Gene Name
- AGXT2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9BYV1
- Uniprot Name
- Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 57155.905 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Tamaki N, Fujimoto S, Mizota C, Kaneko M, Kikugawa M: Inhibitory effect of 6-azauracil on beta-alanine metabolism in rat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1989 Oct;35(5):451-61. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine...
- Gene Name
- SLC16A5
- Uniprot ID
- O15375
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 6
- Molecular Weight
- 54993.04 Da
References
- Bonen A, Heynen M, Hatta H: Distribution of monocarboxylate transporters MCT1-MCT8 in rat tissues and human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2006 Feb;31(1):31-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyruvate kinase activity
- Specific Function
- Plays a key role in glycolysis.
- Gene Name
- PKLR
- Uniprot ID
- P30613
- Uniprot Name
- Pyruvate kinase PKLR
- Molecular Weight
- 61829.575 Da
References
- Percy MJ, van Wijk R, Haggan S, Savage GA, Boyd K, Dempsey S, Hamilton J, Kettle P, Kyle A, Shepherd CW, van Solinge WW, Lappin TR, McMullin MF: Pyruvate kinase deficient hemolytic anemia in the Northern Irish population. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2007 Sep-Oct;39(2):189-94. Epub 2007 Jun 15. [Article]
- Meza NW, Quintana-Bustamante O, Puyet A, Rio P, Navarro S, Diez A, Bueren JA, Bautista JM, Segovia JC: In vitro and in vivo expression of human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase in erythroid cells: a gene therapy approach. Hum Gene Ther. 2007 Jun;18(6):502-14. [Article]
- Rajaseger G, Lim CL, Lee KW, Arjunan P, Jia L, Moochhala S: Profiling of hepatocellular proteins by 1D PAGE-MALDI/MS/MS in a rat heat stress model. Front Biosci. 2006 Sep 1;11:2924-8. [Article]
- Xu J, Christian B, Jump DB: Regulation of rat hepatic L-pyruvate kinase promoter composition and activity by glucose, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jul 7;281(27):18351-62. Epub 2006 Apr 27. [Article]
- Suzuki T, Kawamoto M, Murai A, Muramatsu T: Identification of the regulatory region of the L-type pyruvate kinase gene in mouse liver by hydrodynamics-based gene transfection. J Nutr. 2006 Jan;136(1):16-20. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine...
- Gene Name
- SLC16A6
- Uniprot ID
- O15403
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 7
- Molecular Weight
- 57392.83 Da
References
- Bonen A, Heynen M, Hatta H: Distribution of monocarboxylate transporters MCT1-MCT8 in rat tissues and human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2006 Feb;31(1):31-9. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucin...
- Gene Name
- SLC16A7
- Uniprot ID
- O60669
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 2
- Molecular Weight
- 52199.745 Da
References
- Bonen A, Heynen M, Hatta H: Distribution of monocarboxylate transporters MCT1-MCT8 in rat tissues and human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2006 Feb;31(1):31-9. [Article]
- Hinoi E, Takarada T, Tsuchihashi Y, Fujimori S, Moriguchi N, Wang L, Uno K, Yoneda Y: A molecular mechanism of pyruvate protection against cytotoxicity of reactive oxygen species in osteoblasts. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Sep;70(3):925-35. Epub 2006 Jun 9. [Article]
- Yoshida Y, Holloway GP, Ljubicic V, Hatta H, Spriet LL, Hood DA, Bonen A: Negligible direct lactate oxidation in subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria obtained from red and white rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2007 Aug 1;582(Pt 3):1317-35. Epub 2007 Jun 7. [Article]
- de Laplanche E, Gouget K, Cleris G, Dragounoff F, Demont J, Morales A, Bezin L, Godinot C, Perriere G, Mouchiroud D, Simonnet H: Physiological oxygenation status is required for fully differentiated phenotype in kidney cortex proximal tubules. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006 Oct;291(4):F750-60. Epub 2006 Apr 4. [Article]
- Pierre K, Pellerin L: Monocarboxylate transporters in the central nervous system: distribution, regulation and function. J Neurochem. 2005 Jul;94(1):1-14. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity
- Specific Function
- The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.
- Gene Name
- PDHB
- Uniprot ID
- P11177
- Uniprot Name
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 39233.1 Da
References
- Kumar V, Rangaraj N, Shivaji S: Activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase A (PDHA) in hamster spermatozoa correlates positively with hyperactivation and is associated with sperm capacitation. Biol Reprod. 2006 Nov;75(5):767-77. Epub 2006 Jul 19. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyruvate kinase activity
- Specific Function
- Glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, generating ATP. Stimulates POU5F1-mediated transcriptional activation. Plays a general rol...
- Gene Name
- PKM
- Uniprot ID
- P14618
- Uniprot Name
- Pyruvate kinase PKM
- Molecular Weight
- 57936.38 Da
References
- Li Y, Chang Y, Zhang L, Feng Q, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Zuo J, Meng Y, Fang F: High glucose upregulates pantothenate kinase 4 (PanK4) and thus affects M2-type pyruvate kinase (Pkm2). Mol Cell Biochem. 2005 Sep;277(1-2):117-25. [Article]
- Stetak A, Veress R, Ovadi J, Csermely P, Keri G, Ullrich A: Nuclear translocation of the tumor marker pyruvate kinase M2 induces programmed cell death. Cancer Res. 2007 Feb 15;67(4):1602-8. [Article]
- Vlaeminck-Guillem V, Safi R, Guillem P, Leteurtre E, Duterque-Coquillaud M, Laudet V: Thyroid hormone receptor expression in the obligatory paedomorphic salamander Necturus maculosus. Int J Dev Biol. 2006;50(6):553-60. [Article]
- Weinberger R, Appel B, Stein A, Metz Y, Neheman A, Barak M: The pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (Tu M2-PK) as a tumour marker for renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2007 Jul;16(4):333-7. [Article]
- Staib P, Hoffmann M, Schinkothe T: Plasma levels of tumor M2-pyruvate kinase should not be used as a tumor marker for hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(1):28-31. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the conversion of gamma-aminobutyrate and L-beta-aminoisobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde and methylmalonate semialdehyde, respectively. Can also convert delta-aminovalerate and beta-al...
- Gene Name
- ABAT
- Uniprot ID
- P80404
- Uniprot Name
- 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 56438.405 Da
References
- Andersen G, Andersen B, Dobritzsch D, Schnackerz KD, Piskur J: A gene duplication led to specialized gamma-aminobutyrate and beta-alanine aminotransferase in yeast. FEBS J. 2007 Apr;274(7):1804-17. Epub 2007 Mar 12. [Article]
- Schmidt C, Hofmann U, Kohlmuller D, Murdter T, Zanger UM, Schwab M, Hoffmann GF: Comprehensive analysis of pyrimidine metabolism in 450 children with unspecific neurological symptoms using high-pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):1109-22. [Article]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine...
- Gene Name
- SLC16A4
- Uniprot ID
- O15374
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 5
- Molecular Weight
- 54021.43 Da
References
- Kay HH, Zhu S, Tsoi S: Hypoxia and lactate production in trophoblast cells. Placenta. 2007 Aug-Sep;28(8-9):854-60. Epub 2007 Feb 2. [Article]
- Han M, Trotta P, Coleman C, Linask KK: MCT-4, A511/Basigin and EF5 expression patterns during early chick cardiomyogenesis indicate cardiac cell differentiation occurs in a hypoxic environment. Dev Dyn. 2006 Jan;235(1):124-31. [Article]
- Bonen A, Heynen M, Hatta H: Distribution of monocarboxylate transporters MCT1-MCT8 in rat tissues and human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2006 Feb;31(1):31-9. [Article]
- Pierre K, Pellerin L: Monocarboxylate transporters in the central nervous system: distribution, regulation and function. J Neurochem. 2005 Jul;94(1):1-14. [Article]
- Shimada A, Nakagawa Y, Morishige H, Yamamoto A, Fujita T: Functional characteristics of H+ -dependent nicotinate transport in primary cultures of astrocytes from rat cerebral cortex. Neurosci Lett. 2006 Jan 16;392(3):207-12. Epub 2005 Oct 5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine...
- Gene Name
- SLC16A8
- Uniprot ID
- O95907
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 3
- Molecular Weight
- 52318.215 Da
References
- Jansen S, Esmaeilpour T, Pantaleon M, Kaye PL: Glucose affects monocarboxylate cotransporter (MCT) 1 expression during mouse preimplantation development. Reproduction. 2006 Mar;131(3):469-79. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucin...
- Gene Name
- SLC16A1
- Uniprot ID
- P53985
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 53943.685 Da
References
- Duerr JM, Tucker K: Pyruvate transport in isolated cardiac mitochondria from two species of amphibian exhibiting dissimilar aerobic scope: Bufo marinus and Rana catesbeiana. J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol. 2007 Aug 1;307(8):425-38. [Article]
- Han M, Trotta P, Coleman C, Linask KK: MCT-4, A511/Basigin and EF5 expression patterns during early chick cardiomyogenesis indicate cardiac cell differentiation occurs in a hypoxic environment. Dev Dyn. 2006 Jan;235(1):124-31. [Article]
- Shimoyama Y, Akihara Y, Kirat D, Iwano H, Hirayama K, Kagawa Y, Ohmachi T, Matsuda K, Okamoto M, Kadosawa T, Yokota H, Taniyama H: Expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 in oral and ocular canine melanocytic tumors. Vet Pathol. 2007 Jul;44(4):449-57. [Article]
- Shimada A, Nakagawa Y, Morishige H, Yamamoto A, Fujita T: Functional characteristics of H+ -dependent nicotinate transport in primary cultures of astrocytes from rat cerebral cortex. Neurosci Lett. 2006 Jan 16;392(3):207-12. Epub 2005 Oct 5. [Article]
- Philp A, Macdonald AL, Watt PW: Lactate--a signal coordinating cell and systemic function. J Exp Biol. 2005 Dec;208(Pt 24):4561-75. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyruvate carboxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes a 2-step reaction, involving the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the covalently attached biotin in the first step and the transfer of the carboxyl group to pyruvate in...
- Gene Name
- PC
- Uniprot ID
- P11498
- Uniprot Name
- Pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 129632.565 Da
References
- Jitrapakdee S, Vidal-Puig A, Wallace JC: Anaplerotic roles of pyruvate carboxylase in mammalian tissues. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006 Apr;63(7-8):843-54. [Article]
- Simpson NE, Khokhlova N, Oca-Cossio JA, Constantinidis I: Insights into the role of anaplerosis in insulin secretion: A 13C NMR study. Diabetologia. 2006 Jun;49(6):1338-48. Epub 2006 Mar 31. [Article]
- Jensen MV, Joseph JW, Ilkayeva O, Burgess S, Lu D, Ronnebaum SM, Odegaard M, Becker TC, Sherry AD, Newgard CB: Compensatory responses to pyruvate carboxylase suppression in islet beta-cells. Preservation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. J Biol Chem. 2006 Aug 4;281(31):22342-51. Epub 2006 Jun 1. [Article]
- Ikeda K, Yukihiro Hiraoka B, Iwai H, Matsumoto T, Mineki R, Taka H, Takamori K, Ogawa H, Yamakura F: Detection of 6-nitrotryptophan in proteins by Western blot analysis and its application for peroxynitrite-treated PC12 cells. Nitric Oxide. 2007 Feb;16(1):18-28. Epub 2006 May 4. [Article]
- Liu L, Li Y, Zhu Y, Du G, Chen J: Redistribution of carbon flux in Torulopsis glabrata by altering vitamin and calcium level. Metab Eng. 2007 Jan;9(1):21-9. Epub 2006 Aug 12. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucin...
- Gene Name
- SLC16A7
- Uniprot ID
- O60669
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 2
- Molecular Weight
- 52199.745 Da
References
- Broer S, Broer A, Schneider HP, Stegen C, Halestrap AP, Deitmer JW: Characterization of the high-affinity monocarboxylate transporter MCT2 in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Biochem J. 1999 Aug 1;341 ( Pt 3):529-35. [Article]
- Lin RY, Vera JC, Chaganti RS, Golde DW: Human monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2) is a high affinity pyruvate transporter. J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 30;273(44):28959-65. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucin...
- Gene Name
- SLC16A1
- Uniprot ID
- P53985
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 53943.685 Da
References
- Broer S, Rahman B, Pellegri G, Pellerin L, Martin JL, Verleysdonk S, Hamprecht B, Magistretti PJ: Comparison of lactate transport in astroglial cells and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT 1) expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes. Expression of two different monocarboxylate transporters in astroglial cells and neurons. J Biol Chem. 1997 Nov 28;272(48):30096-102. [Article]
- Broer S, Schneider HP, Broer A, Rahman B, Hamprecht B, Deitmer JW: Characterization of the monocarboxylate transporter 1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes by changes in cytosolic pH. Biochem J. 1998 Jul 1;333 ( Pt 1):167-74. [Article]
- Lin RY, Vera JC, Chaganti RS, Golde DW: Human monocarboxylate transporter 2 (MCT2) is a high affinity pyruvate transporter. J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 30;273(44):28959-65. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-independent transporter that mediates the update of aromatic acid. Can function as a net efflux pathway for aromatic amino acids in the basosolateral epithelial cells (By similarity).
- Gene Name
- SLC16A10
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TF71
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 10
- Molecular Weight
- 55492.07 Da
References
- Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. [Article]
- Kim DK, Kanai Y, Matsuo H, Kim JY, Chairoungdua A, Kobayashi Y, Enomoto A, Cha SH, Goya T, Endou H: The human T-type amino acid transporter-1: characterization, gene organization, and chromosomal location. Genomics. 2002 Jan;79(1):95-103. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- May mediate the release of newly synthesized prostaglandins from cells, the transepithelial transport of prostaglandins, and the clearance of prostaglandins from the circulation. Transports PGD2, a...
- Gene Name
- SLCO2A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q92959
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1
- Molecular Weight
- 70043.33 Da
References
- Chan BS, Endo S, Kanai N, Schuster VL: Identification of lactate as a driving force for prostanoid transport by prostaglandin transporter PGT. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002 Jun;282(6):F1097-102. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine...
- Gene Name
- SLC16A3
- Uniprot ID
- O15427
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 4
- Molecular Weight
- 49468.9 Da
References
- Manning Fox JE, Meredith D, Halestrap AP: Characterisation of human monocarboxylate transporter 4 substantiates its role in lactic acid efflux from skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2000 Dec 1;529 Pt 2:285-93. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at January 02, 2024 23:42